Daniel Goldstein: The battle between your present and future self

314,591 views ใƒป 2011-12-21

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Nir Bibi ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
Do you remember the story
0
15260
2000
ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
00:17
of Odysseus and the Sirens
1
17260
2000
ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก ื•ื”ืกื™ืจื ื•ืช (ื ื™ืžืคื•ืช ื™ื)
00:19
from high school or junior high school?
2
19260
2000
ืžืŸ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื?
00:21
There was this hero, Odysseus, who's heading back home
3
21260
3000
ื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ื“, ื‘ืฉื ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก, ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”
00:24
after the Trojan War.
4
24260
2000
ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื˜ืจื•ื™ื”.
00:26
And he's standing on the deck of his ship,
5
26260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคื™ื ืชื•,
00:28
he's talking to his first mate,
6
28260
2000
ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
00:30
and he's saying,
7
30260
2000
ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื•,
00:32
"Tomorrow, we will sail past those rocks,
8
32260
3000
"ืžื—ืจ, ืื ื• ื ืคืœื™ื’ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืกืœืขื™ื ืืœื•,
00:35
and on those rocks sit some beautiful women
9
35260
2000
ื•ืขืœ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื•ืช
00:37
called Sirens.
10
37260
2000
ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ืจื ื•ืช.
00:39
And these women sing an enchanting song,
11
39260
3000
ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ื”-ืœื‘,
00:42
a song so alluring
12
42260
2000
ืฉื™ืจ ื›ื” ืžืคืชื”
00:44
that all sailors who hear it
13
44260
2000
ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืื•ืชื•
00:46
crash into the rocks and die."
14
46260
2000
ืžืชืจืกืงื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ื•ืžืชื™ื."
00:48
Now you would expect, given that,
15
48260
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช,
00:50
that they would choose an alternate route around the Sirens,
16
50260
3000
ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืงืคืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืจื ื•ืช,
00:53
but instead Odysseus says,
17
53260
3000
ืืš ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก ืื•ืžืจ,
00:56
"I want to hear that song.
18
56260
2000
"ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ.
00:58
And so what I'm going to do
19
58260
2000
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
01:00
is I'm going to pour wax in the ears
20
60260
2000
ื–ื” ืœืžืœื ื‘ืฉืขื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื
01:02
of you and all the men --
21
62260
2000
ืฉืœืš ื•ืฉืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ื --
01:04
stay with me --
22
64260
2000
ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืขืงื•ื‘ --
01:06
so that you can't hear the song,
23
66260
2000
ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ,
01:08
and then I'm going to have you tie me to the mast
24
68260
3000
ื•ืื– ืื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืœืชื•ืจืŸ
01:11
so that I can listen
25
71260
2000
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืฉื™ืจ
01:13
and we can all sail by unaffected."
26
73260
2000
ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืคืœื™ื’ ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืžืคืจื™ืข."
01:15
So this is a captain
27
75260
3000
ืื– ื–ื” ืงืคื˜ืŸ
01:18
putting the life of every single person on the ship at risk
28
78260
2000
ืฉืฉื ืืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ
01:20
so that he can hear a song.
29
80260
2000
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืจ.
01:22
And I'd like to think if this was the case,
30
82260
2000
ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ,
01:24
they probably would have rehearsed it a few times.
31
84260
3000
ื”ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื–ืจื•ืช.
01:27
Odysseus would have said, "Okay, let's do a dry run.
32
87260
3000
ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ, "ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื‘ืฉ.
01:30
You tie me to the mast, and I'm going to beg and plead.
33
90260
3000
ืืชื ืชืงืฉืจื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœืชื•ืจืŸ, ื•ืื ื™ ืืชื—ื ืŸ ื•ืืคืฆื™ืจ ื‘ื›ื.
01:33
And no matter what I say, you cannot untie me from the mast.
34
93260
2000
ื•ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืžื”ืชื•ืจืŸ.
01:35
All right, so tie me to the mast."
35
95260
2000
ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื– ืงืฉื•ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืœืชื•ืจืŸ."
01:37
And the first mate takes a rope
36
97260
2000
ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื•ืงื— ื—ื‘ืœ
01:39
and ties Odysseus to the mast in a nice knot.
37
99260
3000
ื•ืงื•ืฉืจ ืืช ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก ืœืชื•ืจืŸ.
01:42
And Odysseus does his best job playacting
38
102260
2000
ื•ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ื”ืขืžื“ืช ืคื ื™ื
01:44
and says, "Untie me. Untie me.
39
104260
2000
ื•ืื•ืžืจ, "ืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื™. ืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื™.
01:46
I want to hear that song. Untie me."
40
106260
2000
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ. ืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื™."
01:48
And the first mate wisely resists
41
108260
2000
ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืกืจื‘ ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื”
01:50
and doesn't untie Odysseus.
42
110260
2000
ื•ืœื ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก.
01:52
And then Odysseus says, "I see that you can get it.
43
112260
3000
ื•ืื– ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก ืื•ืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฉื”ื‘ื ืช.
01:55
All right, untie me now and we'll get some dinner."
44
115260
3000
ื˜ื•ื‘, ืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื™ ื•ื ืœืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘."
01:58
And the first mate hesitates.
45
118260
2000
ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื”ืกืก.
02:00
He's like, "Is this still the rehearsal,
46
120260
2000
ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘, "ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื–ืจื•ืช,
02:02
or should I untie him?"
47
122260
3000
ืื• ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื•?"
02:05
And the first mate thinks,
48
125260
2000
ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
02:07
"Well, I guess at some point the rehearsal has to end."
49
127260
3000
"ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ื”ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื."
02:10
So he unties Odysseus, and Odysseus flips out.
50
130260
3000
ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก, ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื“ืขืชื•.
02:13
He's like, "You idiot. You moron.
51
133260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ, "ืื“ื™ื•ื˜. ืžื˜ื•ืžื˜ื.
02:15
If you do that tomorrow, I'll be dead, you'll be dead,
52
135260
2000
ืื ืชืคืขืœ ื›ื›ื” ืžื—ืจ, ืื ื™ ืืžื•ืช, ืืชื” ืชืžื•ืช,
02:17
every single one of the men will be dead.
53
137260
2000
ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืœื—ื™ื ื™ืžื•ืช.
02:19
Now just don't untie me no matter what."
54
139260
3000
ืืœ ืชืชื™ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื”."
02:22
He throws the first mate to the ground.
55
142260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืžืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
02:24
This repeats itself through the night --
56
144260
2000
ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืœื™ืœื” --
02:26
rehearsal, tying to the mast,
57
146260
2000
ืชืจื’ื•ืœ, ืงืฉื™ืจื” ืœืชื•ืจืŸ,
02:28
conning his way out of it,
58
148260
2000
ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจ ื‘ืขื•ืจืžื”,
02:30
beating the poor first mate up mercilessly.
59
150260
3000
ืžื›ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืœื ืจื—ืžื™ื.
02:33
Hilarity ensues.
60
153260
3000
ื”ืขืœื™ืฆื•ืช ื ืžืฉื›ืช.
02:36
Tying yourself to a mast
61
156260
2000
ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ืœืชื•ืจืŸ
02:38
is perhaps the oldest written example
62
158260
2000
ื–ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:40
of what psychologists call a commitment device.
63
160260
3000
ืœืžื” ืฉืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื "ื›ืœื™ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช."
02:43
A commitment device is a decision that you make
64
163260
3000
ื›ืœื™ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื
02:46
with a cool head to bind yourself
65
166260
3000
ื‘ืงื•ืจ-ืจื•ื—, ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื,
02:49
so that you don't do something regrettable
66
169260
2000
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชืขืฉื• ืžืขืฉื” ืขืœื™ื• ืชืชื—ืจื˜ื•
02:51
when you have a hot head.
67
171260
3000
ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื—ืžื•ืžื™ ืžื•ื—.
02:54
Because there's two heads inside one person
68
174260
2000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืจืืฉื™ื ื‘ืื“ื ืื—ื“
02:56
when you think about it.
69
176260
2000
ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
02:58
Scholars have long invoked this metaphor of two selves
70
178260
3000
ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืฉื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจื‘ ื‘ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื”
03:01
when it comes to questions of temptation.
71
181260
3000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื’ืขื• ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื™.
03:04
There is first, the present self.
72
184260
3000
ืจืืฉื™ืช ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”.
03:07
This is like Odysseus when he's hearing the song.
73
187260
3000
ื›ืžื• ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืฉื™ืจ.
03:10
He just wants to get to the front row.
74
190260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
03:12
He just thinks about the here and now and the immediate gratification.
75
192260
3000
ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื•ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืžื™ื™ื“ื™.
03:15
But then there's this other self, the future self.
76
195260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืžืœื‘ื“ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ืขืฆืžื™ ืื—ืจ, ืขืฆืžื™ ืขืชื™ื“ื™.
03:18
This is Odysseus as an old man
77
198260
2000
ื–ื”ื• ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื™ืฉ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ
03:20
who wants nothing more than to retire in a sunny villa
78
200260
3000
ืฉืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืœื’ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ื•ื™ืœื” ืฉื˜ื•ืคืช ืฉืžืฉ
03:23
with his wife Penelope
79
203260
2000
ืขื ืื™ืฉืชื• ืคื ืœื•ืคื”
03:25
outside of Ithaca -- the other one.
80
205260
3000
ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืื™ืชืงื” -- ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
03:31
So why do we need commitment devices?
81
211260
4000
ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช?
03:35
Well resisting temptation is hard,
82
215260
2000
ื˜ื•ื‘, ืงืฉื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื™ื™ื,
03:37
as the 19th century English economist
83
217260
3000
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-19
03:40
Nassau William Senior said,
84
220260
2000
ื ืกืื• ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ืกื ื™ื•ืจ,
03:42
"To abstain from the enjoyment which is in our power,
85
222260
3000
"ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื”ื ืื” ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ื ื•,
03:45
or to seek distant rather than immediate results,
86
225260
3000
ืื• ืœืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช,
03:48
are among the most painful exertions
87
228260
2000
ื”ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื”ืžื™ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:50
of the human will."
88
230260
2000
ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™."
03:52
If you set goals for yourself and you're like a lot of other people,
89
232260
3000
ืื ืืชื ืžืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืจื‘ื™ื,
03:55
you probably realize
90
235260
2000
ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
03:57
it's not that your goals are physically impossible
91
237260
2000
ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข
03:59
that's keeping you from achieving them,
92
239260
2000
ืฉืžื•ื ืขืช ืžื›ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ืŸ,
04:01
it's that you lack the self-discipline to stick to them.
93
241260
3000
ืืœื ืฉื—ืกืจื” ืœื›ื ืžืฉืžืขืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืœื“ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ื”ืŸ.
04:04
It's physically possible to lose weight.
94
244260
2000
ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืœืจื“ืช ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ.
04:06
It's physically possible to exercise more.
95
246260
3000
ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ืฉืจ.
04:09
But resisting temptation
96
249260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื™ื™ื
04:11
is hard.
97
251260
2000
ื–ื” ืงืฉื”.
04:13
The other reason
98
253260
2000
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
04:15
that it's difficult to resist temptation
99
255260
3000
ืœื›ืš ืฉืงืฉื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื™ื™ื,
04:18
is because it's an unequal battle
100
258260
3000
ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ
04:21
between the present self and the future self.
101
261260
2000
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœืš ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”, ืœืขืชื™ื“ื™.
04:23
I mean, let's face it, the present self is present.
102
263260
2000
ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ื™ื. ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื”.
04:25
It's in control. It's in power right now.
103
265260
3000
ื”ื•ื ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื›ืขืช.
04:28
It has these strong, heroic arms
104
268260
2000
ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช,
04:30
that can lift doughnuts into your mouth.
105
270260
2000
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื ืื˜ืก ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืคื” ืฉืœืš.
04:32
And the future self is not even around.
106
272260
3000
ื•ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
04:35
It's off in the future. It's weak.
107
275260
3000
ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ืื™ ืฉื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“. ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืฉ.
04:38
It doesn't even have a lawyer present.
108
278260
2000
ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื•ืจืš-ื“ื™ืŸ.
04:40
There's nobody to stick up for the future self.
109
280260
2000
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™.
04:42
And so the present self can trounce
110
282260
3000
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืžื•ืก
04:45
all over its dreams.
111
285260
2000
ืืช ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื•.
04:47
So there's this battle between the two selves that's being fought,
112
287260
4000
ืื– ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ
04:51
and we need commitment devices
113
291260
2000
ื•ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช
04:53
to level the playing field between the two.
114
293260
3000
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื’ืŸ.
04:56
Now I'm a big fan of commitment devices actually.
115
296260
3000
ืื ื™ ืชื•ืžืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื™ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
04:59
Tying yourself to the mast is the oldest one, but there are other ones
116
299260
3000
ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ืœืชื•ืจืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืš ื™ืฉื ื ืื—ืจื™ื
05:02
such as locking a credit card away with a key
117
302260
4000
ื›ื ืขื™ืœืช ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ืืฉืจืื™ ื‘ืชื ืขื ืžืคืชื—,
05:06
or not bringing junk food into the house so you won't eat it
118
306260
3000
ืื• ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืœื›ื ื™ืก ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชืื›ืœื• ืื•ืชื•,
05:09
or unplugging your Internet connection
119
309260
2000
ืื• ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
05:11
so you can use your computer.
120
311260
2000
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘.
05:13
I was creating commitment devices of my own
121
313260
2000
ืื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœื™ื™ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื™
05:15
long before I knew what they were.
122
315260
2000
ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืžื” ื”ื.
05:17
So when I was a starving post-doc
123
317260
2000
ืื– ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืคื•ืกื˜-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ ืžื•ืจืขื‘
05:19
at Columbia University,
124
319260
2000
ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื”,
05:21
I was deep in a publish-or-perish phase of my career.
125
321260
3000
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืœืคืจืกื-ืื•-ืœื—ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™.
05:24
I had to write five pages a day
126
324260
2000
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื
05:26
towards papers
127
326260
2000
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช
05:28
or I would have to give up five dollars.
128
328260
3000
ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
05:31
And when you try to execute these commitment devices,
129
331260
3000
ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืืช ื›ืœื™ื™ ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
05:34
you realize the devil is really in the details.
130
334260
2000
ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื“ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
05:36
Because it's not that easy to get rid of five dollars.
131
336260
3000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืงืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
05:39
I mean, you can't burn it; that's illegal.
132
339260
3000
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื; ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™.
05:42
And I thought, well I could give it to a charity
133
342260
2000
ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืจื•ื ืื•ืชื ืœืฆื“ืงื”,
05:44
or give it to my wife or something like that.
134
344260
2000
ืœืชืช ืื•ืชื ืœืืฉืชื™ ืื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื”.
05:46
But then I thought, oh, I'm sending myself mixed messages.
135
346260
2000
ืืš ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ืื•ื™, ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืžืกืจื™ื ืกื•ืชืจื™ื.
05:48
Because not writing is bad, but giving to charity is good.
136
348260
3000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืจืข, ืืš ืชืจื•ืžื” ืœืฆื“ืงื” ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
05:51
So then I would kind of justify not writing
137
351260
2000
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืื ืกื” ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ืื™ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”
05:53
by giving a gift.
138
353260
2000
ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืืชืŸ ืžืชื ื”.
05:55
And then I kind of flipped that around and thought,
139
355260
2000
ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš,
05:57
well I could give it to the neo-Nazis.
140
357260
2000
ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœื ืื•-ื ืืฆื™ื.
05:59
But then I was like, that's more bad than writing is good,
141
359260
3000
ืื•ืœื ืื– ืืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืข ืžืฉื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
06:02
and so that wouldn't work.
142
362260
2000
ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
06:04
So ultimately, I just decided
143
364260
2000
ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜
06:06
I would leave it in an envelope on the subway.
144
366260
3000
ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืžืขื˜ืคื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช.
06:09
Sometimes a good person would find it,
145
369260
2000
ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ืžืฆื ืื•ืชื” ืื“ื ื˜ื•ื‘,
06:11
sometimes a bad person would find it.
146
371260
2000
ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ืžืฆื ืื•ืชื” ืื“ื ืจืข.
06:13
On average, it was just a completely pointless exchange of money
147
373260
3000
ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื›ืกืคื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
06:16
that I would regret.
148
376260
2000
ืฉืื ื™ ืืชื—ืจื˜ ืขืœื™ื•.
06:18
(Laughter)
149
378260
3000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:21
Such it is with commitment devices.
150
381260
3000
ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
06:24
But despite my like for them,
151
384260
4000
ืืš ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื”ื
06:28
there's two nagging concerns
152
388260
2000
ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื•ืช
06:30
that I've always had about commitment devices,
153
390260
2000
ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื“ืื™ื’ื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
06:32
and you might feel this if you use them yourself.
154
392260
2000
ื•ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืชืชืงืœื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื ืื ืชื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื.
06:34
So the first is,
155
394260
2000
ืื– ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
06:36
when you've got one of these devices going,
156
396260
2000
ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
06:38
such as this contract to write everyday or pay,
157
398260
3000
ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืื• ืœืฉืœื,
06:41
it's just a constant reminder
158
401260
2000
ื–ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช
06:43
that you have no self-control.
159
403260
2000
ืœื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช.
06:45
You're just telling yourself, "Without you, commitment device,
160
405260
2000
ืืชื ื‘ืขืฆื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื›ื, "ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืš, ื›ืœื™ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช,
06:47
I am nothing, I have no self-discipline."
161
407260
3000
ืื ื™ ื›ืœื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืžืฉืžืขืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช."
06:50
And then when you're ever in a situation
162
410260
2000
ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื‘ืžืฆื‘
06:52
where you don't have a commitment device in place --
163
412260
3000
ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืœื ื™ื™ืฉืžืชื ื›ืœื™ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช --
06:55
like, "Oh my God, that person's offering me a doughnut,
164
415260
2000
ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช, "ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื, ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื™ ื“ื•ื ืื˜,
06:57
and I have no defense mechanism," --
165
417260
2000
ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื’ื•ื ื ื•ืช." --
06:59
you just eat it.
166
419260
2000
ืืชื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื ืื˜.
07:01
So I don't like the way that they take the power away from you.
167
421260
3000
ืื– ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ืœืœื™ื ืžื›ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—.
07:04
I think self-discipline is something, it's like a muscle.
168
424260
3000
ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืžืขืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื” ืœืฉืจื™ืจ.
07:07
The more you exercise it, the stronger it gets.
169
427260
3000
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชืืžื ื• ืื•ืชื•, ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ืชื—ื–ืง.
07:10
The other problem with commitment devices
170
430260
2000
ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืขื ื›ืœื™ื™ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช
07:12
is that you can always weasel your way out of them.
171
432260
3000
ื”ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื.
07:15
You say, "Well, of course I can't write today,
172
435260
2000
ืชืืžืจื•, "ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื,
07:17
because I'm giving a TEDTalk and I have five media interviews,
173
437260
3000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืฆืืช TEDTalk ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช,
07:20
and then I'm going to a cocktail party and then I'll be drunk after that.
174
440260
3000
ื•ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืงื•ืงื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจ.
07:23
And so there's no way that this is going to work."
175
443260
3000
ืื ื›ืš ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“."
07:26
So in effect, you are like Odysseus and the first mate
176
446260
2000
ืื– ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืชื ื›ืžื• ืื•ื“ื™ืกืื•ืก ื•ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
07:28
in one person.
177
448260
2000
ื‘ืื“ื ืื—ื“.
07:30
You're putting yourself, you're binding yourself,
178
450260
3000
ืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื, ื›ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื,
07:33
and you're weaseling your way out of it,
179
453260
2000
ืžืชื—ืžืงื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืœื•ืช ืžื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช,
07:35
and then you're beating yourself up afterwards.
180
455260
2000
ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืจื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื.
07:37
So I've been working
181
457260
2000
ืื– ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“
07:39
for about a decade now
182
459260
2000
ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืขืฉื•ืจ
07:41
on finding other ways
183
461260
2000
ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช
07:43
to change people's relationship to the future self
184
463260
2000
ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœ ืขืฆืžื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™
07:45
without using commitment devices.
185
465260
2000
ืœืœื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื™ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
07:47
In particular, I'm interested in the relationship
186
467260
3000
ื‘ืคืจื˜, ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืก
07:50
to the future financial self.
187
470260
3000
ืืœ ื”ืคืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™.
07:54
And this is a timely issue.
188
474260
2000
ื•ื–ื• ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
07:56
I'm talking about the topic of saving.
189
476260
2000
ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ.
07:58
Now saving is a classic two selves problem.
190
478260
2000
ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื”.
08:00
The present self does not want to save at all.
191
480260
3000
ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืœื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื›ืœืœ.
08:03
It wants to consume.
192
483260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฆืจื•ืš.
08:05
Whereas the future self wants the present self to save.
193
485260
3000
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื™ื—ืกื•ืš.
08:09
So this is a timely problem.
194
489260
2000
ืื– ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
08:11
We look at the savings rate
195
491260
2000
ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ
08:13
and it has been declining since the 1950s.
196
493260
3000
ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50.
08:16
At the same time, the Retirement Risk Index,
197
496260
3000
ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืžื“ื“ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื”,
08:19
the chance of not being able to meet your needs in retirement,
198
499260
3000
ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื’ืžืœืื•ืช,
08:22
has been increasing.
199
502260
2000
ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืœื™ื”.
08:24
And we're at a situation now
200
504260
2000
ื•ืื ื• ื›ืขืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘
08:26
where for every three baby boomers,
201
506260
2000
ื‘ื• ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื•ื,
08:28
the McKinsey Global Institute predicts
202
508260
2000
ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžืงื™ื ื–ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฆื•ืคื”
08:30
that two will not be able to meet their pre-retirement needs
203
510260
4000
ื›ื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื”ื ื˜ืจื ืคืจื™ืฉืชื,
08:34
while they're in retirement.
204
514260
2000
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืฆืื• ืœื’ืžืœืื•ืช.
08:36
So what can we do about this?
205
516260
3000
ืื– ืžื” ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื?
08:39
There's a philosopher, Derek Parfit,
206
519260
3000
ื™ืฉื ื• ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ, ื“ืจืง ืคืืจืคื™ื˜,
08:42
who said some words that were inspiring to my coauthors and I.
207
522260
3000
ืืฉืจ ืืžืจ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ืฉืจืื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื™.
08:45
He said that, "We might neglect our future selves
208
525260
3000
ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื ื™ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™
08:48
because of some failure of belief or imagination."
209
528260
4000
ืœืื•ืจ ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืื• ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•."
08:52
That is to say,
210
532260
2000
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ,
08:54
we somehow might not believe that we're going to get old,
211
534260
3000
ืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื–ืงืŸ,
08:57
or we might not be able to imagine
212
537260
2000
ืื• ืฉืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
08:59
that we're going to get old some day.
213
539260
2000
ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื“ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
09:01
On the one hand, it sounds ridiculous.
214
541260
2000
ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืžืข ืžื’ื•ื—ืš.
09:03
Of course, we know that we're going to get old.
215
543260
2000
ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื“ืงืŸ.
09:05
But aren't there things that we believe and don't believe at the same time?
216
545260
3000
ืืš ื”ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช?
09:08
So my coauthors and I have used computers,
217
548260
3000
ืื– ืขืžื™ืชื™ื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื ืขื–ืจื ื• ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
09:11
the greatest tool of our time,
218
551260
2000
ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•,
09:13
to assist people's imagination
219
553260
2000
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื“ืžื™ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
09:15
and help them imagine what it might be like
220
555260
3000
ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื—ื•ืฉื•
09:18
to go into the future.
221
558260
2000
ืื ื™ื‘ืงืจื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
09:20
And I'll show you some of these tools right here.
222
560260
3000
ื•ืื ื™ ืืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื›ืืŸ.
09:23
The first is called the distribution builder.
223
563260
2000
ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ื™ "ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช."
09:25
It shows people what the future might be like
224
565260
3000
ื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืจืื” ืขืชื™ื“ื
09:28
by showing them a hundred equally probable outcomes
225
568260
3000
ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื’ืช ืžืื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืชืŸ,
09:31
that might be obtained in the future.
226
571260
2000
ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
09:33
Each outcome is shown by one of these markers,
227
573260
3000
ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
09:36
and each sits on a row
228
576260
2000
ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื•ืจื”
09:38
that represents a level of wealth and retirement.
229
578260
2000
ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื”.
09:40
Being up at the top
230
580260
2000
ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื’ืจืฃ,
09:42
means that you're enjoying a high income in retirement.
231
582260
2000
ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืฉืื“ื ื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ื›ื ืกื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื’ืžืœืื•ืช.
09:44
Being down at the bottom
232
584260
2000
ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืฃ,
09:46
means that you're struggling to make ends meet.
233
586260
2000
ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืฉืื“ื ื ืื‘ืง ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
09:48
When you make an investment,
234
588260
2000
ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื”ืฉืงืขื”,
09:50
what you're really saying is, "I accept
235
590260
2000
ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื‘ืขืฆื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื–ื”, "ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœื›ืš
09:52
that any one of these 100 things
236
592260
2000
ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืž-100 ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช
09:54
could happen to me and determine my wealth."
237
594260
2000
ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืžืžืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืขื•ืฉืจื™."
09:56
Now you can try to move your outcomes around.
238
596260
3000
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
09:59
You can try to manipulate your fate, like this person is doing,
239
599260
3000
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ืฉืœื›ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื”,
10:02
but it costs you something to do it.
240
602260
2000
ืืš ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืชื‘ืฆืขื• ื™ืฉ ืขืœื•ืช.
10:04
It means that you have to save more today.
241
604260
4000
ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื•ื.
10:08
Once you find an investment that you're happy with,
242
608260
2000
ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืชืžืฆืื• ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืžืžื ื” ืืชื ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื,
10:10
what people do is they click "done"
243
610260
2000
ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ "ืกื™ื•ื"
10:12
and the markers begin to disappear,
244
612260
2000
ื•ืื– ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื,
10:14
slowly, one by one.
245
614260
2000
ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื–ื”.
10:16
It simulates what it is like to invest in something
246
616260
2000
ื”ื›ืœื™ ืžื“ืžื” ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”
10:18
and to watch that investment pan out.
247
618260
3000
ื•ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื‘ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืžื ื™ื‘ื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
10:21
At the end, there will only be one marker left standing
248
621260
3000
ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉืืจ ืจืง ืกื™ืžืŸ ืื—ื“
10:24
and it will determine our wealth in retirement.
249
624260
3000
ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืงื‘ืข ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื”.
10:27
Yes, this person retired
250
627260
2000
ื›ืŸ, ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ืคืจืฉ
10:29
at 150 percent of their working income in retirement.
251
629260
4000
ื‘-150 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื›ื ืกืชื• ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“.
10:33
They're making more money while retired
252
633260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื”
10:35
than they were making while they were working.
253
635260
2000
ืžืฉืขืฉื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื“.
10:37
If you're like most people,
254
637260
2000
ืื ืืชื ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
10:39
just seeing that gave you a small sense of elation and joy --
255
639260
4000
ืจืง ืžืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืืชื ื—ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืจื•ืžืžื•ืช ืจื•ื— ื•ืขื•ื ื’ --
10:43
just to think about making
256
643260
2000
ืจืง ืžืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช
10:45
50 percent more money in retirement than before.
257
645260
3000
50 ืื—ื•ื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืžืฉืขืฉื™ืชื ืœืคื ื™ื”.
10:48
However, had you ended up on the very bottom,
258
648260
2000
ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ื’ืจืฃ,
10:50
it might have given you a slight sense
259
650260
2000
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขื˜
10:52
of dread and/or nausea
260
652260
2000
ื—ืจื“ื” ื•/ืื• ื‘ื—ื™ืœื”
10:54
thinking about struggling to get by in retirement.
261
654260
4000
ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื”.
10:58
By using this tool over and over
262
658260
2000
ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
11:00
and simulating outcome after outcome,
263
660260
3000
ื•ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ืช ืฉืœืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช,
11:03
people can understand
264
663260
2000
ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
11:05
that the investments and savings that they undertake today
265
665260
3000
ืฉื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื–ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
11:08
determine their well-being in the future.
266
668260
2000
ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
11:10
Now people are motivated through emotions,
267
670260
3000
ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช,
11:13
but different people find different things motivating.
268
673260
3000
ืืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื ื™ืขื™ื.
11:16
This is a simulation
269
676260
3000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื”
11:19
that uses graphics,
270
679260
2000
ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ืจืคื™ืงื”.
11:21
but other people find motivating what money can buy,
271
681260
2000
ื™ืฉื ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื›ืกืคื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื›ืžื ื™ืข,
11:23
not just numbers.
272
683260
2000
ื•ืœื ืจืง ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
11:25
So here I made a distribution builder
273
685260
2000
ืื– ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ืชื™ "ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืชืคืœื’ื•ืช"
11:27
where instead of showing numerical outcomes,
274
687260
3000
ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื,
11:30
I show people what those outcomes will get you,
275
690260
3000
ืื ื™ ืืฆื™ื’ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžื” ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื”,
11:33
in particular apartments that you can afford
276
693260
2000
ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื™ืœื• ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื
11:35
if you're retiring on 3,000, 2,500,
277
695260
3000
ืื ืคืจืฉื• ืขื ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœ 3,000, 2,500,
11:38
2,000 dollars per month and so on.
278
698260
3000
2,000, ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
11:41
As you move down the ladder of apartments,
279
701260
2000
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ืกื•ืœื ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช,
11:43
you see that they get worse and worse.
280
703260
3000
ืชื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืชืŸ ื™ื•ืจื“ืช.
11:46
Some of them look like places I lived in as a graduate student.
281
706260
4000
ื—ืœืงืŸ ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ื›ืืœื” ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜.
11:50
And as you get to the very bottom,
282
710260
4000
ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœืชื—ืชื™ืช,
11:54
you're faced with the unfortunate reality
283
714260
2000
ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืžืฆืขืจืช,
11:56
that if you don't save anything for retirement,
284
716260
2000
ืฉืื ืœื ืชื—ืกื›ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื”,
11:58
you won't be able to afford any housing at all.
285
718260
3000
ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ื“ื™ื•ืจ ื›ืœืœ.
12:01
Those are actual pictures of actual apartments
286
721260
2000
ืืœื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช
12:03
renting for that amount
287
723260
2000
ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืจืฉื•ื,
12:05
as advertised on the Internet.
288
725260
2000
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
12:07
The last thing I'll show you,
289
727260
2000
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืืจืื” ืœื›ื --
12:09
the last behavioral time machine,
290
729260
2000
ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช --
12:11
is something that I created with Hal Hershfield,
291
731260
3000
ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืขื ื”ืืœ ื”ืจืฉืคื™ืœื“,
12:14
who was introduced to me by my coauthor on a previous project,
292
734260
3000
ืฉื”ื•ื›ืจ ืœื™ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืขืžื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ืžืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืงื•ื“ื,
12:17
Bill Sharpe.
293
737260
2000
ื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืืจืค.
12:19
And what it is
294
739260
2000
ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื
12:21
is an exploration into virtual reality.
295
741260
2000
ืžืกืข ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื”.
12:23
So what we do is we take pictures of people --
296
743260
3000
ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื --
12:26
in this case, college-age people --
297
746260
2000
ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ ืงื•ืœื’' --
12:28
and we use software to age them
298
748260
2000
ื•ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื”ืžื–ืงื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื,
12:30
and show these people what they'll look like
299
750260
3000
ื•ืžืจืื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืจืื•
12:33
when they're 60, 70, 80 years old.
300
753260
2000
ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ ื”-60, 70, 80.
12:35
And we try to test
301
755260
2000
ื•ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ
12:37
whether actually assisting your imagination
302
757260
3000
ื”ืื ืกื™ื•ืข ืœื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ
12:40
by looking at the face of your future self
303
760260
2000
ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžืš ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™
12:42
can change you investment behavior.
304
762260
2000
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช.
12:44
So this is one of our experiments.
305
764260
3000
ืื– ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
12:47
Here we see the face of the young subject on the left.
306
767260
3000
ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉืžืืœ ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืฉืืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ.
12:50
He's given a control
307
770260
2000
ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”
12:52
that allows him to adjust his savings rate.
308
772260
2000
ืขืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•.
12:54
As he moves his savings rate down,
309
774260
2000
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ,
12:56
it means that he's saving zero
310
776260
2000
ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืกืš 0
12:58
when it's all the way here at the left.
311
778260
2000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืกืžืŸ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™.
13:00
You can see his current annual income --
312
780260
2000
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื ืกืชื• ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช --
13:02
this is the percentage of his paycheck that he can take home today --
313
782260
3000
ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืฉืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ื•ื --
13:05
is quite high, 91 percent,
314
785260
2000
ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”, 91 ืื—ื•ื–,
13:07
but his retirement income is quite low.
315
787260
2000
ืืš ื”ื›ื ืกืชื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ื“ื™ ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
13:09
He's going to retire on 44 percent
316
789260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ื‘-44 ืื—ื•ื–
13:11
of what he earned while he was working.
317
791260
3000
ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ืขืช ืฉืขื‘ื“.
13:14
If he saves the maximum legal amount,
318
794260
3000
ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื ื”ืžื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืง,
13:17
his retirement income goes up,
319
797260
2000
ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืชืขืœื”,
13:19
but he's unhappy
320
799260
2000
ืืš ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืฉืžื—
13:21
because now he has less money on the left-hand side to spend today.
321
801260
3000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืขืช ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
13:25
Other conditions show people the future self.
322
805260
3000
ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื ื• ืžืจืื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
13:28
And from the future self's point of view, everything is in reverse.
323
808260
3000
ื•ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™, ื”ื›ืœ ื ืจืื” ื‘ืžื”ื•ืคืš.
13:31
If you save very little,
324
811260
2000
ืื ื™ื—ืกื›ื• ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“,
13:33
the future self is unhappy
325
813260
2000
ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืฉืžื—
13:35
living on 44 percent of the income.
326
815260
3000
ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ 44 ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื›ื ืกื”.
13:38
Whereas if the present self saves a lot,
327
818260
3000
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื™ื—ืกื•ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”,
13:41
the future self is delighted,
328
821260
2000
ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืžืื•ืฉืจ,
13:43
where the income is close up near 100 percent.
329
823260
3000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœ-100 ืื—ื•ื–.
13:46
To bring this to a wider audience,
330
826260
3000
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืงื”ืœ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
13:49
I've been working with Hal and Allianz
331
829260
3000
ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขื ื”ืืœ ื•ืืœื™ืื ื–
13:52
to create something we call the behavioral time machine,
332
832260
3000
ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช,
13:55
in which you not only get to see yourself in the future,
333
835260
3000
ื‘ื” ืืชื ืœื ืจืง ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“,
13:58
but you get to see anticipated emotional reactions
334
838260
3000
ืืœื ืืฃ ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช
14:01
to different levels of retirement wealth.
335
841260
3000
ืœืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฉืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื”.
14:04
So for instance,
336
844260
2000
ืื– ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
14:06
here is somebody using the tool.
337
846260
2000
ื”ื ื” ืื“ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™.
14:08
And just watch the facial expressions
338
848260
2000
ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื
14:10
as they move the slider.
339
850260
2000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืกืžืŸ.
14:12
The younger face gets happier and happier, saving nothing.
340
852260
2000
ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืคืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžื—, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืกืš.
14:14
The older face is miserable.
341
854260
2000
ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืื•ืžืœืœ.
14:16
And slowly, slowly we're bringing it up to a moderate savings rate.
342
856260
2000
ื•ืœืื˜ ืœืื˜, ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืกืžืŸ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ืŸ.
14:18
And then it's a high savings rate.
343
858260
2000
ื•ืื– ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
14:20
The younger face is getting unhappy.
344
860260
2000
ื›ืขืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืžืœืœ.
14:22
The older face is quite pleased
345
862260
2000
ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื“ื™ ืžืจื•ืฆื”
14:24
with the decision.
346
864260
3000
ืžื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”.
14:27
We're going to see if this has an effect on what people do.
347
867260
2000
ื ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
14:29
And what's nice about it
348
869260
2000
ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ืคื” ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”
14:31
is it's not something that biasing people actually,
349
871260
3000
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืฉื•ื—ื“,
14:34
because as one face smiles,
350
874260
2000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ื•ืช,
14:36
the other face frowns.
351
876260
2000
ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื–ื•ืขืคื•ืช.
14:38
It's not telling you which way to put the slider,
352
878260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื•ืจื” ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืžืŸ,
14:40
it's just reminding you that you are
353
880260
3000
ืืœื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื
14:43
connected to and legally tied to
354
883260
2000
ืฉืืชื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช
14:45
this future self.
355
885260
2000
ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™.
14:47
Your decisions today are going to determine its well-being.
356
887260
3000
ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•.
14:50
And that's something that's easy to forget.
357
890260
3000
ื•ืืช ื–ื” ืงืœ ืœืฉื›ื•ื—.
14:53
This use of virtual reality
358
893260
3000
ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื”
14:56
is not just good for making people look older.
359
896260
2000
ืื™ื ื• ื™ืขื™ืœ ืจืง ื‘ื”ืฆื’ืช ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืžื–ื•ืงื ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
14:58
There are programs you can get
360
898260
2000
ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื›ื
15:00
to see how people might look
361
900260
2000
ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืจืื• ืื ืฉื™ื
15:02
if they smoke, if they get too much exposure to the sun,
362
902260
3000
ืื ื™ืขืฉื ื•, ืื ื™ื—ืฉืคื• ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืœืฉืžืฉ,
15:05
if they gain weight and so on.
363
905260
2000
ืื ื™ืขืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ืขื•ื“.
15:07
And what's good is,
364
907260
2000
ื•ืžื” ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื
15:09
unlike in the experiments that Hal and myself ran with Russ Smith,
365
909260
3000
ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืขืจื›ื ื• ื”ืืœ ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืจืืก ืกืžื™ืช',
15:12
you don't have to program these by yourself
366
912260
2000
ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื
15:14
in order to see the virtual reality.
367
914260
3000
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื”.
15:17
There are applications you can get on smartphones for just a few dollars
368
917260
3000
ื™ืฉื ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืชืžื•ืจืช ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
15:20
that do the same thing.
369
920260
2000
ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
15:22
This is actually a picture of Hal, my coauthor.
370
922260
2000
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ, ื”ืขืžื™ืช ืฉืœื™.
15:24
You might recognize him from the previous demos.
371
924260
3000
ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชื–ื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื“ื’ืžื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช.
15:27
And just for kicks we ran his picture
372
927260
3000
ื•ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืฃ ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•
15:30
through the balding, aging and weight gain software
373
930260
3000
ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื—ื”, ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื•ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ
15:33
to see how he would look.
374
933260
2000
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืจืื” ื‘ื”ืŸ.
15:35
Hal is here, so I think we owe it to him as well as yourself
375
935260
3000
ื”ืืœ ื ื•ื›ื— ื›ืืŸ, ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื• ื•ื’ื ืœื›ื
15:38
to disabuse you of that last image.
376
938260
3000
ืœืคื˜ื•ืจ ืืชื›ื ืžืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืœ ืฉื‘ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
15:42
And I'll close it there.
377
942260
2000
ื•ืื ื™ ืืกื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
15:44
On behalf of Hal and myself,
378
944260
2000
ื‘ืฉื ื”ืืœ ื•ืื ื•ื›ื™,
15:46
I wish all the best to your present and future selves.
379
946260
2000
ืื ื™ ืžืื—ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื›ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
15:48
Thank you.
380
948260
2000
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
15:50
(Applause)
381
950260
3000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7