The politics of fiction | Elif Shafak

420,992 views ใƒป 2010-07-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shahar Kaiser ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
I'm a storyteller.
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ืื ื™ ืžืกืคืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
00:17
That's what I do in life -- telling stories,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ - ืžืกืคืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
00:19
writing novels --
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ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืจื•ืžืื ื™ื.
00:21
and today I would like to tell you a few stories
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื
00:23
about the art of storytelling
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ืขืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
00:25
and also some supernatural creatures
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ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื’ื“ื™
00:27
called the djinni.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ื’'ื™ื ื™.
00:29
But before I go there, please allow me to share with you
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ืืš ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืš, ืื ื ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื›ื
00:32
glimpses of my personal story.
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ื‘ืจืกื™ืกื™ื ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™.
00:34
I will do so with the help of words, of course,
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ืืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
00:37
but also a geometrical shape, the circle,
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ืืš ื’ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ื“ืกื™ืช, ื”ืžืขื’ืœ.
00:40
so throughout my talk,
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ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™,
00:42
you will come across several circles.
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ืืชื ืชื™ืชืงืœื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืขื’ืœื™ื.
00:45
I was born in Strasbourg, France
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ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื˜ืจืกื‘ื•ืจื’, ืฆืจืคืช
00:48
to Turkish parents.
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ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื™ื.
00:50
Shortly after, my parents got separated,
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ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื”ื•ืจื™ ื ืคืจื“ื•,
00:52
and I came to Turkey with my mom.
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ื•ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืœืชื•ืจื›ื™ื” ืขื ืื™ืžื™.
00:54
From then on, I was raised
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื’ื“ืœืชื™
00:56
as a single child by a single mother.
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ื›ื™ืœื“ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืื ื—ื“ ื”ื•ืจื™ืช.
00:58
Now in the early 1970s, in Ankara,
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื, ื‘ืื ืงืจื”,
01:00
that was a bit unusual.
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ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ื—ืจื™ื’.
01:02
Our neighborhood was full of large families,
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ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
01:04
where fathers were the heads of households,
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
01:07
so I grew up seeing my mother as a divorcee
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ืจืื•ืชื™ ืืช ืื™ืžื™ ื›ื’ืจื•ืฉื”
01:10
in a patriarchal environment.
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืœื™ืช.
01:12
In fact, I grew up observing
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื™
01:14
two different kinds of womanhood.
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ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื•ืช.
01:16
On the one hand was my mother,
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ืžื™,
01:18
a well-educated, secular, modern, westernized, Turkish woman.
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ืื™ืฉื” ืชื•ืจื›ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื”, ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช, ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื•ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
01:21
On the other hand was my grandmother,
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ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื‘ืชื™,
01:23
who also took care of me
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ืืฉืจ ื˜ื™ืคืœื” ื‘ื™
01:25
and was more spiritual, less educated
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช, ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื”
01:28
and definitely less rational.
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ื•ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืคื—ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช.
01:30
This was a woman who read coffee grounds to see the future
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืื™ืฉื”, ืืฉืจ ืงืจืื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืข ืฉื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืกืคืœ ื”ืงืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“
01:33
and melted lead into mysterious shapes
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ื•ืžืžื™ืกื” ืขื•ืคืจืช ืœื›ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ืกืชื•ืจื™ื•ืช
01:35
to fend off the evil eye.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจืข.
01:38
Many people visited my grandmother,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ืืช ืกื‘ืชื™,
01:40
people with severe acne on their faces
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžืงืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืืงื ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื
01:42
or warts on their hands.
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ืื• ื™ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื.
01:45
Each time, my grandmother would utter some words in Arabic,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื, ืกื‘ืชื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื“ืงืœืžืช ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ืช,
01:48
take a red apple and stab it
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ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืชืคื•ื— ืื“ื•ื ื•ื“ื•ืงืจืช ืื•ืชื•
01:50
with as many rose thorns
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ื‘ืงื•ืฆื™ ื•ืจื“ื™ื
01:52
as the number of warts she wanted to remove.
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ื›ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ืกื™ืจ.
01:55
Then one by one, she would
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ื•ืื– - ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื”
01:57
encircle these thorns with dark ink.
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ืžืงื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื“ื™ื• ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
02:00
A week later, the patient would come back
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ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื”ืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ
02:02
for a follow-up examination.
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ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžืขืงื‘.
02:04
Now, I'm aware that I should not be saying such things
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”
02:07
in front of an audience of scholars and scientists,
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ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
02:10
but the truth is, of all the people
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ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื, ืฉืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
02:12
who visited my grandmother for their skin conditions,
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ืืช ืกื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืขื•ืจื,
02:15
I did not see anyone go back
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ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืžืขื•ืœื ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืžื ื”
02:17
unhappy or unhealed.
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ืœื ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืื• ืฉืœื ื ืจืคื.
02:20
I asked her how she did this. Was it the power of praying?
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช. ื”ืื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื›ื•ื— ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”?
02:23
In response she said, "Yes, praying is effective,
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” "ื›ืŸ, ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื”.
02:26
but also beware of the power of circles."
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ืืš ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืฉืžืจื™ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉื‘ืžืขื’ืœื™ื".
02:29
From her, I learned, amongst many other things,
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ืžืžื ื” ืœืžื“ืชื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
02:32
one very precious lesson --
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ืœืงื— ืื—ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:34
that if you want to destroy something in this life,
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ืฉืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื›ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื,
02:36
be it an acne, a blemish
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืคืฆืขื•ืŸ, ืื• ืคื’ื
02:38
or the human soul,
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ืื• ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื,
02:40
all you need to do is to surround it with thick walls.
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ื›ืœ ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืงื™ืคื ื‘ื—ื•ืžื” ืขื‘ื”.
02:43
It will dry up inside.
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื ื™ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ.
02:45
Now we all live in some kind of a social and cultural circle.
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืขื’ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™.
02:48
We all do.
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ื›ืš ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
02:50
We're born into a certain family, nation, class.
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ืื ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืื•ืžื” ื•ืžืขืžื“ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
02:53
But if we have no connection whatsoever
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ื•ืื•ืœื ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•
02:56
with the worlds beyond the one we take for granted,
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ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉืื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•,
02:58
then we too run the risk
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ืื– ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ื ื™ื
03:00
of drying up inside.
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ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื.
03:02
Our imagination might shrink;
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ.
03:04
our hearts might dwindle,
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ืœื™ื‘ื ื• ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื“ื”ื•ืช.
03:06
and our humanness might wither
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ื•ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืงืžื•ืœ
03:08
if we stay for too long
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ืื ื ืฉืืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžื“ื™
03:10
inside our cultural cocoons.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืœืžื™ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
03:12
Our friends, neighbors, colleagues, family --
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ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•, ืฉื›ื ื™ื ื•, ืขืžื™ืชื™ื, ืžืฉืคื—ื” -
03:15
if all the people in our inner circle resemble us,
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ืื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ื•,
03:17
it means we are surrounded
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ืคืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ืงืคื™ื
03:19
with our mirror image.
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ื‘ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•.
03:21
Now one other thing women like my grandma do in Turkey
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื‘ืชื™ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื”,
03:24
is to cover mirrors with velvet
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ื”ื•ื ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืžืจืื•ืช ื‘ืงื˜ื™ืคื”
03:26
or to hang them on the walls with their backs facing out.
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ืื• ืœืชืœื•ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืฉื’ื‘ืŸ ืžื•ืคื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
03:29
It's an old Eastern tradition
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืขืชื™ืงื”
03:31
based on the knowledge that it's not healthy
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืจื™ื
03:33
for a human being to spend too much time
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ืœื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžื“ื™
03:36
staring at his own reflection.
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ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•.
03:38
Ironically, [living in] communities of the like-minded
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™, [ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘]ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช
03:41
is one of the greatest dangers
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ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:43
of today's globalized world.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
03:45
And it's happening everywhere,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
03:47
among liberals and conservatives,
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื•ืฉืžืจื ื™ื,
03:49
agnostics and believers, the rich and the poor,
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ืื’ื ื•ืกื˜ื™ืงื ื™ื ื•ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื,
03:51
East and West alike.
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ืžื–ืจื— ื•ืžืขืจื‘ ื›ืื—ื“.
03:53
We tend to form clusters
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ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืฅ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช
03:55
based on similarity,
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ,
03:57
and then we produce stereotypes
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ื•ืื– ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื
03:59
about other clusters of people.
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ืขืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
04:01
In my opinion, one way of transcending
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช
04:03
these cultural ghettos
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ืžืขืœ ื”ื’ื˜ืื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:05
is through the art of storytelling.
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ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
04:07
Stories cannot demolish frontiers,
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืกืง ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
04:10
but they can punch holes in our mental walls.
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ืืš ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืคืขื•ืจ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
04:13
And through those holes, we can get a glimpse of the other,
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ื•ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื”, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืงืœื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ,
04:16
and sometimes even like what we see.
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ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืฃ ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
04:19
I started writing fiction at the age of eight.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื”.
04:22
My mother came home one day with a turquoise notebook
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ืื™ืžื™ ื—ื–ืจื” ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืขื ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื–
04:25
and asked me if I'd be interested in keeping a personal journal.
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ื•ืฉืืœื” ืื•ืชื™ ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืื™ืฉื™.
04:28
In retrospect, I think she was slightly worried
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ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื“ืื’ืช
04:30
about my sanity.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
04:32
I was constantly telling stories at home, which was good,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื•ื”ื’ืช ืœืกืคืจ ืœืœื ืกื•ืฃ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘,
04:35
except I told this to imaginary friends around me,
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื ื”ื’ืชื™ ืœืกืคืจ ื–ืืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™,
04:37
which was not so good.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘.
04:39
I was an introverted child,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ื” ืžื•ืคื ืžืช
04:41
to the point of communicating with colored crayons
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ืขื“ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื—ื—ืชื™ ืขื ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœื™
04:44
and apologizing to objects
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ื•ื”ืชื ืฆืœืชื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ืคืฆื™ื
04:46
when I bumped into them,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ื”ื.
04:48
so my mother thought it might do me good
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืžื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™
04:50
to write down my day-to-day experiences
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ืœื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช
04:52
and emotions.
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ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื™.
04:54
What she didn't know was that I thought my life was terribly boring,
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ืžื” ืฉื ืขืœื ืžืขื™ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื—ื™ื™ ืžืฉืขืžืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:57
and the last thing I wanted to do
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
04:59
was to write about myself.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™.
05:01
Instead, I began to write about people other than me
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
05:04
and things that never really happened.
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ื•ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•.
05:06
And thus began my life-long passion
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ื•ื›ืš, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืฆืœื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื
05:08
for writing fiction.
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ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช.
05:10
So from the very beginning, fiction for me
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ื›ืš ืฉืžืจื’ืข ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื™
05:13
was less of an autobiographical manifestation
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™
05:16
than a transcendental journey
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืข ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื ืฉื’ื‘ืช.
05:18
into other lives, other possibilities.
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ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
05:20
And please bear with me:
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ื•ืื ื, ืœื›ื• ืื™ืชื™.
05:22
I'll draw a circle and come back to this point.
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ืืฆื™ื™ืจ ืžืขื’ืœ ื•ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
05:25
Now one other thing happened around this same time.
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ื›ืขืช, ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
05:27
My mother became a diplomat.
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ืื™ืžื™ ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ืช.
05:29
So from this small, superstitious,
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ื•ื›ืš, ืžื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกื‘ืชื™, ื”ืงื˜ื ื”,
05:31
middle-class neighborhood of my grandmother,
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ืขืชื™ืจืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืคืœื•ืช ,ืžื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™,
05:34
I was zoomed into this
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ื ืกืงืชื™ ื‘ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืืœ
05:36
posh, international school [in Madrid],
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ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ [ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ื“].
05:38
where I was the only Turk.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
05:40
It was here that I had my first encounter
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื™
05:42
with what I call the "representative foreigner."
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ืขื ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” "ื–ืจื™ื ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ื".
05:45
In our classroom, there were children from all nationalities,
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ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื™ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื.
05:48
yet this diversity did not necessarily lead
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื—
05:51
to a cosmopolitan, egalitarian
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ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื›ื™ืชืชื™ืช,
05:54
classroom democracy.
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ืงื•ืกืžื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
05:56
Instead, it generated an atmosphere
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืœืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจื”
05:58
in which each child was seen --
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ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ื ืชืคืก,
06:00
not as an individual on his own,
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ืœื ื›ืคืจื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžืกื•ื’ื•,
06:02
but as the representative of something larger.
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ืืœื ื ืฆื™ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:05
We were like a miniature United Nations, which was fun,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ืž, ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ืฃ,
06:08
except whenever something negative,
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื™ืœื™
06:10
with regards to a nation
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ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืื•ืžื”
06:12
or a religion, took place.
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ืื• ืœื“ืช.
06:14
The child who represented it was mocked,
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ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื•ืฉื ืœืœืขื’,
06:17
ridiculed and bullied endlessly.
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ื–ื›ื” ืœื™ื—ืก ืจืข ื•ืœื”ืฆืงื•ืช ืœืœื ืกื•ืฃ.
06:20
And I should know, because during the time I attended that school,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื“ืขืช ื–ืืช, ื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ืฉื ืจืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
06:23
a military takeover happened in my country,
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ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจืฆื™,
06:26
a gunman of my nationality nearly killed the Pope,
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ืžืชื ืงืฉ ื‘ืŸ ืืจืฆื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืจืฆื— ืืช ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ,
06:29
and Turkey got zero points in [the] Eurovision Song Contest.
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ื•ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืคืก ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื•ืŸ.
06:32
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:34
I skipped school often and dreamed of becoming a sailor
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ื ืขื“ืจืชื™ ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ืœืžืชื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš
06:36
during those days.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืจื“ืช-ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
06:38
I also had my first taste
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื ื˜ืขืžืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”
06:40
of cultural stereotypes there.
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ืืช ื˜ืขืžื• ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืจืื•ื˜ื™ืค.
06:42
The other children asked me about the movie
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืกืจื˜
06:44
"Midnight Express," which I had not seen;
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"ืืงืกืคืจืก ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื•ืช", ืฉืื ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™.
06:46
they inquired how many cigarettes a day I smoked,
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ื”ื ืชื—ืงืจื• ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช ืื ื™ ืžืขืฉื ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื,
06:49
because they thought all Turks were heavy smokers,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื ืžืขืฉื ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื.
06:52
and they wondered at what age
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ื•ื”ื ืชื”ื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื’ื™ืœ
06:54
I would start covering my hair.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ืฉืขืจื™.
06:56
I came to learn that these were
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ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืœื”
06:58
the three main stereotypes about my country:
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ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืกื˜ืจืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืขืœ ืืจืฆื™,
07:00
politics, cigarettes
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ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช
07:02
and the veil.
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ื•ื”ืจืขืœื”.
07:04
After Spain, we went to Jordan, Germany
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ืœืื—ืจ ืกืคืจื“ ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืœื™ืจื“ืŸ, ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”
07:06
and Ankara again.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื ืงืจื”.
07:08
Everywhere I went, I felt like
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืœื›ืชื™, ื—ืฉืชื™
07:10
my imagination was the only suitcase
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ืฉื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
07:12
I could take with me.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืฉืืช ืขื™ืžื™.
07:14
Stories gave me a sense of center,
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขื–ืจื• ืœื™ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš,
07:16
continuity and coherence,
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ืืช ื”ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช,
07:18
the three big Cs that I otherwise lacked.
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ืืœื” ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”-C [ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช] ืฉืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื• ื—ืกืจื™ื ืœื™.
07:21
In my mid-twenties, I moved to Istanbul,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœื™, ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืœืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ,
07:23
the city I adore.
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉื›ื” ื”ืขืจืฆืชื™.
07:25
I lived in a very vibrant, diverse neighborhood
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ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืกืกื’ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช
07:28
where I wrote several of my novels.
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ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืžืกืคืจื™ื™.
07:30
I was in Istanbul when the earthquake hit
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืจืขื” ืจืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื”
07:32
in 1999.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1999.
07:34
When I ran out of the building at three in the morning,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืžืœื˜ืชื™ ืžื”ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ,
07:37
I saw something that stopped me in my tracks.
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื˜ืข ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื™.
07:40
There was the local grocer there --
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืœืช -
07:42
a grumpy, old man who didn't sell alcohol
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ืื™ืฉ ื–ืงืŸ ื•ื–ืขืคืŸ ืฉืœื ืžื›ืจ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ
07:44
and didn't speak to marginals.
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ื•ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื.
07:46
He was sitting next to a transvestite
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ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืฆื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื ืกื•ื•ืกื˜ื™ื˜
07:49
with a long black wig
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ืขื ืคื™ืื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื•ืืจื•ื›ื”
07:51
and mascara running down her cheeks.
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ื•ืžืกืงืจื” ื–ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ืœื—ื™ื™ื”.
07:53
I watched the man open a pack of cigarettes
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ืคื•ืชื— ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช
07:55
with trembling hands
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืจื•ืขื“ื•ืช
07:57
and offer one to her,
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ื•ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื” ืื—ื“.
07:59
and that is the image of the night of the earthquake
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืœื™ืœ ืจืขื™ื“ืช ื”ืื“ืžื”
08:01
in my mind today --
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื–ืืช ื›ื™ื•ื -
08:03
a conservative grocer and a crying transvestite
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ื—ื ื•ื•ื ื™ ืฉืžืจืŸ ื•ื˜ืจื ืกื•ื•ืกื˜ื™ื˜ ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื™ื”
08:06
smoking together on the sidewalk.
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ืžืขืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื›ื”.
08:08
In the face of death and destruction,
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ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ
08:11
our mundane differences evaporated,
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ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืชืื“ื”,
08:13
and we all became one
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื”ื™ื™ื ืื—ื“
08:15
even if for a few hours.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืจืง ืœืฉืขื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ.
08:17
But I've always believed that stories, too, have a similar effect on us.
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ืืš ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืืžื ืชื™ ืฉืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื•.
08:20
I'm not saying that fiction has the magnitude of an earthquake,
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื›ื™ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื”.
08:23
but when we are reading a good novel,
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ื•ืื•ืœื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืกืคืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
08:25
we leave our small, cozy apartments behind,
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ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื”ื—ืžื™ืžื” ืžืื—ื•ืจ,
08:28
go out into the night alone
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ื•ืชืจื™ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืœื‘ื“ื ื•
08:30
and start getting to know people we had never met before
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ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืคื’ืฉื ื•
08:33
and perhaps had even been biased against.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ื.
08:36
Shortly after, I went
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ืžื™ื™ื“ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืขื‘ืจืชื™
08:38
to a women's college in Boston, then Michigan.
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืื– ื‘ืžื™ืฉื™ื’ืŸ.
08:41
I experienced this, not so much as a geographical shift,
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ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™
08:44
as a linguistic one.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืฉื•ื ื™.
08:46
I started writing fiction in English.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
08:48
I'm not an immigrant, refugee or exile --
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžื”ื’ืจืช, ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ืื• ื’ื•ืœื”.
08:50
they ask me why I do this --
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ื”ื ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื™ ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช.
08:52
but the commute between languages
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ืืš ื”ื”ื—ืœืคื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช
08:54
gives me the chance to recreate myself.
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ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
08:57
I love writing in Turkish,
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจื›ื™ืช,
08:59
which to me is very poetic and very emotional,
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ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืื“ ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžืื“ ืจื’ืฉื™ืช.
09:02
and I love writing in English, which to me
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื™
09:04
is very mathematical and cerebral.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืื“ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ื•ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืžื•ื—.
09:06
So I feel connected to each language in a different way.
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ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื›ืœ ืฉืคื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
09:09
For me, like millions of other people
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
09:11
around the world today,
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ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•,
09:13
English is an acquired language.
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ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืคื” ื ืจื›ืฉืช.
09:15
When you're a latecomer to a language,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืœื•ืžื“ ืฉืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืžืื•ื—ืจ,
09:17
what happens is you live there
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืืชื” ื ืžืฆื
09:20
with a continuous
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช
09:22
and perpetual frustration.
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ื•ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืชืกื›ื•ืœ.
09:24
As latecomers, we always want to say more, you know,
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ื›ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืขื•ื“, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
09:26
crack better jokes, say better things,
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ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:29
but we end up saying less
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ืืš ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช
09:31
because there's a gap between the mind and the tongue.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ.
09:33
And that gap is very intimidating.
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ื•ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืื™ื™ื ืžืื“.
09:36
But if we manage not to be frightened by it,
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ืืš ืื ืื ื• ืื•ื–ืจื™ื ืื•ืžืฅ ืฉืœื ืœืคื—ื“ ืžืžื ื•,
09:38
it's also stimulating.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื’ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื“ืจื‘ืŸ.
09:40
And this is what I discovered in Boston --
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ -
09:42
that frustration was very stimulating.
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ืฉืชืกื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืื“ ืžื“ืจื‘ืŸ.
09:45
At this stage, my grandmother,
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”, ืกื‘ืชื™,
09:46
who had been watching the course of my life
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ืฉืฉืžืจื” ืขืœื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™
09:48
with increasing anxiety,
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ื‘ื“ืื’ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช,
09:50
started to include in her daily prayers
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืชืคื™ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช
09:52
that I urgently get married
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ืชื—ื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ืืชื—ืชืŸ ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช
09:54
so that I could settle down once and for all.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืื—ืช ื•ืœืชืžื™ื“.
09:57
And because God loves her, I did get married.
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื”, ืื›ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืชื ืชื™.
10:00
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:02
But instead of settling down,
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ืืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก,
10:04
I went to Arizona.
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ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืœืืจื™ื–ื•ื ื”.
10:06
And since my husband is in Istanbul,
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื‘ืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ,
10:08
I started commuting between Arizona and Istanbul --
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ื–ื•ื ื” ื•ืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ.
10:11
the two places on the surface of earth
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
10:13
that couldn't be more different.
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื” ืžื–ื”.
10:15
I guess one part of me has always been a nomad,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื ื•ื•ื“,
10:18
physically and spiritually.
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ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื•ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช.
10:20
Stories accompany me,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ื•ื• ืื•ืชื™,
10:22
keeping my pieces and memories together,
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ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื™ ื•ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื™ ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•,
10:24
like an existential glue.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืง ืงื™ื•ืžื™.
10:26
Yet as much as I love stories,
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ืื•ืœื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืžืื“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
10:28
recently, I've also begun to think
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ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื’ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
10:31
that they lose their magic
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ืฉื”ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืงืกืžื
10:33
if and when a story is seen as more than a story.
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ืื ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ืชืคืก ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
10:36
And this is a subject that I would love
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืืฉืžื—
10:38
to think about together.
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืืชื›ื.
10:40
When my first novel written in English came out in America,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
10:43
I heard an interesting remark from a literary critic.
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ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื”ืขืจื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืžืžื‘ืงืจ ืกืคืจื•ืชื™.
10:46
"I liked your book," he said, "but I wish you had written it differently."
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"ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ", ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืช ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืื•ืชื• ืื—ืจืช".
10:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:53
I asked him what he meant by that.
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื”.
10:55
He said, "Well, look at it. There's so many
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื‘, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช
10:57
Spanish, American, Hispanic characters in it,
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ืกืคืจื“ื™ื•ืช, ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ืกืคื ื™ื•ืช,
10:59
but there's only one Turkish character and it's a man."
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ืืš ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื“ืžื•ืช ืชื•ืจื›ื™ืช ืื—ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื‘ืจ".
11:02
Now the novel took place on a university campus in Boston,
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืงืžืคื•ืก ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ,
11:05
so to me, it was normal
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ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืจืžืืœื™
11:07
that there be more international characters in it
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•
11:09
than Turkish characters,
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื•ืช.
11:11
but I understood what my critic was looking for.
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ืืš ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืžื” ื”ืžื‘ืงืจ ืฉืœื™ ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืฆื•ื.
11:13
And I also understood that I
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ื’ื ืฉืื ื™
11:15
would keep disappointing him.
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ืืžืฉื™ืš ืœืื›ื–ื‘ ืื•ืชื•.
11:17
He wanted to see the manifestation of my identity.
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ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ืคื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื’ื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
11:20
He was looking for a Turkish woman in the book
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ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ืคื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื™ืฉื” ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื” ื‘ืกืคืจ
11:23
because I happened to be one.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฆื ืฉืื ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ื–ื•.
11:25
We often talk about how stories change the world,
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ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
11:28
but we should also see how the world of identity politics
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ืืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช
11:31
affects the way stories
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ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
11:33
are being circulated,
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ืžื•ืคืฆื™ื,
11:35
read and reviewed.
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ื ืงืจืื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ืงืจื™ื.
11:37
Many authors feel this pressure,
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ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ,
11:39
but non-Western authors feel it more heavily.
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ืืš ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:42
If you're a woman writer from the Muslim world, like me,
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ืื ืืชื ืื™ืฉื”-ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™, ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
11:45
then you are expected to write
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ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืžื›ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘
11:47
the stories of Muslim women
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ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช
11:49
and, preferably, the unhappy stories
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ื•ืจืฆื•ื™, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘ื™ื
11:51
of unhappy Muslim women.
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ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ื‘ื•ืช.
11:53
You're expected to write
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ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืžื›ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘
11:55
informative, poignant and characteristic stories
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื—ื“ื™ื ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื™ื
11:58
and leave the experimental and avant-garde
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืื•ื•ื ื’ืจื“ื™
12:00
to your Western colleagues.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื.
12:02
What I experienced as a child in that school in Madrid
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ืžื” ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื›ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืžื“ืจื™ื“
12:05
is happening in the literary world today.
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช.
12:08
Writers are not seen
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ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืœื ื ืชืคืกื™ื
12:10
as creative individuals on their own,
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ื›ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื,
12:12
but as the representatives
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ืืœื ื›ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื
12:14
of their respective cultures:
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื.
12:16
a few authors from China, a few from Turkey,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื™ืŸ, ื›ืžื” ืžืชื•ืจื›ื™ื”,
12:19
a few from Nigeria.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”.
12:21
We're all thought to have something very distinctive,
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ืžื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื“ ืฉื•ื ื”,
12:23
if not peculiar.
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ืื ืœื ืžื•ื–ืจ.
12:25
The writer and commuter James Baldwin
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ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช, ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื‘ื•ืœื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
12:28
gave an interview in 1984
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ื ืชืŸ ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1984
12:30
in which he was repeatedly asked about his homosexuality.
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ืฉื‘ื• ื ืฉืืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
12:33
When the interviewer tried to pigeonhole him
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืจืื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืกื” ืœืงื˜ืœื’ ืื•ืชื•
12:35
as a gay writer,
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ื›ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ื•ืžื•ืกืงืกื•ืืœ,
12:37
Baldwin stopped and said,
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ื‘ื•ืœื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืกื™ืง ื•ืืžืจ,
12:39
"But don't you see? There's nothing in me
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"ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ืš ืจื•ืื”? ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื™ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ
12:41
that is not in everybody else,
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ,
12:43
and nothing in everybody else
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ
12:45
that is not in me."
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื™".
12:47
When identity politics tries to put labels on us,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื ืกื” ืœืชื™ื™ื’ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืชื’ื™ื,
12:50
it is our freedom of imagination that is in danger.
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ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
12:53
There's a fuzzy category called
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจืคืœืช ืฉืงืจื•ื™ื”
12:55
multicultural literature
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ืกืคืจื•ืช ืจื‘-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช
12:57
in which all authors from outside the Western world
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ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™
12:59
are lumped together.
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ืžื’ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื“.
13:01
I never forget my first multicultural reading,
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืืฉื›ื— ืืช ื”ื”ืงืจืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™,
13:03
in Harvard Square about 10 years ago.
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ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“, ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
13:06
We were three writers, one from the Philippines,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ืคืจื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื,
13:09
one Turkish and one Indonesian --
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ืื—ืช ืžืชื•ืจื›ื™ื” ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื” -
13:11
like a joke, you know.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื”, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
13:13
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:15
And the reason why we were brought together
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื ื• ื™ื—ื“
13:17
was not because we shared an artistic style
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืืžื ื•ืชื™
13:19
or a literary taste.
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ืื• ืœื˜ืขื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™.
13:21
It was only because of our passports.
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ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
13:23
Multicultural writers are expected to tell real stories,
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ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืจื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ืคื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื”ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื,
13:26
not so much the imaginary.
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ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืืช ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
13:28
A function is attributed to fiction.
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ื›ื”ืžืฆืื”.
13:31
In this way, not only the writers themselves,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•, ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื,
13:33
but also their fictional characters
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ืืœื ืืฃ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืžื•ืžืฆืื•ืช
13:36
become the representatives of something larger.
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ื ืชืคืกื•ืช ื›ื ืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:39
But I must quickly add
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ืืš ืขืœื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื™ื“
13:41
that this tendency to see a story
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ืฉื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
13:43
as more than a story
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
13:45
does not solely come from the West.
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ืœื ืžื’ื™ืข ืืš ื•ืจืง ืžื”ืžืขืจื‘.
13:47
It comes from everywhere.
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
13:49
And I experienced this firsthand
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ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
13:51
when I was put on trial in 2005
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005
13:54
for the words my fictional characters uttered in a novel.
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ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืืžืจื• ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™.
13:57
I had intended to write
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ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘
13:59
a constructive, multi-layered novel
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ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื•ืจื‘ ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™
14:02
about an Armenian and a Turkish family
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ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืืจืžื ื™ืช ื•ืชื•ืจื›ื™ืช
14:04
through the eyes of women.
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ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื”.
14:06
My micro story became a macro issue
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืคืš ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
14:09
when I was prosecuted.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืœื“ื™ืŸ.
14:11
Some people criticized, others praised me
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ืื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ืื•ืชื™, ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื—ื• ืื•ืชื™
14:13
for writing about the Turkish-Armenian conflict.
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ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ืชื•ืจื›ื™-ืืจืžื ื™.
14:16
But there were times when I wanted to remind both sides
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ืืš ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื
14:19
that this was fiction.
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ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
14:21
It was just a story.
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ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืจืง ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
14:23
And when I say, "just a story,"
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช "ืจืง ืกื™ืคื•ืจ",
14:25
I'm not trying to belittle my work.
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืžืขื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืจืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™.
14:27
I want to love and celebrate fiction
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ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื—ื’ื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช
14:29
for what it is,
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื,
14:31
not as a means to an end.
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ื•ืœื ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืžื˜ืจื”.
14:33
Writers are entitled to their political opinions,
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ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
14:35
and there are good political novels out there,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืฉื•ืง,
14:38
but the language of fiction
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ืืš ืฉืคืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช
14:40
is not the language of daily politics.
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ืื™ื ื ื” ืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช.
14:42
Chekhov said,
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ืฆ'ื›ื•ื‘ ืืžืจ,
14:44
"The solution to a problem
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"ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื”
14:46
and the correct way of posing the question
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืื•ืชื” ืœื ืกื— ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”
14:48
are two completely separate things.
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ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
14:51
And only the latter is an artist's responsibility."
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ื•ืจืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžืŸ".
14:55
Identity politics divides us. Fiction connects.
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ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืคืจื™ื“ื” ืื•ืชื ื•. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ืžื—ื‘ืจืช.
14:58
One is interested in sweeping generalizations.
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ื”ืื—ืช ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื”ื›ืœืœื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
15:01
The other, in nuances.
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ื”ืื—ืจืช, ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื“ืงื™ื.
15:03
One draws boundaries.
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ื”ืื—ืช ืžืฉืจื˜ื˜ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
15:05
The other recognizes no frontiers.
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ื”ืื—ืจืช ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ.
15:07
Identity politics is made of solid bricks.
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ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืœื‘ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืงื•ืช.
15:10
Fiction is flowing water.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื ืฉื•ืคืขื™ื.
15:13
In the Ottoman times, there were itinerant storytellers called "meddah."
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจื™-ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื• "ืžืื“ื”"
15:16
They would go to coffee houses,
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ื”ื ื ื”ื’ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืชื™ ืงืคื”,
15:18
where they would tell a story in front of an audience,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
15:20
often improvising.
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืืœืชืจื™ื.
15:22
With each new person in the story,
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ืขื ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืขื•ื“ ื“ืžื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
15:24
the meddah would change his voice,
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืื“ื” ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืœื,
15:26
impersonating that character.
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ืžื—ืงื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื“ืžื•ืช.
15:28
Everybody could go and listen, you know --
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ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื•ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื -
15:30
ordinary people, even the sultan, Muslims and non-Muslims.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืกื•ืœื˜ืŸ, ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื.
15:33
Stories cut across all boundaries,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื—ืฆื• ื“ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
15:36
like "The Tales of Nasreddin Hodja,"
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ื›ืžื• "ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื’'ื•ื—ื”",
15:38
which were very popular throughout the Middle East,
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื ืžืื“ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
15:40
North Africa, the Balkans and Asia.
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ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื”ื‘ืœืงืŸ ื•ืืกื™ื”.
15:43
Today, stories continue
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
15:45
to transcend borders.
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ืœืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
15:47
When Palestinian and Israeli politicians talk,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ืื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
15:50
they usually don't listen to each other,
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”.
15:52
but a Palestinian reader
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ืืš, ืงื•ืจื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™
15:54
still reads a novel by a Jewish author,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจื ืจื•ืžืื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื,
15:56
and vice versa, connecting and empathizing
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ื•ื›ืš ืœื”ืคืš, ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžื’ืœื™ื ืืžืคืชื™ื”
15:59
with the narrator.
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ืืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืกืคืจืช.
16:01
Literature has to take us beyond.
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ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืœืฉืืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ.
16:03
If it cannot take us there,
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ืื ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืฉื,
16:05
it is not good literature.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืœื ืกืคืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
16:07
Books have saved the introverted,
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ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื”
16:09
timid child that I was -- that I once was.
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ื”ืžื•ืคื ืžืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ืช, ืฉืคืขื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™.
16:12
But I'm also aware of the danger
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ืืš ื‘ื• ื‘ืขืช ืื ื™ ืขืจื” ืœืกื›ื ื”
16:14
of fetishizing them.
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ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช ืฉืœื”ื.
16:16
When the poet and mystic, Rumi,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ื”ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ืจื•ืžื™,
16:18
met his spiritual companion, Shams of Tabriz,
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ืคื’ืฉ ืืช ืขืžื™ืชื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™, ืฉืืžืก ืื™ืฉ-ืชืจื‘ื™ื– (ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืคืจืก)
16:21
one of the first things the latter did
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืขืฉื”
16:23
was to toss Rumi's books into water
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืกืคืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื™ ืœืžื™ื
16:25
and watch the letters dissolve.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืชืžื•ืกืกื•ืช.
16:27
The Sufis say, "Knowledge that takes you not beyond yourself
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ื”ืกื•ืคื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืชืš ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืฆืžืš
16:31
is far worse than ignorance."
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ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื•ืจื•ืช".
16:34
The problem with today's cultural ghettos
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื’ื˜ืื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื
16:36
is not lack of knowledge --
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื“ืข.
16:38
we know a lot about each other, or so we think --
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื• ื›ืš ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื ื• ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื.
16:41
but knowledge that takes us not beyond ourselves:
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ืืš ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืชื ื• ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ื•,
16:44
it makes us elitist,
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ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืืœื™ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื,
16:46
distant and disconnected.
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ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื•ืžื ื•ืชืงื™ื.
16:48
There's a metaphor which I love:
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช:
16:50
living like a drawing compass.
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื—ื•ื’ื”.
16:52
As you know, one leg of the compass is static, rooted in a place.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืจื’ืœ ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื•ื’ื” ื ื˜ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืกื˜ืื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื”.
16:55
Meanwhile, the other leg
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ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืขืช, ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืื—ืจืช
16:57
draws a wide circle, constantly moving.
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ืžืฆื™ื™ืจืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื ืขื” ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ.
16:59
Like that, my fiction as well.
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ืฉืœื™.
17:01
One part of it is rooted in Istanbul,
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ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ืฉืœื” ื ื˜ื•ืข ื‘ืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ
17:03
with strong Turkish roots,
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ืขื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืชื•ืจื›ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื.
17:06
but the other part travels the world,
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ืืš ื—ืœืง ืื—ืจ ื‘ื” ื ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
17:08
connecting to different cultures.
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ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
17:10
In that sense, I like to think of my fiction
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™
17:12
as both local and universal,
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ื’ื ื›ืœื•ืงืืœื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื›ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืืœื™ื™ื,
17:15
both from here and everywhere.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื "ืžื›ืืŸ", ืืš ื’ื "ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื".
17:17
Now those of you who have been to Istanbul
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ืืœื• ืžื›ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ
17:19
have probably seen Topkapi Palace,
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ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืจืื• ืืช ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืคืงืืคื™ (ื‘ืชื•ืจื›ื™ืช: "ืืจืžื•ืŸ ืฉืขืจ ื”ืชื•ืชื—")
17:21
which was the residence of Ottoman sultans
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ื.
17:23
for more than 400 years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-400 ืฉื ื”.
17:26
In the palace, just outside the quarters
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ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸ, ืžืžืฉ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืชื—ื ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื
17:28
of the favorite concubines,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
17:30
there's an area called The Gathering Place of the Djinn.
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ื™ืฉ ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื "ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื’'ื™ื ื™".
17:33
It's between buildings.
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ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
17:35
I'm intrigued by this concept.
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ืื ื™ ืžืจื•ืชืงืช ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
17:37
We usually distrust those areas
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ืื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ืฉื“ื ื™ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”
17:39
that fall in between things.
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ืฉื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
17:41
We see them as the domain
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจ
17:43
of supernatural creatures like the djinn,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ื’'ื™ื ื™,
17:45
who are made of smokeless fire
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืืฉ ื—ืกืจืช ืขืฉืŸ
17:47
and are the symbol of elusiveness.
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ื•ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืžืงืžืงื•ืช.
17:49
But my point is perhaps
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ืืš ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื, ืื•ืœื™,
17:51
that elusive space
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ืฉืื–ื•ืจ ื—ืžืงืžืง
17:53
is what writers and artists need most.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื•ืืžื ื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ.
17:56
When I write fiction
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช
17:58
I cherish elusiveness and changeability.
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ืื ื™ ืžื˜ืคื—ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืžืงืžืงื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
18:00
I like not knowing what will happen 10 pages later.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืขืฉืจ ื“ืคื™ื.
18:03
I like it when my characters surprise me.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืžืคืชื™ืขื•ืช ืื•ืชื™.
18:05
I might write about
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ
18:07
a Muslim woman in one novel,
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ืื™ืฉื” ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ื“.
18:09
and perhaps it will be a very happy story,
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ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืžื—.
18:11
and in my next book, I might write
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ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื‘ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืื›ืชื•ื‘
18:13
about a handsome, gay professor in Norway.
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ืขืœ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื ืื” ื•ื”ื•ืžื• ื‘ื ื•ืจื•ื•ื’ื™ื”.
18:16
As long as it comes from our hearts,
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืŸ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื•,
18:18
we can write about anything and everything.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
18:21
Audre Lorde once said,
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ืื•ื“ืจื™ ืœื•ืจื“ (ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ืงืืจื™ื‘ื™ืช-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช) ืืžืจื” ืคืขื,
18:23
"The white fathers taught us to say,
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"ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ,
18:26
'I think, therefore I am.'"
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'ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืžืฉืžืข ืื ื™ ืงื™ื™ื'".
18:28
She suggested, "I feel, therefore I am free."
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื”, "ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ, ืžืฉืžืข ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™".
18:31
I think it was a wonderful paradigm shift.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื• ืชืคื ื™ืช ื ื”ื“ืจืช ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
18:34
And yet, why is it that,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื”
18:36
in creative writing courses today,
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ืฉื‘ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื,
18:38
the very first thing we teach students is
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ื
18:40
"write what you know"?
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ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
18:42
Perhaps that's not the right way to start at all.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ.
18:45
Imaginative literature is not necessarily about
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ืกืคืจื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื—
18:48
writing who we are or what we know
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ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
18:51
or what our identity is about.
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ืื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
18:54
We should teach young people and ourselves
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืœืžื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
18:56
to expand our hearts
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ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
18:58
and write what we can feel.
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ื•ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื.
19:00
We should get out of our cultural ghetto
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื’ื˜ื• ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื ื•
19:02
and go visit the next one and the next.
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ื•ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœื• ื•ื–ื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื•.
19:05
In the end, stories move like whirling dervishes,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ืขื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื•ืœืœื™ื,
19:08
drawing circles beyond circles.
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ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขื’ืœื™ื.
19:11
They connect all humanity,
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ื”ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
19:13
regardless of identity politics,
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ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช.
19:15
and that is the good news.
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ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
19:17
And I would like to finish with an old Sufi poem:
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื ืฉื™ืจ ืกื•ืคื™ ืขืชื™ืง.
19:19
"Come, let us be friends for once;
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"ื‘ื•ื, ื”ื‘ื ื ืฉืœื™ื, ืœืฉื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™;
19:22
let us make life easy on us;
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ื”ื‘ื ื ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื;
19:24
let us be lovers and loved ones;
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ื”ื‘ื ื ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื;
19:26
the earth shall be left to no one."
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ื”ืื“ืžื” ืชื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ืœืืฃ ืื“ื".
19:29
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
19:31
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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