Richard Resnick: Welcome to the genomic revolution

225,361 views ใƒป 2011-09-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sigal Tifferet ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shahar Kaiser
ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™,
00:16
Ladies and gentlemen,
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00:17
I present to you the human genome.
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ืื ื™ ื’ืื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
00:19
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
00:23
Chromosome one -- top left, bottom right -- are the sex chromosomes.
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ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื ืžืก' 1, ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉืžืืœ.
ืœืžื˜ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ.
00:27
Women have two copies of that big X chromosome;
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ืœื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื X ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ X
00:30
men have the X and, of course, that small copy of the Y.
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ื•ื’ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืขื•ืชืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ Y.
00:33
Sorry boys, but it's just a tiny little thing that makes you different.
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ืฆืจ ืœื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื, ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ.
00:37
So if you zoom in on this genome,
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ืื– ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ื•ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื ื•ื,
00:40
then what you see, of course, is this double-helix structure --
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ืžื” ืฉืชืจืื• ื–ื” ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืกืœื™ืœ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ -
00:43
the code of life spelled out with these four biochemical letters,
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ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ื‘-4 ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•-ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช,
ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื:
00:46
or we call them bases: A, C, G and T.
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A, C, G, T.
00:49
How many are there in the human genome? Three billion.
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ื›ืžื” ื›ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™? 3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“.
00:51
Is that a big number?
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”?
00:53
Well, everybody can throw around big numbers.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
00:55
But in fact, if I were to place one base
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ืืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืื—ื“
00:57
on each pixel of this 1280x800-resolution screen,
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื™ืงืกืœ ื‘ืžืกืš 1280X800 ื”ื–ื”,
ื ืฆื˜ืจืš 3,000 ืžืกื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื.
01:01
we would need 3,000 screens to take a look at the genome.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
01:04
So it's really quite big.
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01:05
And perhaps because of its size,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื•,
01:07
a group of people -- all, by the way, with Y chromosomes --
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื - ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ื Y, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘ -
01:10
decided they would want to sequence it.
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืฆืฃ ืื•ืชื•.
01:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:14
And so 15 years, actually, and about four billion dollars later,
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ืื– ืื—ืจื™ 15 ืฉื ื™ื ื•-4 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ,
01:17
the genome was sequenced and published.
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ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืจื•ืฆืฃ ื•ืคื•ืจืกื.
01:19
In 2003, the final version was published, and they keep working on it.
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ื‘-2003 ืคื•ืจืกืžื” ื”ื’ืจืกื ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ื•ื”ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืขื ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื–ื•.
01:23
That was all done on a machine like this.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก -
01:25
It costs about a dollar for each base -- a very slow way of doing it.
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ื“ืจืš ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“.
01:28
Well, folks, I'm here to tell you
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ืฉืจ ืœื›ื
01:30
that the world has completely changed,
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ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
01:32
and none of you know about it.
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ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื–ื”.
01:34
So now what we do is take a genome,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืœืงื—ืช ื’ื ื•ื,
01:36
we make maybe 50 copies of it,
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ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ 50 ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืžืžื ื•,
01:38
we cut all those copies up into little 50-base reads,
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ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ืฉืœ 50 ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื,
01:41
and then we sequence them, massively parallel.
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ื•ืื– ืœืจืฆืฃ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™.
01:43
Then we bring that into software and reassemble it,
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ื•ืื– ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืชื•ื›ื ื”,
ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืžื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
01:46
and tell you what the story is.
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”,
01:48
So to give you a picture of what this looks like,
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01:50
the Human Genome Project: 3 gigabases, right?
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ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™: 3 ื’'ื™ื’ื”-ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื.
ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื›ื–ื”:
01:53
One run on one of these modern machines: 200 gigabases in a week.
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200 ื’'ื™ื’ื”-ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
01:57
And that 200 is going to change to 600 this summer,
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ื•ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื–ื” ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœ600,
02:00
and there's no sign of this pace slowing.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืช ื”ืงืฆื‘.
02:03
The price of a base, to sequence a base,
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ืื– ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก,
02:06
has fallen 100 million times.
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ื™ืจื“ ืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
02:09
That's the equivalent of you filling up your car with gas in 1998,
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ื–ื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ืš ืฉืžื™ืœืืชื ืžื™ื›ืœ ื“ืœืง ื‘1998,
ื—ื™ื›ื™ืชื ืขื“ 2011,
02:13
waiting until 2011,
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02:14
and now you can drive to Jupiter and back twice.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืก ืœืฆื“ืง ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื.
02:16
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:21
World population,
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ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
02:24
PC placements,
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02:25
the archive of all of medical literature,
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ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช,
02:28
Moore's law,
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ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืจ,
02:30
the old way of sequencing,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืฉื ื”, ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
02:32
and here's all the new stuff.
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื–ื” ืกื•ืœื ืœื•ื’ืจื™ื˜ืžื™,
02:34
Guys, this is a long scale;
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02:35
you don't typically see lines that go up like that.
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ื‘ื“"ื› ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ื›ืš.
02:38
So the worldwide capacity to sequence human genomes
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ืื– ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืœืจืฆืฃ ื’ื ื•ืžื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• 50 ืขื“ 100 ืืœืฃ ื’ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœืฉื ื”.
02:42
is something like 50,000 to 100,000 human genomes this year.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื.
02:45
We know this based on the machines that are being placed.
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ื–ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืจื‘ืขื”
02:48
This is expected to double, triple or maybe quadruple
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02:50
year over year for the foreseeable future.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืขื™ืŸ.
02:52
In fact, there's one lab in particular
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืื—ืช
02:54
that represents 20 percent of all that capacity:
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช 20% ืžื›ืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื•.
02:57
It's called the Beijing Genomics Institute.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’ ืœื’ื ื•ืžื™ืงื”.
03:00
The Chinese are absolutely winning this race to the new Moon, by the way.
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ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ื–ื” ืœื™ืจื— ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘.
03:04
What does this mean for medicine?
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ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืจืคื•ืื”?
03:06
So a woman, age 37,
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ืื– ืืฉื” ื‘ืช 37
ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขื ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“ ื‘ืขืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื’ืŸ, ืฉืœื‘ 2.
03:09
presents with stage 2 estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.
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03:12
She is treated with surgery, chemotherapy and radiation.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื—, ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื•ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช.
03:15
She goes home.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
03:17
Two years later,
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ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขื ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื—ืœื•ืช, ืฉืœื‘ 3.
03:18
she comes back with stage 3C ovarian cancer, unfortunately;
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ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื”.
03:21
treated again with surgery and chemotherapy.
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03:23
She comes back three years later at age 42
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ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 42, ืœืื—ืจ 3 ืฉื ื™ื
ืขื•ื“ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉื—ืœื•ืช, ืขื•ื“ ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื”.
03:26
with more ovarian cancer, more chemotherapy.
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03:28
Six months later,
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6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ
03:30
she comes back with acute myeloid leukemia.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขื ืœื•ืงืžื™ื” ืžื™ืืœื•ืื™ื“ื™ืช ื—ืจื™ืคื”.
03:34
She goes into respiratory failure and dies eight days later.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœื›ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ืžืชื™ ื•ืžืชื” 8 ื™ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:37
So first: the way in which this woman was treated,
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ืื– ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-10 ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื”
03:40
in as little as 10 years, will look like bloodletting.
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ื™ื™ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื–ืช ื“ื.
03:43
And it's because of people like my colleague, Rick Wilson,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื” ืฉืœื™, ืจื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ,
ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ,
03:46
at the Genome Institute at Washington University,
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03:48
who decided to take a look at this woman postmortem.
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ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื™ืฆืฃ ืชืื™ ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื
03:51
And he took skin cells, healthy skin
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03:53
and cancerous bone marrow,
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ื•ืชืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ืžืžื— ื”ืขืฆื,
03:55
and sequenced the whole genomes of both of them
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื™ืฆืฃ ื’ื ื•ืžื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื”ื
ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื, ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
03:58
in a couple of weeks, no big deal.
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04:00
Then he compared those two genomes in software,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื”,
04:02
and what he found, among other things,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ,
04:04
was a deletion -- a 2,000-base deletion across three billion bases
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ื–ื• ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื™ืช ื—ืกืจ, ื—ืกืจ ืฉืœ 2,000 ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื
ืžืชื•ืš 3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื
04:08
in a particular gene called TP53.
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ื‘ื’ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจื TP53.
ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืกืจ ื”ื–ื• ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
04:11
If you have this deleterious mutation in this gene,
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04:13
you're 90 percent likely to get cancer in your life.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 90% ืœืœืงื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื›ื.
04:16
So unfortunately, this doesn't help this woman,
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ืื– ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืืฉื” ื”ื–ื•,
04:18
but it does have severe -- profound, if you will --
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื•ืช
04:21
implications to her family.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื”.
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”,
04:24
I mean, if they have the same mutation,
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04:25
and they get this genetic test and they understand it,
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•, ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื”,
04:28
then they can get regular screens and can catch cancer early,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื•ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื
04:31
and potentially live a significantly longer life.
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ื•ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
04:33
Let me introduce you to the Beery twins,
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ืชื›ื™ืจื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื™,
04:35
diagnosed with cerebral palsy at the age of two.
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ืฉืื•ื‘ื—ื ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ืžื•ื—ื™ืŸ.
ืืžื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ืืฉื” ืืžืฆื™ื”
04:38
Their mom is a very brave woman who didn't believe it;
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ืฉืœื ื”ืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื”ืกื™ืžืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื,
04:40
the symptoms weren't matching up.
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ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื”ืจื•ืื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
04:42
And through some heroic efforts and a lot of Internet searching,
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ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช
04:45
she was able to convince the medical community
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
04:47
that, in fact, they had something else.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื–ื• ื“ื™ืกื˜ื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืžื’ื™ื‘ื” ืœื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ DRD.
04:49
They had dopa-responsive dystonia.
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04:51
And so they were given L-Dopa,
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ืื– ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื L-Dopa,
04:53
and their symptoms did improve,
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืฉืชืคืจื•,
04:55
but they weren't totally asymptomatic.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื—ืœืคื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
04:57
Significant problems remained.
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ื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
04:59
Turns out the gentleman in this picture is a guy named Joe Beery,
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”, ื’'ื• ื‘ื™ืจื™,
ื”ืชืžื–ืœ ืžื–ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื ืž"ืจ (ืžื ื”ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืจืืฉื™)
05:02
who was lucky enough to be the CIO
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉื Life Technologies.
05:04
of a company called Life Technologies.
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ื–ื• ืื—ืช ืžืฉืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
05:06
They're one of two companies
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05:07
that makes these massive whole-genome sequencing tools.
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื.
05:10
And so he got his kids sequenced.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ.
05:13
What they found was a series of mutations in a gene called SPR,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืฆืื• ื”ื™ื” ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจื SPR,
ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ.
05:17
which is responsible for producing serotonin, among other things.
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05:20
So on top of L-Dopa, they gave these kids a serotonin precursor drug,
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ืื– ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœ L-Dopa ื ืชื ื• ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื’ื ืคืจืงื•ืจืกื•ืจ ืœืกืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ,
05:23
and they're effectively normal now.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื.
05:25
Guys, this would never have happened without whole-genome sequencing.
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืœื ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ื’ื ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื.
ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื–ื” ืขืœื” $100,000.
05:29
At the time -- this was a few years ago -- it cost $100,000.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื” $10,000, ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื–ื” $1,000.
05:31
Today it's $10,000, next year, $1,000,
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ $100, ืคืœื•ืก ืžื™ื ื•ืก ืฉื ื”.
05:33
the year after, $100, give or take a year.
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ื–ื” ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”.
05:35
That's how fast this is moving.
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื ื™ืง ื”ืงื˜ืŸ -
05:37
So here's little Nick --
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ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื‘ืื˜ืžืŸ ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื.
05:39
likes Batman and squirt guns.
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05:40
And it turns out Nick shows up at the children's hospital
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ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื ื™ืง ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ื”"ื— ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื
05:44
with this distended belly, like a famine victim.
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ืขื ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื ืคื•ื—ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืจืขื‘.
05:46
And it's not that he's not eating; it's that when he eats,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœ,
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื ืคืชื—ื™ื
05:49
his intestine basically opens up and feces spill out into his gut.
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ื•ื”ืฆื•ืื” ื ืฉืคื›ืช ืืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
ืื– ืžืื” ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
05:53
So a hundred surgeries later,
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05:54
he looks at his mom and says, "Mom, please pray for me.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืืžื ืฉืœื• ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”: "ืืžื,
ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืชืชืคืœืœื™ ืœืžืขื ื™, ื›"ื› ื›ื•ืื‘ ืœื™."
05:58
I'm in so much pain."
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06:00
His pediatrician happens to have a background in clinical genetics
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ื•ืœืจื•ืคื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืจืงืข ื‘ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช
06:03
and he has no idea what's going on,
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื™ืชื•,
06:05
but he says, "Let's get this kid's genome sequenced."
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ, "ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืฆืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื–ื”."
06:07
And what they find is a single-point mutation
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื–ื• ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืื—ื“
06:09
in a gene responsible for controlling programmed cell death.
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ื‘ื’ืŸ ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช ืชืื™ ืžืชื•ื›ื ืช.
06:12
So the theory is that he's having some immunological reaction
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ืื– ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™
06:15
to what's going on -- to the food, essentially.
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ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืขื ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
06:18
And that's a natural reaction, which causes some programmed cell death,
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ื•ื–ื• ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืชืื™ ืžืชื•ื›ื ืช.
06:21
but the gene that regulates that down is broken.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื•ืกืช ืื•ืชื” ืžืงื•ืœืงืœ.
ืื– ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
06:24
And so this informs, among other things, of course,
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ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืžื— ืขืฆื, ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ.
06:26
a treatment for bone marrow transplant, which he undertakes.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ 9 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ื—ืœืžื” ืžืคืจื›ื™ื,
06:29
And after nine months of grueling recovery,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื•ื›ืœ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืง ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ืงื™ื•.
06:31
he's now eating steak with A1 sauce.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:33
(Laughter)
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06:34
The prospect of using the genome as a universal diagnostic
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื ื•ื
ื›ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ื—ื•ื ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™
06:38
is upon us today.
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ื ืžืฆืืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื.
ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ, ื”ื™ื•ื.
06:41
Today. It's here.
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ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•
06:43
And what it means for all of us
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06:44
is that everybody in this room could live an extra 5, 10, 20 years,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ 5, 10, 20 ืฉื ื”
06:47
just because of this one thing.
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ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื–ื”.
06:49
Which is a fantastic story,
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ื•ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
06:51
unless you think about humanity's footprint on the planet,
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ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
06:54
and our ability to keep up food production.
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
ืื– ืžืชื‘ืจืจ
06:57
So it turns out
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06:58
that the very same technology is also being used to grow new lines
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ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื’ื ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื–ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
07:02
of corn, wheat, soybean and other crops
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ืฉืœ ืชื™ืจืก, ื—ื™ื˜ื”, ืกื•ื™ื” ื•ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
07:05
that are highly tolerant of drought, of flood,
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ืฉื”ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆื•ืจืช, ื”ืฆืคื•ืช,
07:07
of pests and pesticides.
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ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื”.
07:09
Now, look --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืจืื•, ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”,
07:11
as long as we continue to increase the population,
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ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื’ื“ืœ ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
07:13
we'll have to continue to grow and eat genetically modified foods.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืืฆื™ื’ ื”ื™ื•ื.
07:16
And that's the only position I'll take today.
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07:18
Unless there's anybody in the audience
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ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืงื”ืœ
07:20
who'd like to volunteer to stop eating?
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ืฉืžืชื ื“ื‘ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืื›ื•ืœ?
ืœื, ืืฃ ืื—ื“.
07:23
None, not one.
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07:24
This is a typewriter,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”,
07:26
a staple of every desktop for decades.
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ืžื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื.
07:29
And, in fact, the typewriter was essentially deleted by this thing.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื ืขืœืžื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
07:33
And then more general versions of word processors came about.
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฆืื• ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ ืชืžืœื™ืœื™ื.
07:36
But ultimately, it was a disruption on top of a disruption.
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ืืš ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื”ืคืจืขื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคืจืขื”.
07:39
It was Bob Metcalfe inventing the Ethernet,
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื˜ืงืœืฃ ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืื˜ืจื ื˜
07:41
and the connection of all these computers
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ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
07:43
that fundamentally changed everything.
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ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™.
07:45
Suddenly we had Netscape, we had Yahoo.
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ื•ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื ื˜ืกืงื™ื™ืค, ื•ื™ืื”ื•
07:48
And we had, indeed, the entire dot-com bubble.
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื“ื•ื˜ืงื•ื.
07:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:54
Not to worry though,
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ืืš ืืœ ื“ืื’ื”,
07:56
that was quickly rescued by the iPod, Facebook
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ืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื”ืื™ื™ืคื•ื“, ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง,
07:58
and, indeed, Angry Birds.
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ื•ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜, ืื ื’ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืจื“ืก.
08:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืชืจืื•, ื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
08:03
Look, this is where we are today.
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08:05
This is the genomic revolution today. This is where we are.
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ื–ื• ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื’ื ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื. ื›ืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื.
ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื•:
08:08
What I'd like you to consider is:
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
08:10
What does it mean
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08:11
when these dots don't represent the individual bases of your genome,
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ืื ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ื‘ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœื›ื,
08:14
but they connect to genomes all across the planet?
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ืืœื ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื?
08:17
I just recently had to buy life insurance, and I was required to answer:
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ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื.
ื•ื ืชื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ืœืกืžืŸ:
08:21
A. I have never had a genetic test;
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ื. ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื‘. ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช - ืžืฆื•ืจืคืช,
08:23
B. I've had one, here you go;
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ืื• ื’. ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืกืคืจ.
08:25
or C. I've had one and I'm not telling.
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ืœืžื–ืœื™, ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืกืžืŸ ื.,
08:27
Thankfully, I was able to answer A,
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08:28
and I say that honestly, in case my life insurance agent is listening.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื•ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœื™ ืžืงืฉื™ื‘.
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืกืžืŸ ื’.?
08:32
But what would have happened if I had said C?
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08:34
Consumer applications for genomics will flourish.
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ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื ื•ืžื™ืงื”, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ.
ื”ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืืชื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
08:37
Do you want to see if you're genetically compatible
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื? ื‘ื˜ื—.
08:39
with your girlfriend?
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08:40
DNA sequencing on your iPhone? There's an app for that.
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ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ื“.ื .ื ื‘ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื? ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื”.
08:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:45
Personalized genomic massage, anyone?
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ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืกืื–' ืžื•ืชืื ื’ื ื•ืžื™ืช?
ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื ื” ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
08:49
There's already a lab today that tests for allele 334 of the AVPR1 gene,
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ืฉืžืื‘ื—ื ืช ืืช ืืœืœ 334 ืœื’ืŸ AVPR1,
ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื’ืŸ ื”ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”.
08:53
the so-called cheating gene.
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ืื– ืื ื”ื’ืขืชื ืœื›ืืŸ ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœื›ื,
08:55
(Laughter)
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08:57
So anybody who's here today with your significant other,
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ืชืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื• ืืœื™ื• ื•ืงื—ื• ืœื”ื ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืžื”ืคื”,
08:59
just turn over to them, swab their mouth, send it to the lab
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ืชืฉืœื—ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื”, ื•ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ.
09:02
and you'll know for sure.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:03
(Laughter)
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ื
09:05
Do you really want to elect a president
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ื‘ืขืœ ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘?
09:07
whose genome suggests cardiomyopathy?
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฉื ืช 2016
09:09
Think of it -- it's 2016,
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืžืคืจืกืžืช
09:11
and the leading candidate releases
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ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืจื™ ื”ืžืก ืฉืœื”,
09:12
not only her four years of back-tax returns,
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ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื”.
09:15
but also her personal genome.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘.
09:16
And it looks really good.
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09:17
Then she challenges all her competitors to do the same.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืจืืช ืœืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
ื ืจืื” ืœื›ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ืงืจื”?
09:20
Do you think that's not going to happen?
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ื ืจืื” ืœื›ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื’'ื•ืŸ ืžืงื™ื™ืŸ?
09:22
Do you think it would have helped John McCain?
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:24
(Laughter)
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ืœื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ
09:26
How many people in the audience have the last name Resnick, like me?
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื™ - ืจื–ื ื™ืง? ืชืจื™ืžื• ื™ื“.
09:29
Raise your hand.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื•? ืืฃ ืื—ื“.
09:30
Anybody? Nobody.
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ื‘ื“"ื› ื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื.
09:32
Typically, there's one or two.
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09:33
So my father's father was one of 10 Resnick brothers.
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ืื– ืื‘ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืขืฉืจืช ืื—ื™ ืจื–ื ื™ืง.
ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืฉื ืื• ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”.
09:36
They all hated each other, and all moved to different parts of the planet.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
ืื– ืกื‘ื™ืจ
09:40
So it's likely I'm related to every Resnick that I ever meet,
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ืฉืื ื™ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืจื–ื ื™ืง ืฉืืคื’ื•ืฉ, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข.
09:43
but I don't know.
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09:44
So imagine if my genome were De-identified, sitting in software,
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื•ื”ื”, ืžืื•ื—ืกืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื”,
09:47
And a third cousin's genome was also sitting there,
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื™,
ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
09:50
and there was software that could compare the two
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
09:52
and make these associations.
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09:53
Not hard to imagine. My company has software that does this right now.
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ืœื ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ. ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื.
ื•ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ:
09:57
Imagine one more thing,
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09:58
that that software is able to ask both parties for mutual consent:
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ืฉื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื,
10:01
"Would you be willing to meet your third cousin?"
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"ื”ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื›ื?"
ื•ืื ืฉื ื™ื ื• ื ื’ื™ื“ ื›ืŸ,
10:04
And if we both say yes -- voilร !
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10:05
Welcome to Chromosomally LinkedIn.
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ื•ื•ืืœื”! ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืœื™ื ืงื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžืœื™.
10:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:11
Now this is probably a good thing, right?
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ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื— ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
10:13
Bigger clan gatherings and so on.
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ื™ืฉ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื›ืืœื”.
10:15
But maybe it's a bad thing as well.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข.
10:17
How many fathers in the room? Raise your hands.
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ื›ืžื” ืื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ? ืชืจื™ืžื• ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
10:19
OK, so experts think that one to three percent of you
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื– ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉ 1-3% ืžื›ื
10:22
are not actually the father of your child.
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ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื›ื.
10:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:26
Look --
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ืชืจืื• -
10:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:32
These genomes, these 23 chromosomes,
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ื”ื’ื ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”, 23 ื”ื›ืจื•ืžื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
10:35
they don't in any way represent the quality of our relationships
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ื”ื ืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
10:38
or the nature of our society -- at least not yet.
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ืื• ืืช ื˜ื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ื›ืจื’ืข.
ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
10:41
And like any new technology,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช
10:43
it's really in humanity's hands
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10:44
to wield it for the betterment of mankind
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืื• ืœื.
10:47
or not.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืื™ืฅ ื‘ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืœืงื•ื ื•ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘
10:48
And so I urge you all to wake up and to tune in
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10:50
and to influence the genomic revolution that's happening all around you.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื’ื ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื.
ืชื•ื“ื”.
10:54
Thank you.
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10:55
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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