Barry Schwartz: Our loss of wisdom

566,613 views ใƒป 2009-02-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Avihu Turzion
00:12
In his inaugural address,
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ื‘ื ืื•ื ื”ื”ืฉื‘ืขื” ืฉืœื•
00:14
Barack Obama appealed to each of us to give our best
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ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื•
00:18
as we try to extricate ourselves from this current financial crisis.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื—ืœืฅ ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™.
00:24
But what did he appeal to?
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืื™ืœื• ื ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ืคืจื˜?
00:26
He did not, happily, follow in the footsteps of his predecessor,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฉืžื—ื”, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืœืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•
00:30
and tell us to just go shopping.
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ื•ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ืœืฆืืช ืœืงื ื™ื•ืช.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:34
Nor did he tell us, "Trust us. Trust your country.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืœื ืืžืจ, "ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื• ื‘ื ื•.
00:38
Invest, invest, invest."
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"ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื• ื‘ืืจืฆื›ื. ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื•, ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื•, ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื•."
00:42
Instead, what he told us was to put aside childish things.
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ืชื—ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื,
00:47
And he appealed to virtue.
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ื•ืคื ื” ืืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•.
00:51
Virtue is an old-fashioned word.
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"ืขืจื›ื™ื" ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ืžื™ื•ืฉื ืช.
00:55
It seems a little out of place in a cutting-edge environment like this one.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ืช ื›ื–ืืช.
01:00
And besides, some of you might be wondering,
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ื•ื—ืœืงื›ื ื•ื“ืื™ ื’ื ืžืชืคืœืื™ื,
01:03
what the hell does it mean?
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ืžื” ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ.
01:06
Let me begin with an example.
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ืืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
01:09
This is the job description of a hospital janitor
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš ื ื’ืœืœ ื›ืจื’ืข ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
01:12
that is scrolling up on the screen.
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01:15
And all of the items on it are unremarkable.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ื”ื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™,
01:20
They're the things you would expect:
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ืืŸ:
ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืจืฆืคื”, ืœื˜ืื˜ื, ืœืจื•ืงืŸ ืืฉืคื”, ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจื™ื.
01:23
mop the floors, sweep them, empty the trash, restock the cabinets.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืกืขื™ืคื™ื ืงืฆืช ืžืคืชื™ืขื”,
01:28
It may be a little surprising how many things there are,
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01:31
but it's not surprising what they are.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื.
01:33
But the one thing I want you to notice about them is this:
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช:
01:36
even though this is a very long list,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื–ื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžืื“,
01:39
there isn't a single thing on it that involves other human beings.
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:44
Not one.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืื—ื“.
01:47
The janitor's job could just as well be done in a mortuary as in a hospital.
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ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืฉืจืช ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื—ื“ืจ-ืžืชื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื‘ื‘ื™"ื—.
01:52
And yet, when some psychologists interviewed hospital janitors
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ื•ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืฉืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืจื™ืื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืจืชื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™-ื—ื•ืœื™ื
01:57
to get a sense of what they thought their jobs were like,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื™ืš ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื,
02:00
they encountered Mike,
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ื”ื ืคื’ืฉื• ืืช ืžื™ื™ืง,
ืฉืกื™ืคืจ ืœื”ื ืื™ืš ืขืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื˜ื™ืคืช ื”ืจืฆืคื”
02:03
who told them about how he stopped mopping the floor
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ื›ื™ ืžืจ ื’'ื•ื ืก ื™ืจื“ ืžืžื™ื˜ืชื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื”ืชืขืžืœื•ืช
02:06
because Mr. Jones was out of his bed getting a little exercise,
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02:09
trying to build up his strength, walking slowly up and down the hall.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืง ืžืขื˜, ื•ืฆืขื“ ืœืื™ื˜ื• ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ
02:13
And Charlene told them about how she ignored her supervisor's admonition
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ื•ืฉืจืœื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœื”ื ืฉื”ืชืขืœืžื” ืžื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืžืคืงื— ืฉืœื”
02:19
and didn't vacuum the visitor's lounge
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ื•ืœื ืฉืื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืื‘ืง ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื
02:22
because there were some family members who were there all day, every day
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
02:25
who, at this moment, happened to be taking a nap.
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื– ื”ื ื—ื˜ืคื• ืชื ื•ืžื”.
02:28
And then there was Luke,
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืœื•ืง,
02:30
who washed the floor in a comatose young man's room twice
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ืฉืฉื˜ืฃ ืืช ื”ืจืฆืคื”, ื‘ื—ื“ืจื• ืฉืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื“ืžืช
02:34
because the man's father, who had been keeping a vigil for six months,
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ืคืขืžื™ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ืœื™ื“ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”,
02:39
didn't see Luke do it the first time,
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ืœื ืจืื” ื›ืฉืœื•ืง ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
ื•ื”ืื‘ ื›ืขืก.
02:42
and his father was angry.
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02:44
And behavior like this from janitors, from technicians, from nurses
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ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ืžืฆื“ ืฉืจืชื™ื, ื˜ื›ื ืื™ื, ืื—ื™ื•ืช
ื•ืื ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืžืชืžื–ืœ ืžื–ืœื ื•, ื’ื ืžืฆื“ ืจื•ืคืื™ื,
02:50
and, if we're lucky now and then, from doctors,
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ืœื ืจืง ืžืฉืคืจืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
02:53
doesn't just make people feel a little better,
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ืืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืฉืคืจืช ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื”
02:56
it actually improves the quality of patient care
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
02:59
and enables hospitals to run well.
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03:02
Now, not all janitors are like this, of course.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืจืชื™ื ื”ื ื›ืืœื”.
03:05
But the ones who are think that these sorts of human interactions
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ืืš ืืœื” ืฉื›ืŸ, ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืกื™-ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืื™ื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช,
03:11
involving kindness, care and empathy
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ื”ื ื—ืœืง ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื.
03:14
are an essential part of the job.
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ืืš ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื•ืœื• ืžื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:16
And yet their job description contains not one word about other human beings.
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03:21
These janitors have the moral will to do right by other people.
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ืฉืจืชื™ื ืืœื” ื ื™ื—ื ื• ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื–ื•ืœืชื ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช.
03:27
And beyond this, they have the moral skill to figure out what "doing right" means.
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื’ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ "ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช".
03:34
"Practical wisdom," Aristotle told us,
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"ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืช", ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•,
"ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื•ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช."
03:39
"is the combination of moral will and moral skill."
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03:42
A wise person knows when and how to make the exception to every rule,
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ื”ื—ื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืชื™ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืคื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ,
03:49
as the janitors knew when to ignore the job duties in the service of other objectives.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืจืชื™ื ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ืžืชื™ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืœืžืขืŸ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
03:55
A wise person knows how to improvise,
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ื”ื—ื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืืœืชืจ,
03:59
as Luke did when he re-washed the floor.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขืฉื” ืœื•ืง ื›ืฉืฉื˜ืฃ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจืฆืคื”.
04:02
Real-world problems are often ambiguous and ill-defined
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืคืœื•ืช ื•ืœื-ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช
04:05
and the context is always changing.
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ื•ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžืฉืชื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
04:08
A wise person is like a jazz musician --
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ื”ื—ื›ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื ื’ืŸ ื’'ืื– -
04:11
using the notes on the page, but dancing around them,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื”ื“ืฃ, ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ืงื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื,
04:14
inventing combinations that are appropriate for the situation and the people at hand.
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ืžืžืฆื™ื ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
04:21
A wise person knows how to use these moral skills
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ื”ื—ื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื ืฆืœ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
04:24
in the service of the right aims.
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04:27
To serve other people, not to manipulate other people.
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ืœืฉืจืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช.
04:31
And finally, perhaps most important,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
04:34
a wise person is made, not born.
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ื”ื—ื›ื ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื”, ื•ืœื ื ื•ืœื“.
04:37
Wisdom depends on experience,
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ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื ื›ืœ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ.
04:40
and not just any experience.
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04:43
You need the time to get to know the people that you're serving.
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ื ื“ืจืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืžืฉืจืช.
04:47
You need permission to be allowed to improvise,
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืœืชืจ,
04:50
try new things, occasionally to fail and to learn from your failures.
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื›ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืชื™ืš,
04:55
And you need to be mentored by wise teachers.
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ื•ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื.
04:58
When you ask the janitors who behaved like the ones I described
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ื›ืฉืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืฉืจืชื™ื ืฉื”ืชื ื”ื’ื• ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืฉืชื™ืืจืชื™
05:03
how hard it is to learn to do their job,
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ื›ืžื” ืงืฉื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื,
05:06
they tell you that it takes lots of experience.
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ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ.
05:09
And they don't mean it takes lots of experience to learn how to mop floors and empty trash cans.
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ื•ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ืœืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืจืฆืคื” ื•ืœืจื•ืงืŸ ืคื—ื™ื.
05:13
It takes lots of experience to learn how to care for people.
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ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื™ื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื.
05:19
At TED, brilliance is rampant.
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ื‘-TED ื™ืฉ ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื.
05:23
It's scary.
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ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืคื—ื™ื“.
05:25
The good news is you don't need to be brilliant to be wise.
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ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช: ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ื.
05:30
The bad news is that without wisdom,
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ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื‘ืœื™ ื—ื•ื›ืžื”,
05:34
brilliance isn't enough.
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ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ืจื™ืง.
05:37
It's as likely to get you and other people into trouble as anything else.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืชื›ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืฆืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ.
05:43
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
05:46
Now, I hope that we all know this.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช.
05:49
There's a sense in which it's obvious,
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื“, ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
05:52
and yet, let me tell you a little story.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ.
05:55
It's a story about lemonade.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื ื“ื”.
05:58
A dad and his seven-year-old son were watching a Detroit Tigers game at the ballpark.
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ืื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืŸ ื”-11 ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืื™ืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœ ื”"ื“ื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ื™ื’ืจืก".
06:04
His son asked him for some lemonade
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ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืื‘ื ืœื™ืžื•ื ื“ื” ื•ืื‘ื ื”ืœืš ืœื“ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืœื•,
06:06
and Dad went to the concession stand to buy it.
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06:09
All they had was Mike's Hard Lemonade,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจืง "ืœื™ืžื•ื ื“ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืง",
06:12
which was five percent alcohol.
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื” 5% ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.
06:15
Dad, being an academic, had no idea that Mike's Hard Lemonade contained alcohol.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืืงื“ืžืื™, ื”ืื‘ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืœื™ืžื•ื ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ,
06:21
So he brought it back.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืชื” ืื•ืชื”, ื•ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืจืื” ืืช ื–ื”,
06:24
And the kid was drinking it, and a security guard spotted it,
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ืงืจื ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ืฉื”ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืืžื‘ื•ืœื ืก
06:27
and called the police, who called an ambulance
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ืฉื˜ืก ืœืื™ืฆื˜ื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื“ื”ืจ ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
06:30
that rushed to the ballpark, whisked the kid to the hospital.
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ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืฉืœื™ืœื“ ืื™ืŸ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื,
06:33
The emergency room ascertained that the kid had no alcohol in his blood.
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06:37
And they were ready to let the kid go.
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(ืื ื—ืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื”) ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื• -
06:40
But not so fast.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ.
ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื›ืš
06:43
The Wayne County Child Welfare Protection Agency said no.
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06:47
And the child was sent to a foster home for three days.
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ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ ื ืฉืœื— ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื•ืžื ื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื.
06:51
At that point, can the child go home?
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ื”ืื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ืœื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”?
06:54
Well, a judge said yes, but only if the dad leaves the house and checks into a motel.
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ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืืžืจ ืฉื›ืŸ, ื‘ืชื ืื™ ืฉื”ืื‘ื ื™ื™ืฆื ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื™ื™ืœืš ืœืžืœื•ืŸ.
07:06
After two weeks, I'm happy to report,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื, ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื“ื•ื•ื—, ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืชืื—ื“ื”.
07:09
the family was reunited.
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ืืš ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื•ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืืžื‘ื•ืœื ืก
07:11
But the welfare workers and the ambulance people
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07:14
and the judge all said the same thing:
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ื•ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜, ื›ื•ืœื ืืžืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ:
07:17
"We hate to do it but we have to follow procedure."
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"ืื ื• ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืืš ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืœื™ื."
07:21
How do things like this happen?
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ืื™ืš ืงื•ืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”?
07:25
Scott Simon, who told this story on NPR,
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ืกืงื•ื˜ ืกื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืฉืกื™ืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืจื“ื™ื•,
07:29
said, "Rules and procedures may be dumb,
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ืืžืจ, "ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื ื”ืœื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉื™ื,
"ืืš ื”ื ืคื•ื˜ืจื™ื ืื•ืชืš ืžื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘."
07:33
but they spare you from thinking."
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ื•ืื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื’ื ื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ืื›ืคื™ื
07:36
And, to be fair, rules are often imposed
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07:38
because previous officials have been lax
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ืขืงื‘ ื”ืชืจืฉืœื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืžืฆื“ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืจืฉืžื™ื™ื
ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืœื™ืœื“ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชืขืœืœื• ื‘ื•, ืœืžืฉืœ.
07:41
and they let a child go back to an abusive household.
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07:44
Fair enough.
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ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืœืžื“ื™.
07:45
When things go wrong, as of course they do,
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ื›ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืงื•ืจื”,
07:48
we reach for two tools to try to fix them.
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ืื ื• ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ ื›ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืชืงื ื.
07:52
One tool we reach for is rules.
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ื›ืœื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื: ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:55
Better ones, more of them.
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07:58
The second tool we reach for is incentives.
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ื”ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื:
08:01
Better ones, more of them.
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ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:04
What else, after all, is there?
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ื›ื™ ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืœื‘ื“ื?
08:07
We can certainly see this in response to the current financial crisis.
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™.
08:12
Regulate, regulate, regulate.
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ื—ืงื™ืงื”, ื—ืงื™ืงื”, ื—ืงื™ืงื”.
ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื, ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื, ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื...
08:15
Fix the incentives, fix the incentives, fix the incentives ...
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื.
08:18
The truth is that neither rules nor incentives
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08:21
are enough to do the job.
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ืื™ืš ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืง ืฉื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉืจืชื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื•?
08:23
How could you even write a rule that got the janitors to do what they did?
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08:27
And would you pay them a bonus for being empathic?
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ื•ื”ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืžืขื ืง ืขืœ ืฉื’ื™ืœื• ืืžืคืชื™ื”?
08:30
It's preposterous on its face.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืžื’ื•ื—ืš.
08:34
And what happens is that as we turn increasingly to rules,
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืคื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื.
08:39
rules and incentives may make things better in the short run,
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ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ,
08:43
but they create a downward spiral
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ืืš ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช
08:46
that makes them worse in the long run.
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ืฉืžื—ืžื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš.
08:48
Moral skill is chipped away by an over-reliance on rules
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ื”ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื ืฉื—ืง ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืขื ื•ืช-ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื
08:53
that deprives us of the opportunity
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ื”ืฉื•ืœืœื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืืœืชืจ ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืื™ืœืชื•ืจื™ื ื•.
08:55
to improvise and learn from our improvisations.
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08:58
And moral will is undermined
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ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืžืชืขืจืขืจ
ืขืงื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืคื•ืกืง ื‘ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื
09:01
by an incessant appeal to incentives
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ืฉื”ื•ืจืก ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
09:04
that destroy our desire to do the right thing.
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09:07
And without intending it,
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ื•ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš,
09:09
by appealing to rules and incentives,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืื ื• ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื”.
09:13
we are engaging in a war on wisdom.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช,
09:15
Let me just give you a few examples,
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ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื’ื ืœืžืื‘ืง ืœืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
09:18
first of rules and the war on moral skill.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.
09:21
The lemonade story is one.
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09:23
Second, no doubt more familiar to you,
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:26
is the nature of modern American education:
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™:
09:29
scripted, lock-step curricula.
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ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืงืฉื” ื•ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช.
09:32
Here's an example from Chicago kindergarten.
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื’ืŸ-ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•.
09:35
Reading and enjoying literature
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ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืžืœื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘-"ื‘".
09:37
and words that begin with 'B.'
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"ื”ืืžื‘ื˜": ืื™ืกืคื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืจื‘ื“
09:39
"The Bath:" Assemble students on a rug
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ื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืื–ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืกื›ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื.
09:42
and give students a warning about the dangers of hot water.
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ืื™ืžืจื•... ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ 75 ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืœืžื“ ืกืคืจ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ 25 ืขืž'.
09:44
Say 75 items in this script to teach a 25-page picture book.
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09:49
All over Chicago in every kindergarten class in the city,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืงื’ื• ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ืŸ-ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ
09:52
every teacher is saying the same words in the same way on the same day.
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ื›ืœ ืžื•ืจื” ืื•ืžืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
09:59
We know why these scripts are there.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชืกืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”:
10:03
We don't trust the judgment of teachers enough
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื
10:06
to let them loose on their own.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœื”ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช.
ืชืกืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื”ื ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืคื ื™ ืืกื•ืŸ.
10:09
Scripts like these are insurance policies against disaster.
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10:12
And they prevent disaster.
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ื•ื”ื ืื›ืŸ ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืืกื•ื ื•ืช.
10:15
But what they assure in its place is mediocrity.
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ืืš ืชื—ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื ืžื ืฆื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
10:20
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:27
Don't get me wrong. We need rules!
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ืืœ ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœื-ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื!
10:29
Jazz musicians need some notes --
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ื ื’ื ื™ ื’'ืื– ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืžื” ืชื•ื•ื™ื -
10:31
most of them need some notes on the page.
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ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ.
10:33
We need more rules for the bankers, God knows.
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ื”ืืœ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ื.
10:35
But too many rules prevent accomplished jazz musicians
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ืืš ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื ื’ืŸ ื”ื’'ืื– ื”ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ืœืืœืชืจ
10:39
from improvising.
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ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืื‘ื“ ืžื›ืฉืจื•ื ื•,
10:41
And as a result, they lose their gifts,
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ืื• ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืš, ืžืคืกื™ืง ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื’ืŸ.
10:44
or worse, they stop playing altogether.
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10:47
Now, how about incentives?
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ื•ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื? ื–ื• ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžื—ื•ื›ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:50
They seem cleverer.
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•
10:52
If you have one reason for doing something
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ื•ืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืš ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื”,
10:54
and I give you a second reason for doing the same thing,
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10:57
it seems only logical that two reasons are better than one
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ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื—ืช
11:00
and you're more likely to do it.
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ื•ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.
11:03
Right?
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื ืชืžื™ื“.
11:05
Well, not always.
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ืœืขืชื™ื, ืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื•
11:07
Sometimes two reasons to do the same thing seem to compete with one another
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11:10
instead of complimenting,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื•,
11:12
and they make people less likely to do it.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืคื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื™ืขืฉื”.
11:15
I'll just give you one example because time is racing.
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ืืชืŸ ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ื›ื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• ืงืฆืจ.
ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅ, ืœืคื ื™ ื›-15 ืฉื ื”,
11:18
In Switzerland, back about 15 years ago,
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ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœืžืงื ืืชืจื™ ืคืกื•ืœืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช.
11:21
they were trying to decide where to site nuclear waste dumps.
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11:24
There was going to be a national referendum.
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ืขืžื“ื• ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžืฉืืœ ืขื, ื•ื›ืžื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
ืขืจื›ื• ืกืงืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื
11:27
Some psychologists went around and polled citizens who were very well informed.
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11:30
And they said, "Would you be willing to have a nuclear waste dump in your community?"
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ื•ืฉืืœื•, "ื”ืื ืชืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉื™ื•ืงื ืืชืจ ืคืกื•ืœืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื›ื?"
11:33
Astonishingly, 50 percent of the citizens said yes.
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ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ 50% ืžื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืขื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘.
11:38
They knew it was dangerous.
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ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืื• ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ,
11:40
They thought it would reduce their property values.
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ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืขืจืš ื ื›ืกื™ื”ื,
ืื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืจื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื›ื ืฉื”ื•,
11:43
But it had to go somewhere
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11:46
and they had responsibilities as citizens.
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
11:49
The psychologists asked other people a slightly different question.
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ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืืœื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืขื˜:
11:53
They said, "If we paid you six weeks' salary every year
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"ืื ื ืฉืœื ืœืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืกื›ื•ื ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืฉื›ืจ ืฉืœ 6 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
11:56
would you be willing to have a nuclear waste dump in your community?"
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"ื”ืื ืชืกื›ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืงื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœืš ืืชืจ ืคืกื•ืœืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช?"
12:00
Two reasons. It's my responsibility and I'm getting paid.
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ืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช: ื–ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื™, ื•ื’ื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืœื™.
12:04
Instead of 50 percent saying yes,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉ-50% ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘,
12:07
25 percent said yes.
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25% ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘.
12:10
What happens is that
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ื›ื ืก ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฅ,
12:13
the second this introduction of incentive gets us
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12:17
so that instead of asking, "What is my responsibility?"
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ, "ืžื”ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™?"
ืื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืจืง, "ืžื” ืžืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื™?"
12:20
all we ask is, "What serves my interests?"
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12:23
When incentives don't work,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
12:25
when CEOs ignore the long-term health of their companies
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ื›ืฉืžื ื›"ืœื™ื ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš ืžื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื
12:28
in pursuit of short-term gains that will lead to massive bonuses,
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ื•ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™-ืžื•ืขื“ ืฉื™ื ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื•ื ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืžื ื™ื
12:32
the response is always the same.
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื–ื”ื”.
12:36
Get smarter incentives.
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"ืชืžืฆื™ืื• ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืžื—ื•ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ".
12:40
The truth is that there are no incentives that you can devise
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืžื—ื•ื›ืžื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง.
12:43
that are ever going to be smart enough.
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12:46
Any incentive system can be subverted by bad will.
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ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื—ืฉื•ืคื” ืœื”ืฉื—ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื–ื“ื•ืŸ.
12:50
We need incentives. People have to make a living.
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื. ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก.
12:54
But excessive reliance on incentives
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ืืš ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช-ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช
12:56
demoralizes professional activity
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12:59
in two senses of that word.
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื”.
13:02
It causes people who engage in that activity to lose morale
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ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืžื•ืจืœ ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช,
13:06
and it causes the activity itself to lose morality.
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ื•ื’ื ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขืฆืžื”.
13:10
Barack Obama said, before he was inaugurated,
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ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื” ืืžืจ, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฉื‘ืข,
13:15
"We must ask not just 'Is it profitable?' but 'Is it right?'"
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"ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืœื ืจืง ืื ื–ื” ืจื•ื•ื—ื™, ืืœื ื’ื ืื ื–ื” ืฆื•ื“ืง."
13:19
And when professions are demoralized,
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื) ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื ืคื’ืข,
13:22
everyone in them becomes dependent on -- addicted to -- incentives
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ื›ื•ืœื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื•ืžืชืžื›ืจื™ื ืœื”ื,
13:27
and they stop asking "Is it right?"
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ื•ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ, "ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ?"
13:30
We see this in medicine.
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”.
13:33
("Although it's nothing serious, let's keep an eye on it to make sure it doesn't turn into a major lawsuit.")
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[ื–ื” ืœื ืจืฆื™ื ื™, ืืš ื ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืขืงื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช]
ื•ืื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืกืงื™ื.
13:37
And we certainly see it in the world of business.
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[ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉืฉื ื™ ืฉืขืœื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืคืš ื‘ืžื•ืฉื—ืช]
13:39
("In order to remain competitive in today's marketplace, I'm afraid we're going to have to replace you with a sleezeball.")
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:45
("I sold my soul for about a tenth of what the damn things are going for now.")
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[ืžื›ืจืชื™ ืืช ื ืฉืžืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•]
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:50
It is obvious that this is not the way people want to do their work.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื›ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื.
13:53
So what can we do?
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ืื– ืžื” ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
13:56
A few sources of hope:
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ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”:
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช.
13:59
we ought to try to re-moralize work.
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14:02
One way not to do it: teach more ethics courses.
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ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช: ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื‘ืืชื™ืงื”.
14:08
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:11
There is no better way to show people that you're not serious
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ืš ืจืฆื™ื ื™,
14:14
than to tie up everything you have to say about ethics
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœื›ืจื•ืš ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืืชื™ืงื”
14:17
into a little package with a bow and consign it to the margins as an ethics course.
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ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืขื ืงืฉืจ ื ืื” ื•ืœืžืกื’ืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ืืชื™ืงื”.
14:22
What to do instead?
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ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”?
14:24
One: Celebrate moral exemplars.
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ืื—ื“: ืžืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ื ืก ืžื•ืคืชื™ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื.
14:28
Acknowledge, when you go to law school,
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ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ, ื›ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื™"ืก ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื,
14:31
that a little voice is whispering in your ear
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ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื—ืฉ ื‘ืื•ื–ื ืš
14:34
about Atticus Finch.
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ืขืœ ืื˜ื™ืงื•ืก ืคื™ื ืฅ' (ื”ืขื•"ื“ ืžื”ืกืจื˜ "ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื™ืจ").
ืฉื•ื ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืŸ 10 ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ื™"ืก ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืจื›ื™ืฉื•ืช.
14:37
No 10-year-old goes to law school to do mergers and acquisitions.
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14:40
People are inspired by moral heroes.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื.
14:43
But we learn that with sophistication
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ืืš ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
14:46
comes the understanding that you can't acknowledge that you have moral heroes.
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ืฉืื“ื ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื ืœื ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื.
14:50
Well, acknowledge them.
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ืื“ืจื‘ื, ืชื•ื“ื• ื‘ื›ืš.
14:52
Be proud that you have them.
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ื”ื™ื• ื’ืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื•ืชื.
14:54
Celebrate them.
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ื”ืœืœื• ืื•ืชื,
ื•ื“ืจืฉื• ืžืžื•ืจื™ื›ื ืฉื’ื ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ื• ื‘ื”ื ื•ื™ื”ืœืœื• ืื•ืชื.
14:56
And demand that the people who teach you acknowledge them and celebrate them too.
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14:59
That's one thing we can do.
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
15:02
I don't know how many of you remember this:
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ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื–ืืช:
15:05
another moral hero, 15 years ago, Aaron Feuerstein,
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ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืœืคื ื™ 15 ืฉื ื”, ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ืคื•ื™ื™ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ,
15:09
who was the head of Malden Mills in Massachusetts --
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืฉื™ื "ืžืืœื“ืŸ ืžื™ืœืก" ื‘ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก -
15:12
they made Polartec --
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ื”ื ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืคืœื™ืก -
ื”ืžืคืขืœ ืฉืœื”ื ื ืฉืจืฃ.
15:14
The factory burned down.
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3,000 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืœื ืœื›ื•ืœื ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช.
15:16
3,000 employees. He kept every one of them on the payroll.
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15:19
Why? Because it would have been a disaster for them
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ืžื“ื•ืข? ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืกื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”
15:22
and for the community if he had let them go.
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ืื™ืœื• ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืื•ืชื.
15:25
"Maybe on paper our company is worth less to Wall Street,
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"ืื•ืœื™ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื•ื•ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜,
15:29
but I can tell you it's worth more. We're doing fine."
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"ืืš ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื ื• ื‘ืกื“ืจ."
15:33
Just at this TED we heard talks from several moral heroes.
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ื’ื ื‘-TED ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืžืขื ื• ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืžืคื™ ื›ืžื” ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื.
15:37
Two were particularly inspiring to me.
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืœื”ื™ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื™.
15:40
One was Ray Anderson, who turned --
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ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืจื™ื™ ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ืคืš --
15:43
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:46
-- turned, you know, a part of the evil empire
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-- ืฉื”ืคืš ื—ืœืง ืžืื™ืžืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืจืฉืข
15:49
into a zero-footprint, or almost zero-footprint business.
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ืœืขืกืง ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคื’ืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ืืคืกื™, ืื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืคืกื™.
15:52
Why? Because it was the right thing to do.
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ืžื“ื•ืข? ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื•.
15:56
And a bonus he's discovering is
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ื•ืื’ื‘ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืœืฉืžื—ืชื•
15:59
he's actually going to make even more money.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ.
16:02
His employees are inspired by the effort.
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื”ืžืืžืฅ.
ืžื“ื•ืข? ื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
16:05
Why? Because there happy to be doing something that's the right thing to do.
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16:09
Yesterday we heard Willie Smits talk about re-foresting in Indonesia.
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ืืชืžื•ืœ ืฉืžืขื ื• ืืช ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ ืกืžื™ืช'ืก ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื™ืขื•ืจ ืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
16:14
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
16:17
In many ways this is the perfect example.
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื–ื• ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื“ืจืฉ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
16:20
Because it took the will to do the right thing.
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16:23
God knows it took a huge amount of technical skill.
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ื•ืจืง ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื” ื“ืจืฉ.
16:26
I'm boggled at how much he and his associates needed to know
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ืžื–ืขื–ืข ืื•ืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืžื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•
16:29
in order to plot this out.
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ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื–ืืช.
16:32
But most important to make it work --
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ืืš ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืคืขืœ -
16:35
and he emphasized this --
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื–ืืช -
ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช.
16:37
is that it took knowing the people in the communities.
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16:40
Unless the people you're working with are behind you,
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ืื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื™ืชื ืœื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืš,
16:45
this will fail.
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ื–ื” ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื›ืฉืœ.
ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืš
16:47
And there isn't a formula to tell you how to get the people behind you,
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16:50
because different people in different communities
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ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
16:53
organize their lives in different ways.
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ืžืืจื’ื ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื ืก ื›ืืŸ ื‘-TED ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
16:56
So there's a lot here at TED, and at other places, to celebrate.
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16:59
And you don't have to be a mega-hero.
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ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ-ืขืœ.
ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
17:02
There are ordinary heroes.
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ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืจืชื™ื, ืฉื’ื ืื•ืชื ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืœืœ.
17:04
Ordinary heroes like the janitors who are worth celebrating too.
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17:07
As practitioners each and every one of us should strive
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืขื™ืกื•ืงื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืื•ืฃ
17:10
to be ordinary, if not extraordinary heroes.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืื ืœื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
17:13
As heads of organizations,
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ื›ืจืืฉื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื,
17:15
we should strive to create environments
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช
17:17
that encourage and nurture both moral skill and moral will.
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ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื•ืžื˜ืคื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื.
17:22
Even the wisest and most well-meaning people
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช
17:25
will give up if they have to swim against the current
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ื ื›ื ืขื™ื ืื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ื–ืจื
17:28
in the organizations in which they work.
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ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
17:31
If you run an organization, you should be sure
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ืื ืืชื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ, ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื
17:34
that none of the jobs -- none of the jobs --
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ืฉืœืืฃ ืžืฉืจื” - ืืฃ ืžืฉืจื” -
17:37
have job descriptions like the job descriptions of the janitors.
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืฉืจื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืจืชื™ื.
17:40
Because the truth is that
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ื›ื™ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื
17:43
any work that you do that involves interaction with other people
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ืฉื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžื’ืข ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
17:46
is moral work.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
ื•ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืช.
17:49
And any moral work depends upon practical wisdom.
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17:53
And, perhaps most important,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
ื›ืžื•ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื,
17:56
as teachers, we should strive to be the ordinary heroes,
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17:59
the moral exemplars, to the people we mentor.
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ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช-ืžื•ืคืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื.
18:03
And there are a few things that we have to remember as teachers.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ืจื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ.
18:06
One is that we are always teaching.
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ื”ืื—ื“: ืื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืœืžื“ื™ื.
18:10
Someone is always watching.
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื ื•.
ื”ืžืฆืœืžื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืคื•ืขืœืช.
18:13
The camera is always on.
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18:15
Bill Gates talked about the importance of education
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ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš
18:18
and, in particular, the model that KIPP was providing:
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ "ืงื™ืค".
18:21
"Knowledge is power."
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"ื™ื“ืข ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื—."
18:24
And he talked about a lot of the wonderful things
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืคืœืื™ื ืฉ"ืงื™ืค" ืขื•ืฉื”
18:27
that KIPP is doing
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืœืงื•ืœื’' ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™
18:29
to take inner-city kids and turn them in the direction of college.
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืฉ"ืงื™ืค" ืขื•ืฉื”, ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ,
18:33
I want to focus on one particular thing KIPP is doing
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18:36
that Bill didn't mention.
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ื•ื”ื•ื, ืฉื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•
18:39
That is that they have come to the realization
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ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“
18:42
that the single most important thing kids need to learn
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืคื™.
18:44
is character.
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18:45
They need to learn to respect themselves.
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื.
18:48
They need to learn to respect their schoolmates.
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืœื‘ื™ื”"ืก.
18:51
They need to learn to respect their teachers.
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ืžื•ืจื™ื”ื.
ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“.
18:54
And, most important, they need to learn to respect learning.
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18:57
That's the principle objective.
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ื–ื• ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช.
18:59
If you do that, the rest is just pretty much a coast downhill.
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ืื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš, ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื–ื” ืงืœื™-ืงืœื•ืช.
19:03
And the teachers: the way you teach these things to the kids
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ื•ืœืžื•ืจื™ื: ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื”
19:06
is by having the teachers and all the other staff embody it every minute of every day.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกื’ืœ ื™ื’ืฉื™ืžื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื•ืจื’ืข.
19:13
Obama appealed to virtue.
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ืื•ื‘ืžื” ืคื ื” ืืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ื•ื ืฆื“ืง.
19:15
And I think he was right.
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19:17
And the virtue I think we need above all others is practical wisdom,
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ื•ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืช,
19:21
because it's what allows other virtues -- honesty, kindness, courage and so on --
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื™ืชืจ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื - ื›ื ื•ืช, ื—ืกื“, ืื•ืžืฅ ื•ื›ื•' -
19:28
to be displayed at the right time and in the right way.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
19:31
He also appealed to hope.
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ื”ื•ื ืคืจื˜ ื’ื ืขืœ ื ื™ืžื™ ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
19:34
Right again.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืฆื“ืง.
19:36
I think there is reason for hope.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืงื•ื•ืช.
ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื›ื™ื™ื.
19:39
I think people want to be allowed to be virtuous.
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19:42
In many ways, it's what TED is all about.
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘-TED.
19:46
Wanting to do the right thing
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ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ
ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”
19:49
in the right way
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ื•ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
19:51
for the right reasons.
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ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•
19:53
This kind of wisdom is within the grasp of each and every one of us
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19:56
if only we start paying attention.
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ืื ืจืง ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘.
19:59
Paying attention to what we do,
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ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
20:02
to how we do it,
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ืื™ืš ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช,
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
20:04
and, perhaps most importantly,
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ืœืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
20:06
to the structure of the organizations within which we work,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื›ืžื”
20:09
so as to make sure that it enables us and other people to develop wisdom
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ื›ื ืื•ืชื”.
20:14
rather than having it suppressed.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
20:17
Thank you very much.
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
20:20
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
20:22
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
20:25
Chris Anderson: You have to go and stand out here a sec.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ื‘ื•ื ื•ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ืืŸ ืœืจื’ืข.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
20:31
Barry Schwartz: Thank you very much.
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ื‘ืืจื™ ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
20:33
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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