Asia's rise -- how and when | Hans Rosling

415,696 views ใƒป 2009-11-25

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Assaf Tsafriri ืžื‘ืงืจ: Avshalom Aloni
00:17
Once upon a time,
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ืคืขื,
00:19
at the age of 24,
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 24,
00:21
I was a student at St. John's Medical College in Bangalore.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื‘ืกื ื˜ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ื ื’ืืœื•ืจ.
00:26
I was a guest student during one month
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืื•ืจื— ืœืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื—ื“
00:29
of a public health course.
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ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ืจืคื•ืื” ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช.
00:31
And that changed my mindset forever.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื™ ืžืื–.
00:34
The course was good, but it was not the course content
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ื”ืงื•ืจืก ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืš ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืก
00:37
in itself that changed the mindset.
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ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
00:39
It was the brutal realization,
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ืช,
00:41
the first morning,
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ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
00:43
that the Indian students were better than me.
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ืฉื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืžื ื™.
00:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:47
You see, I was a study nerd.
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ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื ื•ืŸ.
00:49
I loved statistics from a young age.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ.
00:51
And I studied very much in Sweden.
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ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื”.
00:53
I used to be in the upper quarter of all courses I attended.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคืชื™ ื‘ื”ื.
00:57
But in St. John's, I was in the lower quarter.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื ื˜ ื’'ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ.
01:01
And the fact was that Indian students
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื
01:03
studied harder than we did in Sweden.
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ืœืžื“ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืžื“ื ื• ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื”.
01:06
They read the textbook twice,
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ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื,
01:08
or three times or four times.
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ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื, ืื• ืืจื‘ืข ืคืขืžื™ื.
01:10
In Sweden we read it once and then we went partying.
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ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื” ืงืจืื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื•ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืœื—ื’ื•ื’.
01:13
(Laugher)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:15
And that, to me,
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ื•ื–ื”, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™,
01:18
that personal experience
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ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
01:20
was the first time in my life
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™
01:23
that the mindset I grew up with
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ืฉืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื’ื“ืœืชื™ ืื™ืชื”
01:25
was changed.
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ื”ืฉืชื ืชื”.
01:28
And I realized that perhaps
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœื™
01:30
the Western world will not continue
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืœื ื™ืžืฉื™ืš
01:32
to dominate the world forever.
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ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืžื™ื“.
01:35
And I think many of you have the same sort of personal experience.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ื ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื“ื•ืžื”.
01:39
It's that realization of someone you meet
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ื–ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื” ืคื•ื’ืฉ
01:42
that really made you change your ideas about the world.
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ืš ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:44
It's not the statistics, although I tried to make it funny.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืžืฆื—ื™ืง.
01:48
And I will now,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
01:52
here, onstage,
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ืคื”, ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”,
01:54
try to predict when that will happen --
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ืื—ื–ื” ืžืชื™ ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” --
01:57
that Asia will regain
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ืฉืืกื™ื” ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ
02:02
its dominant position
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ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ืžื™ืงื•ืžื”
02:04
as the leading part of the world,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
02:06
as it used to be, over thousands of years.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื”ื’ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช.
02:10
And I will do that
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ื•ืืขืฉื” ื–ืืช
02:12
by trying to predict precisely
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ืง
02:15
at what year
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืฉื ื”
02:17
the average income per person
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ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœื ืคืฉ
02:19
in India, in China, will reach that of the West.
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ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืžืขืจื‘.
02:22
And I don't mean the whole economy,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื›ื•ืœื”,
02:24
because to grow an economy
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืืช ื›ืœื›ืœืช
02:26
of India to the size of U.K. --
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ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” --
02:28
that's a piece of cake, with one billion people.
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ื–ื” ืงืœื™ ืงืœื•ืช, ืขื ื‘ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:31
But I want to see when will the average pay, the money
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ืืš ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืชื™ ื”ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื”ื›ืกืฃ
02:35
for each person, per month,
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉ, ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ,
02:37
in India and China,
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ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืกื™ืŸ,
02:39
when will that have reached that of U.K. and the United States?
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ืžืชื™ ื–ื” ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžื” ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช?
02:43
But I will start with a historical background.
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ืืš ืื ื™ ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืจืงืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™.
02:46
And you can see my map if I get it up here. You know?
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืคื” ืฉืœื™ ืื ืืขืœื” ืื•ืชื” ืœืคื”.
02:49
I will start at 1858.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘-1858.
02:52
1858 was a year of great technological
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1858 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช
02:56
advancement in the West.
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘.
02:58
That was the year when Queen Victoria
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ื–ื• ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
03:01
was able, for the first time, to communicate
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื”, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืœืชืงืฉืจ
03:03
with President Buchanan,
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ืขื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืงื™ื ืŸ,
03:05
through the Transatlantic Telegraphic Cable.
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ื“ืจืš ื›ื‘ืœ ื˜ืœื’ืจืคื™ ื˜ืจื ืก-ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™.
03:08
And they were the first to "Twitter" transatlantically.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื• "ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ" ื˜ืจื ืก-ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™.
03:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:12
(Applause)
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(ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
03:16
And I've been able, through this wonderful Google and Internet,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ, ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื•ื’ืœ ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื ืคืœื,
03:19
to find the text of the telegram
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืžืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ืจืง
03:21
sent back from President Buchanan to Queen Victoria.
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ืฉื ืฉืœื— ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืงื ืŸ ืœืžืœื›ื” ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
03:25
And it ends like this: "This telegraph
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื’ืžืจ ื›ืš: "ื”ื˜ืœื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื”
03:28
is a fantastic instrument to diffuse religion,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™ ืœื”ืคืฆืช ื“ืช,
03:30
civilization, liberty and law throughout the world."
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ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื—ื•ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื".
03:34
Those are nice words. But I got sort of curious
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ืืœื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ืคื•ืช. ืืš ื ืขืฉืชื™ ื“ื™ื™ ืžืกื•ืงืจืŸ
03:37
of what he meant with liberty, and liberty for whom.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืœืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
03:41
And we will think about that
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ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”
03:43
when we look at the wider picture of the world in 1858.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘-1858.
03:47
Because 1858
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉ-1858
03:49
was also watershed year
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืฉื ืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื”
03:52
in the history of Asia.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืกื™ื”.
03:54
1858 was the year
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1858 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื”
03:56
when the courageous uprising
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ื‘ื” ื”ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืฆื”
03:58
against the foreign occupation of India
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ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•
04:01
was defeated by the British forces.
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ื”ื•ื‘ืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื.
04:03
And India was up to 89 years more of foreign domination.
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ื•ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื–ืจื” ืœืžืฉืš 89 ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
04:08
1858 in China
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1858 ื‘ืกื™ืŸ
04:10
was the victory in the Opium War by the British forces.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ื•ื.
04:14
And that meant that foreigners, as it said in the treaty,
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ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ืจื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืืžื ื”,
04:17
were allowed to trade freely in China.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืจืฉื™ื ืœืกื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
04:19
It meant paying with opium for Chinese goods.
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืฉืœื ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
04:23
And 1858 in Japan
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ื‘-1858 ื‘ื™ืคืŸ,
04:25
was the year when Japan had to sign the Harris Treaty
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื” ื™ืคืŸ ื ืืœืฆื” ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ืืžื ืช ื”ืืจื™ืก
04:28
and accept trade on favorable condition for the U.S.
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ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
04:32
And they were threatened by those black ships there,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช,
04:36
that had been in Tokyo harbor over the last year.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ืžืœ ื˜ื•ืงื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
04:38
But, Japan, in contrast to India and China,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื™ืคืŸ, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืกื™ืŸ
04:42
maintained its national sovereignty.
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ืฉื™ืžืจื” ืืช ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื”.
04:45
And let's see how much difference that can make.
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ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ.
04:48
And I will do that by bringing these bubbles
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
04:51
back to a Gapminder graph here,
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ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื’ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ื’ืืค-ืžื™ื™ื ื“ืจ,
04:53
where you can see each bubble is a country.
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ื‘ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
04:56
The size of the bubble here is the population.
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ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
04:59
On this axis, as I used to have income per person in comparable dollar.
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ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœื ืคืฉ ื‘ื“ื•ืœืจ.
05:04
And on that axis I have life expectancy, the health of people.
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ื•ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
05:08
And I also bring an innovation here.
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ืคื” ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ.
05:10
I have transformed the laser beam
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ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืืช ืงืจืŸ ื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ
05:13
into an ecological, recyclable version here, in green India.
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ืœื’ื™ืจืกื ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื”.
05:18
(Applause)
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(ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
05:22
And we will see, you know.
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ื•ื ืจืื”,
05:25
Look here, 1858, India was here,
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ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืœืคื”, 1858, ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื”,
05:28
China was here, Japan was there,
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ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื”, ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื,
05:30
United States and United Kingdom
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ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
05:32
was richer over there.
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ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื.
05:34
And I will start the world like this.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืš.
05:37
India was not always like this level.
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ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื–ืืช.
05:39
Actually if we go back into the historical record,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™,
05:41
there was a time hundreds of years ago
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ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ
05:43
when the income per person in India and China
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ื‘ื• ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœื ืคืฉ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืกื™ืŸ
05:45
was even above that of Europe.
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ื”ื™ื• ืืฃ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
05:47
But 1850 had already been many, many years of foreign domination,
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ืืš 1850 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื–ืจื”,
05:51
and India had been de-industrialized.
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ื•ื”ื•ื“ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืชื™ื”.
05:54
And you can see that the countries who were growing
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื•
05:56
their economy was United States and United Kingdom.
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ืืช ื›ืœื›ืœืชืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
05:58
And they were also, by the end of the century, getting healthy,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
06:01
and Japan was starting to catch up.
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ื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ.
06:03
India was trying down here.
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ื”ื•ื“ื• ื ื™ืกืชื” ืคื” ืœืžื˜ื”.
06:05
Can you see how it starts to move there?
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื–ื•ื– ืœืฉื?
06:07
But really, really natural sovereignty was good for Japan.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืช, ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื™ืคืŸ.
06:11
And Japan is trying to move up there.
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ื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžื ืกื” ืœื–ื•ื– ืœืคื”.
06:13
And it's the new century now. Health is getting better,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ืืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ืขืฉืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:15
United Kingdom, United States.
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ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
06:17
But careful now -- we are approaching the First World War.
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ืืš ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• -- ืื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
06:20
And the First World War, you know,
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ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
06:22
we'll see a lot of deaths and economical problems here.
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ื ืจืื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืคื”.
06:26
United Kingdom is going down.
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ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ืช.
06:28
And now comes the Spanish flu also.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช.
06:30
And then after the First World War, they continue up.
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ื•ืื– ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช.
06:33
Still under foreign domination, and without sovereignty,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื–ืจื”, ื•ืœืœื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช,
06:36
India and China are down in the corner.
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ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืกื™ืŸ ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ืคื™ื ื”.
06:38
Not much has happened.
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ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงืจื”.
06:40
They have grown their population but not much more.
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืืš ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ื™.
06:42
In the 1930's now, you can see
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ื‘-1930, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
06:44
that Japan is going to a period of war,
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ืฉื™ืคืŸ ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื”,
06:47
with lower life expectancy.
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ืขื ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:49
And the Second World War was really a terrible event,
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ื•ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืจื•ืข ื ื•ืจื,
06:51
also economically for Japan.
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ื’ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืœื™ืคืŸ.
06:53
But they did recover quite fast afterwards.
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ืืš ื”ื ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื• ื“ื™ื™ ืžื”ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
06:55
And we are moving into the new world.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
06:57
In 1947 India finally
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ื‘-1947 ื”ื•ื“ื• ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ
07:00
gained its independence.
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ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื”.
07:02
And they could raise the Indian flag and become a sovereign nation,
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื’ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืขื ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™,
07:06
but in very big difficulties down there.
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ืืš ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื”.
07:09
(Applause)
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(ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
07:12
In 1949 we saw the emergence of the modern China
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ื‘-1949 ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช
07:16
in a way which surprised the world.
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื”ืคืชื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
07:18
And what happened?
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ื•ืžื” ืงืจื”?
07:20
What happens in the after independence?
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ืžื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืื—ืจ ื›ืš?
07:22
You can see that the health started to improve.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ.
07:24
Children started to go to school.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ.
07:26
Health services were provided.
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ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืคืจื•.
07:28
This is the Great Leap Forward, when China fell down.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื›ืฉืกื™ืŸ ื ืคืœื”.
07:32
It was central planning by Mao Tse Tung.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืื• ืฆื” ื˜ื•ื ื’.
07:34
China recovered. Then they said,
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ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉื”. ื•ืื– ืืžืจื•,
07:36
"Nevermore, stupid central planning."
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"ืœื ืขื•ื“, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉืช."
07:38
But they went up here, and India was trying to follow.
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ืืš ื”ื ืขืœื• ืœืคื”, ื•ื”ื•ื“ื• ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืขืงื•ื‘.
07:41
And they were catching up indeed.
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•.
07:43
And both countries had the better health, but still
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ื•ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ
07:45
a very low economy.
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ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืจื•ื“ื”.
07:47
And we came to 1978, and Mao Tse Tung died,
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ื•ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœ-1978, ื•ืžืื• ืฆื” ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืžืช,
07:50
and a new guy turned up from the left.
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ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืžื”ืฉืžืืœ.
07:53
And it was Deng Xiaoping coming out here.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื ื’ ืฉื™ืื•ืคื™ื ื’ ืฉื™ืฆื ืคื”.
07:56
And he said, "Doesn't matter
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืœื ืžืฉื ื”
07:58
if a cat is white or black,
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ืื ื—ืชื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ืŸ ืื• ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
08:00
as long as it catches mice."
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืคืก ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื."
08:02
Because catching mice
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืชืคื™ืกืช ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื
08:04
is what the two cats wanted to do.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืจืฆื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
08:07
And you can see the two cats being here,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืคื”,
08:10
China and India, wanting to catch the mices over there, you know.
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ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฉื.
08:13
And they decided to go not only for health and education,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืœื›ืช ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
08:16
but also starting to grow their economy.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื— ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
08:18
And the market reformer was successful there.
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ื•ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืฉื.
08:20
In '92 India follows with a market reform.
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ื‘-92' ื”ื•ื“ื• ืขื•ืงื‘ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืง.
08:23
And they go quite closely together,
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ื•ื”ื ื“ื™ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
08:25
and you can see that the similarity with India and China,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื“ื™ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœืกื™ืŸ,
08:27
in many ways, are greater than the differences with them.
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ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
08:30
And here they march on. And will they catch up?
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืขื•ื“. ื•ื”ืื ื”ื ื™ื“ื‘ื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ?
08:32
This is the big question today.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
08:34
There they are today.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
08:36
Now what does it mean that the --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ื–ื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉ--
08:38
(Applause)
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(ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:41
the averages there -- this is the average of China.
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ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉื -- ื–ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ.
08:44
If I would split China, look here,
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ืื ืื—ืœืง ืืช ืกื™ืŸ, ืชืจืื• ืคื”,
08:46
Shanghai has already catched up.
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ืฉื ื’ื—ืื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ.
08:49
Shanghai is already there.
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ืฉื ื’ื—ืื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื.
08:51
And it's healthier than the United States.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
08:55
But on the other hand, Guizhou, one of the poorest
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ืืš ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื’ื•ืื™ืฆื•, ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช
08:58
inland provinces of China, is there.
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื™ืŸ, ื ืžืฆืืช ืฉื.
09:01
And if I split Guizhou into urban and rural,
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ื•ืื ืื—ืœืง ืืช ื’ื•ืื™ืฆื• ืœื—ืœืง ื”ื›ืคืจื™ ื•ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™,
09:05
the rural part of Guizhou goes down there.
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ืคืจื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืื™ืฆื• ื”ื•ืœืš ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื”.
09:08
You see this enormous inequity in China,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
09:11
in the midst of fast economic growth.
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ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื”.
09:13
And if I would also look at India,
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ื•ืื ืื ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ื’ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื•ื“ื•,
09:15
you have another type of inequity, actually, in India.
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ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
09:18
The geographical, macro-geographical difference is not so big.
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™, ื”ืžืงืจื•-ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื™ื“ื™.
09:23
Uttar Pradesh, the biggest of the states here,
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ืื•ื˜ืจ ืคืจืื“ืฉ, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื,
09:25
is poorer and has a lower health than the rest of India.
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ืขื ื™ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืฉืืจ ื”ื•ื“ื•.
09:28
Kerala is flying on top there,
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ืงืจืืœื” ืขืคื” ืคื” ืœืžืขืœื”,
09:31
matching United States in health,
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ื–ื”ื” ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
09:33
but not in economy.
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ืืš ืœื ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
09:35
And here, Maharashtra, with Mumbai,
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ื•ืคื”, ืžืื”ืืจืฉื˜ืจื”, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžื•ืžื‘ืื™,
09:37
is forging forward.
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ืžืชื—ืฉืœื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
09:39
Now in India, the big inequities are within the state,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื—ื•ืกืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
09:42
rather than between the states.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
09:44
And that is not a bad thing, in itself.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข, ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•.
09:47
If you have a lot inequity, macro-geographical inequities
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ืื ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ, ื—ื•ืกืจื™ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงืจื•-ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื
09:51
can be more difficult in the long term to deal with,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš,
09:54
than if it is in the same area where you have a growth center
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืจื›ื– ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ
09:57
relatively close to where poor people are living.
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ืฉื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื.
10:00
No, there is one more inequity. Look there, United States.
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ืœื, ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ืชืจืื• ืคื”, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
10:03
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:04
Oh, they broke my frame.
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ื”ื•, ื”ื ืฉื‘ืจื• ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช.
10:06
Washington, D.C. went out here.
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ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”, ื–ื–ื” ืœืคื”.
10:09
My friends at Gapminder wanted me to show this
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื’ืืค-ืžื™ื™ื ื“ืจ ืจืฆื• ืฉืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืืช ื–ื”
10:12
because there is a new leader in Washington
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ
10:14
who is really concerned about the health system.
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ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ื“ืื’ ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช.
10:16
And I can understand him, because Washington, D.C.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”
10:19
is so rich over there
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืฉื
10:22
but they are not as healthy as Kerala.
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ืืš ื”ื ืœื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืงืจืืœื”.
10:24
It's quite interesting, isn't it?
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
10:26
(Applause)
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(ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:31
I can see a business opportunity for Kerala,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืขืกืงื™ืช ืœืงืจืืœื”,
10:34
helping fix the health system in the United States.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจื” ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
10:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:38
(Applause)
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(ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:40
Now here we have the whole world. You have the legend down there.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืคื” ืœืžื˜ื”.
10:43
And when you see the two giant cats here, pushing forward,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืคื”, ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
10:47
you see that in between them
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื
10:49
and ahead of them,
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ื”ื,
10:51
is the whole emerging economies of the world,
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ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
10:53
which Thomas Friedman so correctly called the "flat world."
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ืืฉืจ ืชื•ืžืืก ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ ืงืจื ืœื–ื” "ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื˜ื•ื—".
10:57
You can see that in health and education,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš
10:59
a large part of the world population is putting forward,
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ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชืงื“ืžืช,
11:02
but in Africa, and other parts,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื•ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
11:04
as in rural Guizhou in China,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื’ื•ืื™ื–ื• ื”ื›ืคืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
11:06
there is still people with low health and very low economy.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื™ืจื•ื“ื” ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืจื•ื“ื”.
11:09
We have an enormous disparity in the world.
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ื™ืฉ ืคืขืจ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
11:11
But most of the world in the middle are pushing forwards very fast.
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ืืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืข ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื”ืจื”.
11:16
Now, back to my projections.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฉืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
11:18
When will it catch up? I have to go back to very conventional graph.
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ืžืชื™ ื”ื ื™ื“ื‘ื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ? ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื’ืจืฃ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื’ืจืชื™.
11:23
I will show income per person on this axis instead,
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ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื,
11:26
poor down here, rich up there.
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ืขื•ื ื™ ืคื” ืœืžื˜ื”, ืขื•ืฉืจ ืœืžืขืœื”.
11:28
And then time here, from 1858
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ื•ืื– ื–ืžืŸ ืคื”, ืž-1858
11:30
I start the world.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
11:32
And we shall see what will happen with these countries.
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืขื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
11:35
You see, China under foreign domination
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ืจื•ืื™ื, ืกื™ืŸ ืชื—ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื–ืจ
11:38
actually lowered their income and came down to the Indian level here.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืคื” ืœืžื˜ื” ืœืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•.
11:41
Whereas U.K. and United States is getting richer and richer.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืขืฉืจื•ืช.
11:45
And after Second World War, United States is richer than U.K.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
11:48
But independence is coming here.
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ืืš ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืคื”.
11:50
Growth is starting, economic reform.
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ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช.
11:52
Growth is faster, and with projection from IMF
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ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืžืื™ืฆื”, ื•ืขื ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ืžื”ืงืจืŸ ืœืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
11:55
you can see where you expect them to be in 2014.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืคื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘-2014.
11:59
Now, the question is, "When will the catch up take place?"
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, "ืžืชื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืงืช ื”ืคืขืจ ืชืชืจื—ืฉ?"
12:04
Look at, look at the United States.
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ืชืจืื• ืืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
12:06
Can you see the bubble?
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืขื”?
12:08
The bubbles, not my bubbles,
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ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ืœื ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
12:10
but the financial bubbles.
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ืืœื ื”ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช
12:12
That's the dot com bubble. This is the Lehman Brothers doorstep there.
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ื–ืืช ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ื“ื•ื˜.ืงื•ื. ื–ืืช ื‘ื•ืขืช ื”ืœื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืจื“ืจืก ืฉื.
12:17
You see it came down there.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื” ื™ืจื“ ืœืคื”.
12:19
And it seems this is another rock coming down there, you know.
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืฉื.
12:24
So they doesn't seem to go this way, these countries.
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ืื– ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
12:27
They seem to go in a more humble growth way, you know.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฆื ื•ืขื”.
12:30
And people interested in growth
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ื”
12:32
are turning their eyes towards Asia.
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ืžืคื ื™ื ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืืกื™ื”.
12:35
I can compare to Japan. This is Japan coming up.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืœื™ืคืŸ. ื–ื• ื™ืคืŸ ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืœื”.
12:38
You see, Japan did it like that.
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ืจื•ืื™ื, ื™ืคืŸ ืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช ื›ืš.
12:40
We add Japan to it.
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ืื ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื™ืคืŸ ืœื–ื”.
12:42
And there is no doubt that fast catch up
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืงืช ืคืขืจ ืžื”ื™ืจื”
12:45
can take place.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงืจื•ืช.
12:47
Can you see here what Japan did?
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืคื” ืžื” ื™ืคืŸ ืขืฉืชื”?
12:49
Japan did it like this, until full catch up,
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ื™ืคืŸ ืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช ื›ืš, ืขื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืงืช ืคืขืจ ืžืœืื”,
12:51
and then they follow with the other high-income economies.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
12:55
But the real projections for those ones,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื,
12:58
I would like to give it like this.
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ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื›ืš.
13:03
Can be worse, can be better.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:05
It's always difficult to predict, especially about the future.
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ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœื ื‘ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
13:09
Now, a historian tells me it's even more difficult to predict about the past.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ.
13:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:14
I think I'm in a difficult position here.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืงืฉื” ืคื”.
13:17
Inequalities in China and India
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ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•
13:19
I consider really the big obstacle
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
13:23
because to bring the entire population into growth and prosperity
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื‘ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ืœืฉื’ืฉื•ื’
13:27
is what will create a domestic market,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉื•ืง ืžืงื•ืžื™,
13:29
what will avoid social instability,
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ืžื” ืฉื™ืžื ืข ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
13:32
and which will make use of the entire capacity
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืกืคืง
13:35
of the population.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
13:37
So, social investments in health, education and infrastructure,
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ืื–, ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช,
13:41
and electricity is really what is needed in India and China.
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ื•ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืกื™ืŸ.
13:47
You know the climate. We have great international experts
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ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
13:50
within India telling us that the climate is changing,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื•ื“ื• ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืืงืœื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื”,
13:53
and actions has to be taken,
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ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืงื•ื˜,
13:55
otherwise China and India would be the countries
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ืื—ืจืช ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
13:58
most to suffer from climate change.
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ืืฉืจ ื™ืกื‘ืœื• ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
14:00
And I consider India and China the best partners in the world
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืกื™ืŸ ื›ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
14:03
in a good global climate policy.
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืืงืœื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
14:06
But they ain't going to pay
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ืืš ื”ื ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื
14:08
for what others, who have more money,
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ,
14:10
have largely created, and I can agree on that.
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ื™ืฆืจื• ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
14:13
But what I'm really worried about is war.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ื“ืื’ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžื”.
14:16
Will the former rich countries really accept
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ื”ืื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืืžืช
14:18
a completely changed world economy,
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ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
14:21
and a shift of power away from where it has been
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ื•ืชื–ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื”
14:24
the last 50 to 100 to 150 years,
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ื‘-50 ืขื“ 100, 150 ืฉื ื™ื.
14:26
back to Asia?
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ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืืกื™ื”?
14:28
And will Asia be able to handle that
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ื•ื”ืื ืืกื™ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื
14:30
new position of being in charge
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืื™ืช
14:32
of being the most mighty, and the governors of the world?
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ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื”ืื™ืชื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื?
14:35
So, always avoid war,
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ืื–, ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืžืœื—ืžื”,
14:37
because that always pushes human beings backward.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืื—ื•ืจื”.
14:40
Now if these inequalities, climate and war can be avoided,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื—ื•ืกืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืœื•, ืืงืœื™ื ื•ืžืœื—ืžื”,
14:44
get ready for a world in equity,
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ืชื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง.
14:47
because this is what seems to be happening.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
14:50
And that vision that I got as a young student,
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ื•ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื›ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืฆืขื™ืจ,
14:52
1972, that Indians can be much better than Swedes,
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1972, ืฉื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื,
14:58
is just about to happen.
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ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
15:00
And it will happen precisely
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
15:03
the year 2048
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2048
15:07
in the later part of the summer, in July,
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™,
15:10
more precisely, the 27th of July.
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ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง, ื‘-27 ืœื™ื•ืœื™.
15:13
(Applause)
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(ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:21
The 27th of July, 2048
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ื”-27 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™, 2048
15:25
is my 100th birthday.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื•ืœื“ืช 100 ืฉืœื™.
15:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:29
And I expect to speak
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฆืคื” ืœื”ืจืฆื•ืช
15:31
in the first session of the 39th TED India.
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ื‘ื›ื ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื“ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”-39.
15:35
Get your bookings in time. Thank you very much.
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ืชื™ืจืฉืžื• ืžืจืืฉ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
15:38
(Applause)
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(ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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