What it was like to grow up under China's one-child policy | Nanfu Wang

1,019,536 views ใƒป 2019-09-10

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yael Ring ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:13
My name is Nanfu.
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ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื™ ื ื ืคื•.
00:15
In Chinese, "nan" means "man."
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ื‘ืกื™ื ื™ืช, "ื ืืŸ" ืžืฉืžืขื• "ืื“ื".
00:18
And "fu" means "pillar."
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ื•-"ืคื•" ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช "ืขืžื•ื“".
00:21
My family had hoped for a boy,
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ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ืงื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืœื‘ืŸ
00:23
who would grow up to be the pillar of the family.
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ืฉื™ื’ื“ืœ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
00:27
And when I turned out to be a girl,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืช,
00:29
they named me Nanfu anyway.
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ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจืื• ืœื™ ื ื ืคื•.
00:31
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:33
I was born in 1985,
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ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื‘1985,
00:35
six years before China announced its one-child policy.
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ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืกื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉืœื”.
00:40
Right after I was born,
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ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ืชื™,
00:43
the local officials came and ordered my mom to be sterilized.
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ื”ืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืื• ื•ื”ื•ืจื• ืœืขืงืจ ืืช ืืžื ืฉืœื™.
00:48
My grandpa stood up to the officials,
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ืกื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืคืงื™ื“ื™ื
00:51
because he wanted a grandson to carry on the family name.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื™ื•ื•ื” ืœื ื›ื“ ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
00:55
Eventually, my parents were allowed to have a second child,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืœื“ืช ื™ืœื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ,
01:00
but they had to wait for five years
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื
01:02
and pay a substantial fine.
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ื•ืœืฉืœื ืงื ืก ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
01:05
Growing up, my brother and I
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ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™, ืื—ื™ ื•ืื ื™
01:08
were surrounded by children from one-child families.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื.
01:13
I remember feeling a sense of shame
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืืฉืžื”
01:16
because I had a younger brother.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืื— ืฆืขื™ืจ.
01:19
I felt like our family did something wrong for having two children.
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ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ืขืฉืชื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืจืข ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
01:24
At the time, I didn't question
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืœื ื—ืงืจืชื™
01:25
where this sense of shame and guilt came from.
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ืžื” ืžืงื•ืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืืฉืžื” ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•.
01:31
A year and a half ago, I had my own first child.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื™ืœื“ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™.
01:34
It was the best thing that ever happened in my life.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงืจื” ืœื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™.
01:38
Becoming a mother
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ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื™ ืœืื
01:39
gave me a totally new perspective on my own childhood,
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ื ืชื ื” ืœื™ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
01:43
and it brought back my memories of early life in China.
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ื•ื”ืขืœืชื” ืืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืžืกื™ืŸ.
01:49
For the past three decades,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื
01:51
everyone in my family had to apply for a permission from the government
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ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™
01:56
to have a child.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื“ืช ื™ืœื“.
01:58
And I wondered
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ื•ืชื”ื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™
01:59
what it was like for people who lived under the one-child policy.
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืืœื” ืฉื—ื™ื• ืชื—ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืื—ื“.
02:04
So I decided to make a documentary about it.
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกืจื˜ ื“ื•ืงื•ืžื ื˜ืจื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื.
02:08
One of the people I interviewed
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ืื—ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจืื™ื™ื ืชื™
02:10
was the midwife who delivered all of the babies born in my village,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื™ืœื“ืช ืฉื™ื™ืœื“ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœื™,
02:16
including myself.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื•ืชื™.
02:18
She was 84 years old when I interviewed her.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช 84 ื›ืฉืจืื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืื•ืชื”.
02:22
I asked her,
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื”,
02:24
"Do you remember how many babies you delivered throughout your career?"
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"ื”ืื ืืช ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ื›ืžื” ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื™ืœื“ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœืš?"
02:28
She didn't have a number for deliveries.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื–ื›ืจื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืœื™ื“ื•ืช,
02:31
She said she had performed
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ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆืขื”
02:34
60,000 forced abortions and sterilizations.
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60,000 ื”ืคืœื•ืช ื™ื–ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืงื•ืจื™ื.
02:40
Sometimes, she said,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”,
02:43
a late-term fetus would survive an abortion,
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืจื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืœื”,
02:46
and she would kill the baby after delivering it.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ื™ืœื“ื” ืื•ืชื•.
02:49
She remembered how her hands would tremble
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ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ืจื” ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืจืขื“ื•
02:53
as she did the work.
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ื›ืฉืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช.
02:55
Her story shocked me.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ื–ืขื–ืข ืื•ืชื™.
02:57
When I set out to make the film,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜,
03:00
I expected it would be a simple story of perpetrators and victims.
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ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช.
03:04
People who carried out the policy
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื™ืœืื• ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช
03:06
and people who are living with the consequences.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ืขื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
03:09
But that wasn't what I saw.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื™.
03:12
As I was finishing my interview with the midwife,
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ื›ืฉืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืขื ื”ืžื™ื™ืœื“ืช,
03:15
I noticed an area in her house
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ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ืœื—ืœืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื”
03:17
that was decorated with elaborate homemade flags.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืฉื˜ ื‘ื“ื’ืœื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื“.
03:21
And each flag has a picture of a baby on it.
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื’ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง.
03:26
These were flags that were sent by families
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ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื“ื’ืœื™ื ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช
03:29
whom she helped treat their infertility problems.
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ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ืขื–ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
03:33
She explained that she had had enough
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœื”
03:36
of performing abortions and sterilizations --
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ืžืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืคืœื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืงื•ืจื™ื --
03:38
that the only work she did now was to help families have babies.
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ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืœืœื“ืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช.
03:44
She said she was full of guilt
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ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืœืื” ื‘ืืฉืžื”
03:47
for carrying out the one-child policy,
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ืขืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืื—ื“,
03:50
and she hoped that by helping families have babies,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืขื–ืจื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืœืœื“ืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช,
03:53
she could counteract what she did in the past.
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ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืื–ืŸ ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
03:57
It became clear to me she, too, was a victim of the policy.
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ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื™, ืฉื’ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
04:02
Every voice was telling her
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ื›ืœ ืงื•ืœ ืืžืจ ืœื”
04:05
that what she did was right and necessary for China's survival.
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ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ.
04:10
And she did what she thought was right for her country.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ืชื”.
04:14
I know how strong that message was.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื–ืง.
04:17
It was everywhere around myself when I grew up.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™.
04:20
It was printed on matches,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืคืก ืขืœ ื’ืคืจื•ืจื™ื,
04:23
playing cards,
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ืงืœืคื™ ืžืฉื—ืง,
04:24
textbooks, posters.
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ืกืคืจื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ืคื•ืกื˜ืจื™ื.
04:27
The propaganda praising the one-child policy
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ื”ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื”ืžื”ืœืœืช ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืื—ื“
04:29
was everywhere around us.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
04:30
[Anyone who refuses to sterilize will be arrested.]
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[ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืกืจื‘ ืœืขื™ืงื•ืจ ื™ื•ืฉื ื‘ืžืขืฆืจ]
04:33
And so were the threats against disobeying it.
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื”.
04:35
The message seeped into our minds
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ื”ืžืกืจ ื—ืœื—ืœ ืœืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
04:38
so much so that I grew up feeling embarrassed
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ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื•ืฉื”
04:41
for having a younger brother.
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ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืื— ืฆืขื™ืจ.
04:45
With each person I filmed,
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ืขื ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉืฆื™ืœืžืชื™,
04:49
I saw how their minds and hearts can be influenced by the propaganda,
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืขืžื•ืœื”,
04:55
and how their willingness to make sacrifices for the greater good
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ื•ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ
05:00
can be twisted into something very dark and tragic.
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืืคืœ ื•ื˜ืจืื’ื™ ืžืื•ื“.
05:04
China is not the only place where this happens.
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ืกื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”.
05:08
There is no country on earth where propaganda isn't present.
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ืื™ืŸ ืืฃ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื” ืื™ืŸ ืชืขืžื•ืœื”.
05:14
And in societies that are supposed to be more open and free than China,
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ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื™ืŸ,
05:18
it can be even harder to recognize what propaganda looks like.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื™ืš ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื ืจืื™ืช.
05:23
It hides in plain sight as news reports,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืกืชืชืจืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ื™ื,
05:27
TV commercials, political campaigning
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ื‘ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ืงืžืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
05:31
and in our social media feeds.
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ื•ื‘ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
05:34
It works to change our minds without our knowledge.
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ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื ื•.
05:40
Every society is vulnerable to accepting propaganda as truth,
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ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืืžืฅ ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื›ืืžืช,
05:45
and no society where propaganda replaces the truth
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ืืžืช
05:48
can be truly free.
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ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช.
05:50
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
05:51
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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