Why we laugh | Sophie Scott

Translator: Laksmi Wijayanti Reviewer: Arinta Puspitasari

Hi. I'm going to talk to you today about laughter,

Hai, saya akan berbicara tentang tawa.

and I just want to start by thinking about the first time

Saya ingin mengawali dengan mengingat kali pertama

I can ever remember noticing laughter.

saya mengenali apa itu tawa.

This is when I was a little girl. I would've been about six.

Saya masih kecil saat itu, sekitar enam tahun.

And I came across my parents doing something unusual,

Dan saya melihat orang tua saya melakukan hal-hal di luar kebiasaan

where they were laughing.

ketika mereka tertawa.

They were laughing very, very hard.

Mereka tertawa dengan sangat keras

They were lying on the floor laughing.

sambil berguling-guling di lantai.

They were screaming with laughter.

Mereka tertawa sambil berteriak-teriak.

I did not know what they were laughing at, but I wanted in.

Saya tidak tahu apa yang mereka tertawakan,

I wanted to be part of that,

tapi saya ingin ikut tertawa.

and I kind of sat around at the edge going, "Hoo hoo!" (Laughter)

Kemudian saya duduk sambil ikut tertawa, "Haaa haaa! (Tawa)

Now, incidentally, what they were laughing at

Dan rupanya, apa yang mereka tertawakan

was a song which people used to sing,

adalah sebuah lagu yang biasa orang nyanyikan,

which was based around signs in toilets on trains

mengenai tulisan yang ada di toilet di dalam kereta,

telling you what you could and could not do

mengenai apa yang boleh dan tidak boleh dilakukan

in toilets on trains.

di dalam toilet di kereta.

And the thing you have to remember about the English is, of course,

Dan sebagai orang Inggris, tentunya

we do have an immensely sophisticated sense of humor.

kita memiliki selera humor yang luar biasa.

(Laughter)

(Tawa)

At the time, though, I didn't understand anything of that.

Ketika itu saya tak paham isi lagu itu.

I just cared about the laughter,

Saya hanya tahu tentang tawa;

and actually, as a neuroscientist, I've come to care about it again.

sebagai seorang ahli Neurosains, saya peduli akan tawa.

And it is a really weird thing to do.

Tentu ini sesuatu yang aneh.

What I'm going to do now is just play some examples

Sekarang saya akan memutar beberapa contoh dari

of real human beings laughing,

tawa manusia yang sesungguhnya,

and I want you think about the sound people make and how odd that can be,

dan perhatikanlah suara serta keganjilan tawa tersebut,

and in fact how primitive laughter is as a sound.

dan betapa primitifnya suara tawa sebenarnya.

It's much more like an animal call than it is like speech.

Tawa lebih menyerupai suara binatang daripada sebuah dialog.

So here we've got some laughter for you. The first one is pretty joyful.

Inilah beberapa contoh tawa. Yang pertama cukup ceria.

(Audio: Laughing)

(Suara: Orang tertawa)

Now this next guy, I need him to breathe.

Pria yang satu ini perlu mengambil napas.

There's a point in there where I'm just, like,

Ada kalanya saya berkata dalam hati,

you've got to get some air in there, mate,

bernapaslah, kawan!

because he just sounds like he's breathing out.

karena seakan-akan dia kehabisan udara.

(Audio: Laughing)

(Suara: Orang tertawa)

This hasn't been edited; this is him.

Yang satu ini belum sempat diedit; ini dia orangnya.

(Audio: Laughing) (Laughter)

(Suara: Orang tertawa) (Hadirin tertawa)

And finally we have -- this is a human female laughing.

Dan akhirnya -- ini adalah tawa seorang perempuan.

And laughter can take us to some pretty odd places in terms of making noises.

Dan tawa dapat menyingkapkan hal-hal yang aneh mengenai suara.

(Audio: Laughing)

(Suara: Orang tertawa)

She actually says, "Oh my God, what is that?" in French.

Dia berkata dalam Bahasa Perancis, "Ya Tuhan, apa itu?"

We're all kind of with her. I have no idea.

Kita semua mempertanyakan hal yang sama.

Now, to understand laughter, you have to look at a part of the body

Untuk memahami tawa, Anda harus menelaah bagian tubuh

that psychologists and neuroscientists don't normally spend much time looking at,

yang jarang diperhatikan oleh para Psikolog dan ahli Neurosains,

yakni tulang rusuk.

which is the ribcage,

and it doesn't seem terribly exciting,

Meski tampaknya memang kurang menarik,

namun sebenarnya Anda selalu menggunakan tulang rusuk.

but actually you're all using your ribcage all the time.

Apa yang selalu Anda lakukan dengan tulang rusuk Anda

What you're all doing at the moment with your ribcage,

adalah bernafas.

and don't stop doing it, is breathing.

Anda menggunakan otot interkostal yang berada di antara tulang rusuk,

So you use the intercostal muscles, the muscles between your ribs,

membawa udara keluar-masuk dengan

to bring air in and out of your lungs

mengembungkan dan mengerutkan

just by expanding and contracting your ribcage,

rongga tulang rusuk; jika saya mengikat

and if I was to put a strap around the outside of your chest

sabuk pernapasan di dada Anda, perhatikan gerakannya,

called a breath belt, and just look at that movement,

maka pergerakan sinusoidal akan terjadi, yakni pernapasan.

you see a rather gentle sinusoidal movement, so that's breathing.

Anda semua sedang melakukannya.

You're all doing it. Don't stop.

Ketika Anda mulai berbicara,

As soon as you start talking,

Anda mulai bernapas dengan cara berbeda.

you start using your breathing completely differently.

So what I'm doing now is you see something much more like this.

Jadi, apa yang saya lakukan sekarang nampak seperti ini.

In talking, you use very fine movements of the ribcage

Ketika berbicara, pergerakan tulang rusuk Anda

menekan udara keluar --

to squeeze the air out --

and in fact, we're the only animals that can do this.

dan faktanya, hanya manusia yang dapat melakukannya.

Karenanya kita bisa berbicara.

It's why we can talk at all.

Now, both talking and breathing has a mortal enemy,

Nah, berbicara dan bernapas punya musuh utama

and that enemy is laughter,

dan musuh itu adalah tertawa,

because what happens when you laugh

sebab yang terjadi ketika itu:

otot-otot yang sama itu berkontraksi secara reguler,

is those same muscles start to contract very regularly,

and you get this very marked sort of zig-zagging,

dan membentuk semacam pola zig-zag,

and that's just squeezing the air out of you.

dan menekan udara keluar dari paru-paru.

It literally is that basic a way of making a sound.

Inilah proses pembuatan suara.

You could be stamping on somebody, it's having the same effect.

Jika anda menginjak seseorang, efeknya pun akan sama.

Anda menekan udara keluar,

You're just squeezing air out,

and each of those contractions -- Ha! -- gives you a sound.

dan tiap kontraksi tersebut akan memunculkan suara.

And as the contractions run together, you can get these spasms,

Ketika terjadi kontraksi bersamaan, kekejangan terjadi,

kemudian hal ini terjadi -- (suara mengi).

and that's when you start getting these -- (Wheezing) -- things happening.

Saya ahli sekali dalam hal ini. (Tawa).

I'm brilliant at this. (Laughter)

Now, in terms of the science of laughter, there isn't very much,

Ketika mempelajari ilmu mengenai tawa, ini tidaklah signifikan,

but it does turn out that pretty much everything we think we know

namun ternyata selama ini banyak konsep mengenai tawa yang

about laughter is wrong.

ternyata salah.

So it's not at all unusual, for example, to hear people to say

Jadi kita tak akan heran, misalnya, mendengar orang berkata

humans are the only animals that laugh.

bahwa hanya manusia yang bisa tertawa.

Nietzshe beranggapan demikian.

Nietzsche thought that humans are the only animals that laugh.

Namun kenyataannya, mamalia lain pun tertawa.

In fact, you find laughter throughout the mammals.

Hal ini telah diteliti dengan baik pada primata,

It's been well-described and well-observed in primates,

but you also see it in rats,

begitu juga pada tikus,

and wherever you find it --

dimanapun juga --

humans, primates, rats --

manusia, primata, tikus --

you find it associated with things like tickling.

mereka semua merasakan sensasi digelitik.

That's the same for humans.

Begitu juga dengan manusia.

You find it associated with play, and all mammals play.

Tawa berhubungan dengan permainan; mamalia pun bermain.

And wherever you find it, it's associated with interactions.

Dan dimanapun juga, tawa dan interaksi berhubungan.

So Robert Provine, who has done a lot of work on this,

Robert Provine telah meneliti ini secara ekstensif,

has pointed out that you are 30 times more likely to laugh

dan menurutnya ada 30 lebih banyak kemungkinan Anda tertawa

if you are with somebody else than if you're on your own,

ketika sedang bersama orang lain, daripada ketika sendirian,

and where you find most laughter

dan kebanyakan tawa terjadi

is in social interactions like conversation.

di dalam interaksi sosial semacam percakapan.

So if you ask human beings, "When do you laugh?"

Apabila Anda bertanya, "Kapan Anda tertawa?"

they'll talk about comedy and they'll talk about humor and they'll talk about jokes.

manusia akan menyinggung komedi dan membicarakan humor dan canda.

If you look at when they laugh, they're laughing with their friends.

Jika Anda perhatikan, mereka tertawa bersama teman mereka.

And when we laugh with people, we're hardly ever actually laughing at jokes.

Dan ketika bersama dengan teman, kita tidak tertawa karena guyonan.

You are laughing to show people that you understand them,

Anda tertawa untuk menunjukkan bahwa Anda paham,

that you agree with them, that you're part of the same group as them.

bahwa Anda setuju dengan mereka dan adalah bagian dari mereka;

You're laughing to show that you like them.

untuk menunjukkan Anda menyukai mereka,

You might even love them.

atau bahkan mencintai.

Semua itu Anda lakukan saat berbincang dengan mereka,

You're doing all that at the same time as talking to them,

and the laughter is doing a lot of that emotional work for you.

dan tawa Anda mendemonstrasikan semua emosi tersebut.

Something that Robert Provine has pointed out, as you can see here,

Ini telah dikemukakan Robert Provine, seperti yang Anda lihat,

and the reason why we were laughing

dan alasan mengapa Anda tertawa

ketika kita mendengar tawa lucu tadi,

when we heard those funny laughs at the start,

dan mengapa saya ikut tertawa bersama orangtua saya,

and why I was laughing when I found my parents laughing,

adalah karena tawa sangat menular.

is that it's an enormously behaviorally contagious effect.

Anda dapat tertular tawa dari orang lain,

You can catch laughter from somebody else,

terutama apabila Anda mengenal orang tersebut.

and you are more likely to catch laughter off somebody else if you know them.

Jadi, konteks sosial ini sangat berpengaruh.

So it's still modulated by this social context.

Taruhlah humor di satu sisi

You have to put humor to one side

and think about the social meaning of laughter

dan pikirkanlah makna sosial dari tawa

sebab dari situlah asal-muasal tawa.

because that's where its origins lie.

Now, something I've got very interested in is different kinds of laughter,

Nah, saya sangatlah tertarik dengan keberagaman tawa,

and we have some neurobiological evidence about how human beings vocalize

dan kita memiliki bukti neurobiologis tentang bagaimana manusia bersuara

that suggests there might be two kinds of laughs that we have.

yang memberitahu kita tentang dua macam tawa yang mungkin dimiliki manusia.

So it seems possible that the neurobiology for helpless, involuntary laughter,

Jadi menurut ilmu neurobiologi, orang yang suka tertawa terbahak-bahak

like my parents lying on the floor screaming about a silly song,

seperti orang tua saya yang tertawa berguling-guling di lantai

might have a different basis to it than some of that more polite

karena sebuah lagu,

mungkin memiliki dasar ilmiah berbeda dibanding tawa yang sopan

social laughter that you encounter, which isn't horrible laughter,

pada interaksi sosial yang lain; ini tidaklah jelek,

but it's behavior somebody is doing as part of their communicative act to you,

namun perilaku--bagian dari cara mereka berkomunikasi dengan Anda,

part of their interaction with you; they are choosing to do this.

bagian dari interaksi mereka; mereka melakukannya dengan tawa.

In our evolution, we have developed two different ways of vocalizing.

Saat berevolusi, ada dua cara bervokalisasi yang berkembang:

Involuntary vocalizations are part of an older system

vokalisasi tanpa sadar, yang adalah bagian dari sistem lama,

than the more voluntary vocalizations like the speech I'm doing now.

dan vokalisasi secara sadar, seperti yang saya lakukan sekarang.

So we might imagine that laughter might actually have two different roots.

Jadi, tawa sendiri mungkin sebenarnya memiliki dua akar berbeda.

So I've been looking at this in more detail.

Saya telah meneliti hal ini dengan detail;

To do this, we've had to make recordings of people laughing,

caranya dengan merekam bunyi tawa manusia,

and we've had to do whatever it takes to make people laugh,

dan kita harus melakukan apapun agar mereka tertawa,

and we got those same people to produce more posed, social laughter.

dan meminta mereka juga tertawa seperti dalam bersosialisasi.

So imagine your friend told a joke,

Bayangkan teman Anda bercanda,

and you're laughing because you like your friend,

dan Anda tertawa karena Anda menyukai dia,

but not really because the joke's all that.

bukan semata karena candanya lucu.

So I'm going to play you a couple of those.

Saya akan memutar beberapa contoh.

Tentukanlah apakah tawa ini sungguh-sungguh,

I want you to tell me if you think this laughter is real laughter,

atau dibuat-buat.

or if you think it's posed.

So is this involuntary laughter or more voluntary laughter?

Apakah ini tawa sungguh-sungguh atau tidak?

(Audio: Laughing)

(Suara tawa)

What does that sound like to you?

Bagaimana menurut Anda?

Audience: Posed. Sophie Scott: Posed? Posed.

Hadirin: Dibuat-buat. SS: Anda benar.

How about this one?

Bagaimana dengan yang ini?

(Audio: Laughing)

(Suara tawa)

(Laughter)

(Hadirin tertawa)

I'm the best.

Saya memang hebat.

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Tawa) (Tepuk tangan)

Not really.

Tidak juga.

No, that was helpless laughter,

Tidak, tawa tadi sungguh-sungguh.

and in fact, to record that, all they had to do was record me

Kenyataannya, untuk merekam tawa itu, mereka hanya perlu merekam saya

watching one of my friends listening to something I knew she wanted to laugh at,

saat mengamati teman saya mendengarkan sesuatu yang lucu,

and I just started doing this.

dan saya baru saja memulai.

What you find is that people are good at telling the difference

Anda lihat bahwa orang-orang mampu membedakan antara

between real and posed laughter.

tawa sungguhan dan tidak.

Keduanya nampak berbeda bagi kita.

They seem to be different things to us.

Yang menarik adalah adanya kemiripan dengan simpanse.

Interestingly, you see something quite similar with chimpanzees.

Tawa mereka ketika digelitik berbeda

Chimpanzees laugh differently if they're being tickled

dibandingkan saat mereka bermain bersama,

than if they're playing with each other,

dan mungkin kita bisa melihat kemiripannya,

and we might be seeing something like that here,

tawa sungguhan, karena digelitik, berbeda dengan tawa dalam sosialisasi.

involuntary laughter, tickling laughter, being different from social laughter.

Suaranya pun sangat berbeda.

They're acoustically very different.

Tawa sungguhan lebih lama dan nadanya lebih nyaring.

The real laughs are longer. They're higher in pitch.

Ketika Anda terbahak,

When you start laughing hard,

Anda mengeluarkan udara dari paru-paru

you start squeezing air out from your lungs

dengan lebih banyak tekanan dari saat Anda tertawa dibuat-buat.

under much higher pressures than you could ever produce voluntarily.

Misalnya, ketika bernyanyi, suara saya tidaklah senyaring itu.

For example, I could never pitch my voice that high to sing.

Dan terjadinya konstraksi dan keluarnya siulan-siulan aneh,

Also, you start to get these sort of contractions and weird whistling sounds,

adalah bukti bahwa tertawa secara sungguh-sungguh tidaklah susah,

all of which mean that real laughter is extremely easy,

or feels extremely easy to spot.

bahkan nampak sangat mudah untuk diketahui.

In contrast, posed laughter, we might think it sounds a bit fake.

Sebaliknya, tertawa yang terpaksa, terdengar seperti suara bohong-bohongan.

Actually, it's not, it's actually an important social cue.

Sebenarnya, tidak seperti itu, terdapat ciri sosial di sini.

We use it a lot, we're choosing to laugh in a lot of situations,

Kita sering berbuat itu, tertawa pada berbagai situasi,

and it seems to be its own thing.

seakan memang ada penyebabnya.

So, for example, you find nasality in posed laughter,

Misalnya, Anda mendengar bunyi sengau pada sebuah tawa yang dibuat-buat,

that kind of "ha ha ha ha ha" sound

suara, "ha ha ha ha ha"

that you never get, you could not do, if you were laughing involuntarily.

suara yang tidak keluar ketika Anda sedang pura-pura tertawa.

So they do seem to be genuinely these two different sorts of things.

Jadi, pada dasarnya terdapat dua jenis tawa.

We took it into the scanner to see how brains respond

Kemudian, kami melakukan pemindaian guna melihat bagaimana otak merespon

when you hear laughter.

ketika Anda mendengar tawa.

And when you do this, this is a really boring experiment.

Dan ini adalah sebuah eksperimen yang membosankan.

We just played people real and posed laughs.

Kami menyetel suara tawa yang sukarela dan terpaksa.

We didn't tell them it was a study on laughter.

Mereka tidak tahu kami meneliti perilaku tertawa.

We put other sounds in there to distract them,

Kami memasukkan suara lain untuk mengganggu mereka,

and all they're doing is lying listening to sounds.

dan sambil berbaring, mereka mendengarkan suara tersebut.

We don't tell them to do anything.

Kami tidak menyuruh mereka melakukan apapun.

Nonetheless, when you hear real laughter and when you hear posed laughter,

Namun, saat mendengar suara tawa sukarela

dan suara tawa terpaksa,

the brains are responding completely differently,

cara otak merespon keduanya sangat berbeda,

significantly differently.

sangat berbeda.

What you see in the regions in blue, which lies in auditory cortex,

Anda lihat bagian yang berwarna biru, terletak pada korteks auditori,

are the brain areas that respond more to the real laughs,

adalah bagian otak yang merespon tawa yang sukarela,

and what seems to be the case,

dan yang menarik,

when you hear somebody laughing involuntarily,

ketika Anda mendengar bunyi tawa yang lepas,

you hear sounds you would never hear in any other context.

Anda mendengar bunyi yang tidak akan pernah Anda dengar pada konteks lain.

It's very unambiguous,

and it seems to be associated with greater auditory processing

Sangat tidak ambigu,

dan hal ini terkait dengan proses auditori yang lebih banyak

of these novel sounds.

dari bunyi-bunyi tersebut.

In contrast, when you hear somebody laughing in a posed way,

Sebaliknya, ketika Anda mendengar seseorang tertawa dibuat-buat,

maka akan nampak bagian berwarna pink ini,

what you see are these regions in pink,

which are occupying brain areas associated with mentalizing,

yang memenuhi bagian otak yang bertugas untuk melakukan mentalisasi,

thinking about what somebody else is thinking.

yakni memikirkan apa yang orang lain pikirkan.

And I think what that means is,

Dan bagi saya, hal itu berarti bahwa

even if you're having your brain scanned, which is completely boring

meski otak Anda sedang dipindai, dan kegiatan ini membosankan

and not very interesting,

dan tidak menarik,

when you hear somebody going, "A ha ha ha ha ha,"

ketika Anda mendengar "A ha ha ha ha ha,"

you're trying to work out why they're laughing.

Anda berusaha mencari tahu apa penyebab tawa itu.

Laughter is always meaningful.

Tawa selalu memiliki makna.

You are always trying to understand it in context,

Anda akan selalu mencoba memahami tawa,

even if, as far as you are concerned, at that point in time,

bahkan, bila Anda perhatikan, ketika saat

tawa itu tidak ada hubungannya dengan Anda,

it has not necessarily anything to do with you,

Anda tetap ingin tahu kenapa orang-orang tertawa.

you still want to know why those people are laughing.

Sekarang, kita akan melihat reaksi orang mendengar tawa asli dan yang dibuat-buat

Now, we've had the opportunity to look at how people hear real and posed laughter

pada berbagai rentang usia.

across the age range.

Ini eksperimen online yang kami lakukan dengan the Royal Society,

So this is an online experiment we ran with the Royal Society,

and here we just asked people two questions.

dan ada dua pertanyaan yang kami tanyakan.

Pertama, mereka menyimak suara tawa,

First of all, they heard some laughs,

and they had to say, how real or posed do these laughs sound?

dan menebak, apakah suara tawa itu asli atau dibuat-buat?

The real laughs are shown in red and the posed laughs are shown in blue.

Tawa yang asli berwarna merah, yang dibuat-buat berwarna biru.

Yang Anda lihat adalah sebuah permulaan yang cepat.

What you see is there is a rapid onset.

Bertambahnya usia,

As you get older, you get better and better at spotting real laughter.

membuat kemampuan menngenali tawa yang asli lebih baik.

So six-year-olds are at chance, they can't really hear the difference.

Anak enam tahun

tidak mampu membedakan keduanya.

By the time you are older, you get better,

Seiring bertambahnya usia, kemampuan kita akan semakin baik,

but interestingly, you do not hit peak performance in this dataset

tapi, menariknya,

data ini menunjukkan kemampuan kita tidak akan maksimal

until you are in your late 30s and early 40s.

hingga kita berusia akhir 30-an atau awal 40-an.

You don't understand laughter fully by the time you hit puberty.

Anda tidak sepenuhnya paham perbedaan tertawa ketika remaja.

You don't understand laughter fully by the time your brain has matured

Anda tidak sepenuhnya paham perbedaan tertawa hingga otak Anda matang

at the end of your teens.

di akhir masa remaja.

You're learning about laughter throughout your entire early adult life.

Anda belajar memahami tertawa sepanjang masa awal usia dewasa Anda.

If we turn the question around and now say not, what does the laughter sound like

Jika pertanyaannya dibalik, bukannya seperti apa suara tertawa ini

in terms of being real or posed, but we say,

apakah asli atau dibuat-buat,

how much does this laughter make you want to laugh,

melainkan, apakah tawa itu mampu membuat Anda tertawa,

how contagious is this laughter to you, we see a different profile.

apakah tawa itu dapat menular pada Anda, maka ada temuan yang berbeda.

And here, the younger you are,

Yakni, semakin muda Anda,

the more you want to join in when you hear laughter.

maka akan semakin mudah Anda untuk ikut tertawa.

Remember me laughing with my parents when I had no idea what was going on.

Ingat, saya ikut orang tua saya tertawa tanpa mengerti yang ditertawakan.

You really can see this.

Kita paham akan hal ini.

Now everybody, young and old,

Semua orang, tua atau muda,

finds the real laughs more contagious than the posed laughs,

lebih mudah tertular oleh tawa asli dibandingkan yang dibuat-buat,

but as you get older, it all becomes less contagious to you.

namun, dengan bertambahnya usia, kita semakin sulit untuk ikut tertawa.

Now, either we're all just becoming really grumpy as we get older,

Apakah itu karena kita semakin tua semakin cepat marah,

or it may mean that as you understand laughter better,

atau kita semakin baik memahami tawa,

and you are getting better at doing that,

dan semakin baik kita memahaminya,

you need more than just hearing people laugh to want to laugh.

kita butuh lebih dari sekadar tawa orang lain, untuk ikut tertawa.

You need the social stuff there.

Kita butuh faktor sosial di sini.

So we've got a very interesting behavior

Kita punya perilaku yang sangat menarik

about which a lot of our lay assumptions are incorrect,

dimana banyak asumsi kita yang keliru,

but I'm coming to see that actually there's even more to laughter

namun, saya menemukan bahwa ada hal lain yang lebih penting untuk ditelaah

than it's an important social emotion we should look at,

daripada menelaah emosi sosial saja,

because it turns out people are phenomenally nuanced

karena ada keberagaman yang fenomenal

in terms of how we use laughter.

dalam menggunakan tawa.

There's a really lovely set of studies coming out

Ada beberapa penelitian mengenai hal tersebut

from Robert Levenson's lab in California,

di Laboratorium Robert Levenson di California,

where he's doing a longitudinal study with couples.

dimana ia melakukan penelitian jangka panjang dengan beberapa pasangan.

He gets married couples, men and women, into the lab,

Pasangan yang menikah ini diundang ke lab

and he gives them stressful conversations to have

dan diatur agar terjadi percakapan yang membuat mereka stress

while he wires them up to a polygraph so he can see them becoming stressed.

yang direkam pada poligraf untuk diamati kemunculan gejala stressnya.

So you've got the two of them in there, and he'll say to the husband,

Jadi, ada dua orang di lab, dan ia bilang pada sang suami,

"Tell me something that your wife does that irritates you."

"Katakan apa tindakan isteri Anda yang menyebalkan."

And what you see is immediately --

Dan segera setelahnya --

just run that one through your head briefly, you and your partner --

coba bayangkan sejenak, bila itu Anda dan pasangan Anda --

you can imagine everybody gets a bit more stressed as soon as that starts.

bagaimana Anda berdua mulai sedikit merasa stress segera setelah itu dimulai.

You can see physically, people become more stressed.

Secara fisik, akan terlihat orang mulai stress.

What he finds is that the couples who manage that feeling of stress

Yang Robert temukan adalah bahwa pasangan yang mengelola stress mereka

with laughter, positive emotions like laughter,

dengan tawa, emosi positif seperti tertawa,

not only immediately become less stressed,

tidak hanya segera berkurang level stressnya,

they can see them physically feeling better,

tapi juga nampak lebih baik secara fisik,

they're dealing with this unpleasant situation better together,

mereka menghadapi situasi tak enak ini bersama-sama dengan lebih baik,

they are also the couples that report

ada juga pasangan yang melaporkan

high levels of satisfaction in their relationship

tingkat kepuasan yang tinggi atas hubungan mereka

and they stay together for longer.

dan hubungan mereka bertahan lebih lama.

So in fact, when you look at close relationships,

Jadi, jika kita mengamati hubungan yang erat,

laughter is a phenomenally useful index

tertawa adalah indeks yang sangat berguna

of how people are regulating their emotions together.

untuk melihat bagaimana orang mengatur emosinya bersama-sama.

We're not just emitting it at each other to show that we like each other,

Kita tidak hanya memperlihatkan rasa suka satu sama lain,

we're making ourselves feel better together.

namun kita membuat diri kita merasa semakin baik.

Now, I don't think this is going to be limited to romantic relationships.

Saya pikir ini tidak hanya berlaku pada hubungan percintaan saja.

I think this is probably going to be a characteristic

Ini juga merupakan karakteristik

hubungan emosional yang dekat seperti halnya Anda dengan teman Anda,

of close emotional relationships such as you might have with friends,

yang menjelaskan video saya berikutnya,

which explains my next clip,

which is of a YouTube video of some young men in the former East Germany

sebuah video YouTube tentang anak muda dari bekas negara Jerman Timur

on making a video to promote their heavy metal band,

yang sedang membuat sebuah video promosi band Heavy Metal mereka,

and it's extremely macho, and the mood is very serious,

dan video ini sangat maskulin, dengan nuansa yang sangat serius,

and I want you to notice what happens in terms of laughter

dan coba perhatikan yang terjadi, dalam konteks tertawa,

when things go wrong

ketika terjadi kesalahan

and how quickly that happens, and how that changes the mood.

dan betapa cepatnya tawa dan perubahan suasana terjadi.

He's cold. He's about to get wet. He's got swimming trunks on,

Ia kedinginan. Ia akan basah. Ia memakai celana renang,

got a towel.

mengambil handuk.

Ice.

Es.

What might possibly happen?

Apa yang terjadi kemudian?

Video starts.

Video dimulai.

Serious mood.

Suasana yang serius.

And his friends are already laughing. They are already laughing, hard.

Dan teman-temannya sudah tertawa. Dan mereka tertawa, dengan keras.

He's not laughing yet.

Sementara itu, dia belum tertawa.

(Laughter)

(Hadirin tertawa)

He's starting to go now.

Dan dia mulai tertawa sekarang.

And now they're all off.

Dan mereka semua tertawa.

(Laughter)

(Hadirin tertawa).

They're on the floor.

Mereka terguling-guling di lantai.

(Laughter)

(Hadirin tertawa).

The thing I really like about that is it's all very serious

Yang paling saya suka adalah suasananya nampak sangat serius

until he jumps onto the ice, and as soon as he doesn't go through the ice,

sampai saat ia meloncat ke kolam es, dan segera setelah ia tidak bisa tembus,

but also there isn't blood and bone everywhere,

tapi memang ia tidak terluka dan celaka,

his friends start laughing.

teman-temannya mulai tertawa.

And imagine if that had played him out with him standing there going,

Dan bayangkan jika ia berdiri dan kemudian berkata,

"No seriously, Heinrich, I think this is broken,"

"Serius, nih, Heinrich, rasanya tulang saya patah,"

we wouldn't enjoy watching that. That would be stressful.

pasti kita akan stress menontonnya.

Atau, kalau ia berlari-lari dengan kaki patah dan tertawa,

Or if he was running around with a visibly broken leg laughing,

dan diberitahu, "Heinrich, kita harus segera ke RS,"

and his friends are going, "Heinrich, I think we need to go to the hospital now,"

Nah, itu juga tidak akan lucu.

Fakta bahwa tertawa mampu

that also wouldn't be funny.

mengubahnya dari situasi yang menyakitkan, memalukan, dan sulit,

The fact that the laughter works,

it gets him from a painful, embarrassing, difficult situation,

ke situasi yang lucu, yang dapat kita nikmati menontonnya,

into a funny situation, into what we're actually enjoying there,

dan saya rasa, itulah manfaat tawa yang sangat menarik,

and I think that's a really interesting use,

dan hal itu terjadi setiap saat.

and it's actually happening all the time.

Misalnya, saya ingat kejadian semacam ini

For example, I can remember something like this happening

terjadi pada saat pemakaman ayah saya.

at my father's funeral.

Tentu saja kami tidak melompat ke kolam es dengan pakaian dalam.

We weren't jumping around on the ice in our underpants.

Kami bukan orang Kanada.

We're not Canadian.

(Hadiri tertawa dan tepuk tangan)

(Laughter) (Applause)

These events are always difficult, I had a relative who was being a bit difficult,

Pemakaman itu selalu menyedihkan, ada kerabat kami yang sedih,

my mum was not in a good place,

ibu saya juga berduka,

dan saya masih ingat sebelum semuanya bersedih

and I can remember finding myself just before the whole thing started

telling this story about something that happened in a 1970s sitcom,

saya menceritakan adegan sinetron komedi tahun 1970-an,

and I just thought at the time, I don't know why I'm doing this,

dan saat itu saya pikir, kenapa saya lakukan ini,

and what I realized I was doing

lalu saya sadar yang saya lakukan ialah,

was I was coming up with something from somewhere

menceritakan hal lain

I could use to make her laugh together with me.

yang dapat saya gunakan untuk membuat kami tertawa bersama.

It was a very basic reaction to find some reason we can do this.

Itu adalah reaksi sederhana untuk dapat melewati kesedihan.

We can laugh together. We're going to get through this.

Kita bisa tertawa bersama. Kita bisa melewati hal ini bersama.

We're going to be okay.

Kita akan baik-baik saja.

And in fact, all of us are doing this all the time.

Dan faktanya, kita semua melakukan hal semacam itu setiap saat.

You do it so often, you don't even notice it.

Anda sering melakukannya, meski tidak menyadarinya.

Everybody underestimates how often they laugh,

Semua menyepelekan seberapa sering mereka tertawa,

and you're doing something, when you laugh with people,

dan Anda melakukan sesuatu ketika Anda tertawa dengan orang lain,

that's actually letting you access a really ancient evolutionary system

yang membuat Anda mengakses sistem evolusi yang sangat kuno

that mammals have evolved to make and maintain social bonds,

dimana mamalia berevolusi guna membuat dan mempertahankan ikatan sosial,

and clearly to regulate emotions, to make ourselves feel better.

dan untuk mengatur emosi, untuk membuat dirinya merasa lebih baik.

It's not something specific to humans -- it's a really ancient behavior

Hal itu tidak hanya terjadi pada manusia saja -- itu perilaku yang sangat kuno

which really helps us regulate how we feel and makes us feel better.

yang sangat membantu kita mengatur perasaan kita

dan membuat kita merasa lebih baik.

In other words, when it comes to laughter,

Dengan kata lain, ketika kita tertawa,

you and me, baby, ain't nothing but mammals. (Laughter)

saya dan Anda, tidaklah lebih dari seekor mamalia.

Terima kasih.

Thank you.

(Hadirin tertawa)

Thank you. (Applause)

Terima kasih.

(Tepuk tangan)