3 clues to understanding your brain | VS Ramachandran

750,225 views ใƒป 2007-10-23

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Oran Tzuman ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:25
Well, as Chris pointed out, I study the human brain,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืจื™ืก ืืžืจ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ โ€“
00:29
the functions and structure of the human brain.
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ืืช ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
00:31
And I just want you to think for a minute about what this entails.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ื“ืงื” ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ.
00:35
Here is this mass of jelly, three-pound mass of jelly
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื™ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื 1.2 ืงื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื’'ืœื™
00:39
you can hold in the palm of your hand,
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“,
00:42
and it can contemplate the vastness of interstellar space.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™.
00:46
It can contemplate the meaning of infinity
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ
00:48
and it can contemplate itself contemplating on the meaning of infinity.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื’ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ.
00:53
And this peculiar recursive quality that we call self-awareness,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืงื•ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช,
00:58
which I think is the holy grail of neuroscience, of neurology,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืข ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—,
01:02
and hopefully, someday, we'll understand how that happens.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”.
01:05
OK, so how do you study this mysterious organ?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ื”ื–ื”?
01:08
I mean, you have 100 billion nerve cells,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืชืื™ ืขืฆื‘,
01:12
little wisps of protoplasm, interacting with each other,
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ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืคืœืกืžื”, ืžืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
01:15
and from this activity emerges the whole spectrum of abilities
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ื•ืžื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื ื•ืฆืจ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช
01:19
that we call human nature and human consciousness.
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ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
01:22
How does this happen?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”?
01:23
Well, there are many ways of approaching the functions of the human brain.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
01:26
One approach, the one we use mainly,
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ื’ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืช, ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจื‘,
01:29
is to look at patients with sustained damage to a small region of the brain,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—,
01:34
where there's been a genetic change in a small region of the brain.
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ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื•ื—.
01:36
What then happens is not an across-the-board reduction
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ืžื—ื™ืงื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช
01:40
in all your mental capacities,
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
01:42
a sort of blunting of your cognitive ability.
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ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื›ื ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ืช.
01:45
What you get is a highly selective loss of one function,
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืžื•ืงื“ ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืื—ืช
01:48
with other functions being preserved intact,
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ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ืชืงื™ื ื•ืช.
01:50
and this gives you some confidence in asserting
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื—
01:52
that that part of the brain is somehow involved in mediating that function.
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ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืื—ืจืื™ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
01:56
So you can then map function onto structure,
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ื•ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืœืžื‘ื ื”,
01:58
and then find out what the circuitry's doing
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ื™ื
02:01
to generate that particular function.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
02:03
So that's what we're trying to do.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
02:05
So let me give you a few striking examples of this.
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืœื›ืš.
02:08
In fact, I'm giving you three examples, six minutes each, during this talk.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช, ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืฉ ื“ืงื•ืช, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
02:12
The first example is an extraordinary syndrome called Capgras syndrome.
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ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืงืคื’ืจืืก.
02:16
If you look at the first slide there,
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื›ืืŸ,
02:18
that's the temporal lobes, frontal lobes, parietal lobes, OK --
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžืคื•ืจืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื™ืื˜ืœื™ื•ืช,
02:23
the lobes that constitute the brain.
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ื”ืื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—.
02:25
And if you look, tucked away inside the inner surface of the temporal lobes --
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื ืžืฆื, ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžืคื•ืจืœื™ื•ืช
02:29
you can't see it there --
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ,
02:31
is a little structure called the fusiform gyrus.
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ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื“ืžื•ื™-ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ (fusiform gyrus)
02:33
And that's been called the face area in the brain,
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ื•ืœื–ื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—
02:36
because when it's damaged, you can no longer recognize people's faces.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืคื’ื•ืข, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:39
You can still recognize them from their voice
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืœืคื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ื
02:41
and say, "Oh yeah, that's Joe,"
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ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, ืื” ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื’'ื•,
02:43
but you can't look at their face and know who it is, right?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ื•ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื™ ื–ื”.
02:46
You can't even recognize yourself in the mirror.
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ื‘ืžืจืื”.
02:48
I mean, you know it's you because you wink and it winks,
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ืืชื”, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจืฅ ื›ืฉืืชื” ืงื•ืจืฅ,
02:51
and you know it's a mirror,
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ื•ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื–ืืช ืžืจืื”,
02:53
but you don't really recognize yourself as yourself.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืš.
02:56
OK. Now that syndrome is well known as caused by damage to the fusiform gyrus.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื”ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง ืžื•ื—ื™ ืœืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ.
03:00
But there's another rare syndrome, so rare, in fact,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื“ื™ืจื”, ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ื“ื™ืจื”
03:03
that very few physicians have heard about it, not even neurologists.
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ืฉืžืขื˜ ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
03:07
This is called the Capgras delusion,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืงืคื’ืจืืก.
03:09
and that is a patient, who's otherwise completely normal,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ืืฆืœ ืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช
03:12
has had a head injury, comes out of coma,
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ืฉื—ื•ื• ื ื–ืง ืžื•ื—ื™, ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืชืจื“ืžืช,
03:15
otherwise completely normal, he looks at his mother
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ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžื ืฉืœื”ื
03:18
and says, "This looks exactly like my mother, this woman,
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ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืืžื ืฉืœื™,
03:21
but she's an impostor.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื, ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื–ื”,
03:23
She's some other woman pretending to be my mother."
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ื”ื™ื ืื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ืคื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืืžื ืฉืœื™."
03:25
Now, why does this happen?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”?
03:27
Why would somebody -- and this person is perfectly lucid and intelligent
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘, ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ืฆืœื•ืœ ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื”
03:30
in all other respects, but when he sees his mother,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืืžื ืฉืœื•
03:32
his delusion kicks in and says, it's not mother.
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ื”ืืฉืœื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื•ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื–ืืช ืœื ืืžื ืฉืœื•.
03:35
Now, the most common interpretation of this,
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ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
03:37
which you find in all the psychiatry textbooks,
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ืื•ืชื” ืชืžืฆืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื”,
03:39
is a Freudian view, and that is that this chap --
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื“ื™ืื ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
03:43
and the same argument applies to women, by the way,
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื ืฉื™ื, ืื’ื‘,
03:45
but I'll just talk about guys.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืจื’ืข ืขืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื -
03:47
When you're a little baby, a young baby,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“,
03:50
you had a strong sexual attraction to your mother.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื• ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืœืืžื ืฉืœื•.
03:52
This is the so-called Oedipus complex of Freud.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืชืกื‘ื™ืš ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“.
03:54
I'm not saying I believe this,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื”,
03:56
but this is the standard Freudian view.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืคืจื•ื™ื“ ืืžืจ.
03:58
And then, as you grow up, the cortex develops,
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื” ื’ื“ืœ, ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืชืคืชื—ืช,
04:01
and inhibits these latent sexual urges towards your mother.
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ื•ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืืžื ืฉืœืš.
04:05
Thank God, or you would all be sexually aroused when you saw your mother.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืืชื” ืœื ืžื’ื•ืจื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืืžื ืฉืœืš.
04:09
And then what happens is,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื,
04:11
there's a blow to your head, damaging the cortex,
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ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื ื–ืง ืžื•ื—ื™ ืฉืคื•ื’ื ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื”,
04:13
allowing these latent sexual urges to emerge,
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ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
04:17
flaming to the surface, and suddenly and inexplicably
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ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ื•ืœืคืชืข, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืกื‘ืจ
04:20
you find yourself being sexually aroused by your mother.
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ืืชื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืžื ืฉืœืš.
04:23
And you say, "My God, if this is my mom,
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ื•ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ "ืื ื–ืืช ืืžื ืฉืœื™,
04:25
how come I'm being sexually turned on?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช?
04:27
She's some other woman. She's an impostor."
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื ืืžื ืฉืœื™, ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื–ื”."
04:29
It's the only interpretation that makes sense to your damaged brain.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืžื•ื— ื”ืคื’ื•ืข.
04:33
This has never made much sense to me, this argument.
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ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื“ื™ืื ื™ืช ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื ืจืืชื” ืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
04:36
It's very ingenious, as all Freudian arguments are --
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ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ื’ืื•ื ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื“ื™ืื ื™ื•ืช...
04:39
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืงื”ืœ)
04:41
-- but didn't make much sense because I have seen the same delusion,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื›ื™ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืืฉืœื™ื™ื”,
04:46
a patient having the same delusion, about his pet poodle.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืคื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื•.
04:48
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืงื”ืœ)
04:49
He'll say, "Doctor, this is not Fifi. It looks exactly like Fifi,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืคื™, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื,
04:54
but it's some other dog." Right?
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ื–ื” ืกืชื ื›ืœื‘ ืื—ืจ."
04:56
Now, you try using the Freudian explanation there.
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ื ืจืื” ืืชื›ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื“ื™ืื ื™ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
04:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืงื”ืœ)
04:59
You'll start talking about the latent bestiality in all humans,
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ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื,
05:03
or some such thing, which is quite absurd, of course.
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ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ื™ ืื—ืจ.
05:06
Now, what's really going on?
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ืื– ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืŸ?
05:08
So, to explain this curious disorder,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช,
05:10
we look at the structure and functions of the normal visual pathways in the brain.
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ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื—.
05:14
Normally, visual signals come in, into the eyeballs,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™, ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื,
05:17
go to the visual areas in the brain.
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ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
05:19
There are, in fact, 30 areas in the back of your brain concerned with just vision,
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ื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” 30 ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœืจืื™ื™ื”,
05:22
and after processing all that, the message goes to a small structure
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“, ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžื‘ื ื” ืงื˜ืŸ,
05:25
called the fusiform gyrus, where you perceive faces.
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ื”-fusiform gyrus, ืฉืชื•ืคืก ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื.
05:30
There are neurons there that are sensitive to faces.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื.
05:32
You can call it the face area of the brain, right?
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—, ื›ืŸ?
05:35
I talked about that earlier.
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืงื•ื“ื.
05:37
Now, when that area's damaged, you lose the ability to see faces, right?
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ื›ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืคื’ื•ื ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื, ื›ืŸ?
05:41
But from that area, the message cascades
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืขื•ื‘ืจ
05:44
into a structure called the amygdala in the limbic system,
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ืœืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื”, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื‘ื™ืช,
05:47
the emotional core of the brain,
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ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื™ื’ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
05:49
and that structure, called the amygdala,
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ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื ืงืจื ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื”,
05:51
gauges the emotional significance of what you're looking at.
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ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื•.
05:53
Is it prey? Is it predator? Is it mate?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื˜ืจืฃ? ื”ืื ื–ื” ื˜ื•ืจืฃ? ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’?
05:57
Or is it something absolutely trivial, like a piece of lint,
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ืื• ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื˜ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืืœื™, ื›ืžื• ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืžื•ืš,
05:59
or a piece of chalk, or a -- I don't want to point to that, but --
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ืื• ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื’ื™ืจ, ืื• - ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื–ื” -
06:03
or a shoe, or something like that? OK?
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ืื• ื ืขืœ, ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”, ื›ืŸ?
06:05
Which you can completely ignore.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื•.
06:07
So if the amygdala is excited, and this is something important,
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ื•ืื ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ืžื’ื•ืจื”, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
06:10
the messages then cascade into the autonomic nervous system.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช.
06:13
Your heart starts beating faster.
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ื”ืœื‘ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืขื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ,
06:15
You start sweating to dissipate the heat that you're going to
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ืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื
06:18
create from muscular exertion.
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื.
06:20
And that's fortunate, because we can put two electrodes on your palm
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ื•ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืฉืชื™ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“
06:24
and measure the change in skin resistance produced by sweating.
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ื•ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืœื›ื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื–ืขื”.
06:28
So I can determine, when you're looking at something,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง, ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•,
06:30
whether you're excited or whether you're aroused, or not, OK?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื ืื• ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืื• ืœื, ืื•ืงื™ื™?
06:34
And I'll get to that in a minute.
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ืื ื™ ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ื“ืงื”.
06:36
So my idea was, when this chap looks at an object, when he looks at his --
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ืื– ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื™, ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื—ืคืฅ,
06:40
any object for that matter, it goes to the visual areas and,
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ื›ืœ ื—ืคืฅ, ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื™ื
06:44
however, and it's processed in the fusiform gyrus,
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ื•ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘-fusiform gyrus,
06:47
and you recognize it as a pea plant, or a table,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืฉื–ื” ืฆืžื— ืืคื•ื ื”, ืื• ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ,
06:50
or your mother, for that matter, OK?
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ืื• ืืžื ืฉืœื•, ื ื’ื™ื“, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
06:52
And then the message cascades into the amygdala,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื”,
06:55
and then goes down the autonomic nervous system.
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ื•ืื– ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช.
06:57
But maybe, in this chap, that wire that goes from the amygdala to the limbic system,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฆืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืœืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื”,
07:02
the emotional core of the brain, is cut by the accident.
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ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื™ื’ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—, ื ื™ืชืง ื‘ืชืื•ื ื”.
07:05
So because the fusiform is intact,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”-fusiform gyrus ืชืงื™ืŸ,
07:07
the chap can still recognize his mother,
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื–ื”ื” ืืช ืืžื ืฉืœื•,
07:10
and says, "Oh yeah, this looks like my mother."
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ื•ื™ื’ื™ื“ "ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืืžื ืฉืœื™."
07:12
But because the wire is cut to the emotional centers,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจื™ื’ืฉื™ ืœื ืงื™ื™ื,
07:15
he says, "But how come, if it's my mother, I don't experience a warmth?"
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ "ืื ื–ืืช ืืžื ืฉืœื™, ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื—ื ื‘ืœื‘?"
07:19
Or terror, as the case may be? Right?
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ืื• ืื™ืžื”, ื›ืŸ? ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืืžื.
07:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืงื”ืœ)
07:22
And therefore, he says, "How do I account for this inexplicable lack of emotions?
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ "ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช?
07:28
This can't be my mother.
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ื–ืืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžื ืฉืœื™.
07:30
It's some strange woman pretending to be my mother."
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ื–ืืช ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืื—ืจืช ืฉืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ืคื ื™ื."
07:32
How do you test this?
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ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื”?
07:34
Well, what you do is, if you take any one of you here, and put you in front of a screen,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ื•ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ืืชื›ื ืžื•ืœ ืžืกืš,
07:36
and measure your galvanic skin response,
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ื•ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื,
07:39
and show pictures on the screen,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš,
07:41
I can measure how you sweat when you see an object,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื›ืžื” ืืชื ืžื–ื™ืขื™ื ื›ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•.
07:44
like a table or an umbrella. Of course, you don't sweat.
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ืื ื–ื” ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืื• ืžื˜ืจื™ื”, ืืชื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ืžื–ื™ืขื™ื.
07:47
If I show you a picture of a lion, or a tiger, or a pinup, you start sweating, right?
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ืื ื–ื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื™ื”, ืื• ื ืžืจ, ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจื”, ืืชื ืžื–ื™ืขื™ื, ื›ืŸ?
07:52
And, believe it or not, if I show you a picture of your mother --
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ื•ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื, ืื ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืžื ืฉืœื›ื
07:55
I'm talking about normal people -- you start sweating.
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ืื ืืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื, ืืชื ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื–ื™ืข.
07:57
You don't even have to be Jewish.
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ืืชื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.
07:59
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืงื”ืœ)
08:01
Now, what happens if you show this patient?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”?
08:05
You take the patient and show him pictures on the screen
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ืžืจืื™ื ืœื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืกืš
08:09
and measure his galvanic skin response.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื–ืขื” ืฉืœื•.
08:11
Tables and chairs and lint, nothing happens, as in normal people,
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ื›ืกืื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ืœื™, ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ,
08:16
but when you show him a picture of his mother,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื›ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืœื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืžื ืฉืœื•
08:18
the galvanic skin response is flat.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื–ื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
08:20
There's no emotional reaction to his mother,
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืœืืžื ืฉืœื•.
08:22
because that wire going from the visual areas to the emotional centers is cut.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืจืื™ื” ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื ืงื˜ืข.
08:27
So his vision is normal because the visual areas are normal,
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ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช, ื›ื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจืื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืชืงื™ืŸ
08:30
his emotions are normal -- he'll laugh, he'll cry, so on and so forth --
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ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ื—ืง, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื›ื”,
08:33
but the wire from vision to emotions is cut
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืื™ื” ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื ื—ืชืš
08:36
and therefore he has this delusion that his mother is an impostor.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืืžื ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื–ื”.
08:39
It's a lovely example of the sort of thing we do:
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ื–ืืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
08:42
take a bizarre, seemingly incomprehensible, neural psychiatric syndrome
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ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื–ืืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื ื”
08:46
and say that the standard Freudian view is wrong,
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ื•ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื“ื™ืื ื™ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”,
08:48
that, in fact, you can come up with a precise explanation
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง
08:52
in terms of the known neural anatomy of the brain.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
08:54
By the way, if this patient then goes,
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ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืื ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื—ื“ืจ ืื—ืจ,
08:56
and mother phones from an adjacent room -- phones him --
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ื•ืืžื ืฉืœื• ืžื˜ืœืคื ืช ืืœื™ื• ืžื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืกืžื•ืš,
09:01
and he picks up the phone, and he says, "Wow, mom, how are you? Where are you?"
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ื”ื•ื ืžืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช ื•ืื•ืžืจ "ื”ื™ื™, ืืžื, ืื™ืคื” ืืช?"
09:05
There's no delusion through the phone.
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ืื™ืŸ ืืฉืœื™ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ.
09:07
Then, she approaches him after an hour, he says, "Who are you?
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ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ืืœื™ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ "ืžื™ ืืช?
09:09
You look just like my mother." OK?
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ืืช ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืืžื ืฉืœื™." ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
09:11
The reason is there's a separate pathway
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื ืคืจื“ ื”ืžืงืฉืจ
09:13
going from the hearing centers in the brain to the emotional centers,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื•ื— ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช
09:17
and that's not been cut by the accident.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืชืื•ื ื”.
09:19
So this explains why through the phone he recognizes his mother, no problem.
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ืื– ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ืืžื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืขื™ื”.
09:24
When he sees her in person, he says it's an impostor.
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ื•ืื– ืคื ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื–ื”.
09:27
OK, how is all this complex circuitry set up in the brain?
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื—?
09:31
Is it nature, genes, or is it nurture?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืข? ื”ื’ื ื™ื? ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”?
09:34
And we approach this problem
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช
09:36
by considering another curious syndrome called phantom limb.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื.
09:40
And you all know what a phantom limb is.
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ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ืชื•ืคืขืช ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื.
09:42
When an arm is amputated, or a leg is amputated, for gangrene,
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ื›ืฉืงื•ื˜ืขื™ื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื“ ืื• ืจื’ืœ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื,
09:45
or you lose it in war -- for example, in the Iraq war,
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ืื• ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืื‘ื“ ื™ื“ ืื• ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื™ืจืืง ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
09:47
it's now a serious problem --
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
09:49
you continue to vividly feel the presence of that missing arm,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื—ืกืจื”,
09:53
and that's called a phantom arm or a phantom leg.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื™ื“ ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืื• ืจื’ืœ ืคื ื˜ื•ื.
09:56
In fact, you can get a phantom with almost any part of the body.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืคื ื˜ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
09:58
Believe it or not, even with internal viscera.
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ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
10:01
I've had patients with the uterus removed -- hysterectomy --
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืจื™ืชืช ืจื—ื,
10:05
who have a phantom uterus, including phantom menstrual cramps
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืจื—ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืื‘ื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืคื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื™ื
10:10
at the appropriate time of the month.
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ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™.
10:12
And in fact, one student asked me the other day,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืื—ื“ ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื™
10:14
"Do they get phantom PMS?"
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ืื ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืงื“ื-ื•ืกืชื™ืช ืคื ื˜ื•ื?
10:16
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืงื”ืœ)
10:17
A subject ripe for scientific enquiry, but we haven't pursued that.
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ื ื•ืฉื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžื“ืข, ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ืกืคืงื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ.
10:21
OK, now the next question is,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื™ื
10:24
what can you learn about phantom limbs by doing experiments?
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ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืžื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื?
10:27
One of the things we've found was,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื
10:29
about half the patients with phantom limbs
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ืฉื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื ืขื ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ืคื ื˜ื•ื
10:31
claim that they can move the phantom.
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ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื.
10:33
It'll pat his brother on the shoulder,
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ืœื˜ืคื•ื— ืœืื— ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื•,
10:35
it'll answer the phone when it rings, it'll wave goodbye.
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ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ, ืœื ื•ืคืฃ ืœืฉืœื•ื.
10:37
These are very compelling, vivid sensations.
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช.
10:40
The patient's not delusional.
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ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืœื ื”ื•ื–ื”.
10:42
He knows that the arm is not there,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื• ืœื ืฉื
10:44
but, nevertheless, it's a compelling sensory experience for the patient.
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ืืš ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื–ืงื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”.
10:47
But however, about half the patients, this doesn't happen.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฆืœ ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื, ื–ื” ืœื ืงื•ืจื”.
10:50
The phantom limb -- they'll say, "But doctor, the phantom limb is paralyzed.
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ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื, ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืื‘ืœ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ, ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืžืฉื•ืชืง.
10:54
It's fixed in a clenched spasm and it's excruciatingly painful.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื•ืกืคืืกื˜ื™ ื•ื–ื” ื›ื•ืื‘ ื ื•ืจื.
10:57
If only I could move it, maybe the pain will be relieved."
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ืื™ืœื• ืจืง ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืื•ืชื•, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจ."
11:00
Now, why would a phantom limb be paralyzed?
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ืœืžื” ืฉืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืง?
11:03
It sounds like an oxymoron.
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืื•ืงืกื™ืžื•ืจื•ืŸ.
11:05
But when we were looking at the case sheets, what we found was,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžืฆืื ื•
11:08
these people with the paralyzed phantom limbs,
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ืฉืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืขื ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืžืฉื•ืชืงื™ื,
11:10
the original arm was paralyzed because of the peripheral nerve injury.
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ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขืฆื‘ื™ื,
11:14
The actual nerve supplying the arm was severed,
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ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ื ืคื’ืขื•
11:17
was cut, by say, a motorcycle accident.
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ื ื—ืชื›ื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชืื•ื ืช ืื•ืคื ื•ืข, ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
11:19
So the patient had an actual arm, which is painful,
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ืื– ืœืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื“ ืžืฉื•ืชืงืช ื›ื•ืื‘ืช
11:22
in a sling for a few months or a year, and then,
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืชืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื• ืฉื ื”,
11:26
in a misguided attempt to get rid of the pain in the arm,
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื•ื™ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘,
11:29
the surgeon amputates the arm,
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ื”ืžื ืชื— ืงื˜ืข ืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“,
11:31
and then you get a phantom arm with the same pains, right?
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื™ื“ ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืขื ืื•ืชื ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง, ื›ืŸ?
11:35
And this is a serious clinical problem.
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ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“.
11:37
Patients become depressed.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.
11:39
Some of them are driven to suicide, OK?
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ื—ืœืงื ืžืชืื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
11:41
So, how do you treat this syndrome?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื”ื–ืืช?
11:43
Now, why do you get a paralyzed phantom limb?
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ืœืžื” ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื™ื‘ืจ ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืžืฉื•ืชืง?
11:45
When I looked at the case sheet, I found that they had an actual arm,
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ืื– ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื™ื“ ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื,
11:49
and the nerves supplying the arm had been cut,
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ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื ืงื˜ืขื”,
11:52
and the actual arm had been paralyzed,
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ื•ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืงืช,
11:55
and lying in a sling for several months before the amputation,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืชืœื” ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื˜ื™ืขื”,
11:59
and this pain then gets carried over into the phantom itself.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื›ืื‘ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืงื˜ื™ืขื” ืืœ ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื.
12:05
Why does this happen?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”?
12:07
When the arm was intact, but paralyzed,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื•ืชืงืช,
12:09
the brain sends commands to the arm, the front of the brain, saying, "Move,"
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉื•ืœื— ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ื“ ืžืงื“ืžืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ืื•ืžืจ "ื–ื•ื–ื™!"
12:12
but it's getting visual feedback saying, "No."
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืจื•ืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื–ื–ื”.
12:14
Move. No. Move. No. Move. No.
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ื–ื•ื–ื™! ืœื ื–ื–ื”. ื–ื•ื–ื™! ืœื ื–ื–ื”. ื–ื•ื–ื™! ืœื ื–ื–ื”.
12:18
And this gets wired into the circuitry of the brain,
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ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื•ืžื“ ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืข ืืช ื–ื”,
12:21
and we call this learned paralysis, OK?
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื ืœืžื“, ืื•ืงื™ื™?
12:24
The brain learns, because of this Hebbian, associative link,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื•ืžื“, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืืกื•ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘,
12:28
that the mere command to move the arm
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ืฉื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื— ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื™ื“
12:31
creates a sensation of a paralyzed arm.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื™ื“ ืžืฉื•ืชืงืช,
12:33
And then, when you've amputated the arm,
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ื•ืื–, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื“ ื ืงื˜ืขืช,
12:35
this learned paralysis carries over into your body image
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ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื”ื ืœืžื“ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
12:39
and into your phantom, OK?
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ื•ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื. ืื•ืงื™ื™?
12:42
Now, how do you help these patients?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ื ื›ืืœื•?
12:44
How do you unlearn the learned paralysis,
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ืื™ืš ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื•ื— ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื”ื ืœืžื“
12:46
so you can relieve him of this excruciating, clenching spasm
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืคืกื™ืง ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืฅ
12:50
of the phantom arm?
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ืฉืœ ื™ื“ ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื?
12:52
Well, we said, what if you now send the command to the phantom,
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ืื– ืืžืจื ื•, ืžื” ืื ื ืฉืœื— ืืช ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืœืคื ื˜ื•ื,
12:57
but give him visual feedback that it's obeying his command, right?
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ื•ื ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื• ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื“ ื›ืŸ ื–ื–ื”?
13:01
Maybe you can relieve the phantom pain, the phantom cramp.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื™ืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื›ืื‘ ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื, ืืช ื”ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช.
13:04
How do you do that? Well, virtual reality.
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ืื™ืš ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”? ื˜ื•ื‘, ืขื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื”.
13:06
But that costs millions of dollars.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื.
13:08
So, I hit on a way of doing this for three dollars,
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ืื– ืžืฆืืชื™ ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื•ืœืจ,
13:11
but don't tell my funding agencies.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชืกืคืจื• ืœืžืžืžื ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
13:13
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:14
OK? What you do is you create what I call a mirror box.
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื•ืคืกืช ืžืจืื”.
13:18
You have a cardboard box with a mirror in the middle,
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ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื• ืžืจืื”,
13:20
and then you put the phantom -- so my first patient, Derek, came in.
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ื•ืืชื” ืฉื ืืช ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื... ื“ืจืง ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข.
13:24
He had his arm amputated 10 years ago.
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ื™ื“ื• ื ืงื˜ืขื” ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื.
13:27
He had a brachial avulsion, so the nerves were cut
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืงืจื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื™ืืœื™
13:30
and the arm was paralyzed, lying in a sling for a year, and then the arm was amputated.
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ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื•ืชืงืช ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื” ื ืงื˜ืขื”.
13:34
He had a phantom arm, excruciatingly painful, and he couldn't move it.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื™ื“ ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืขื ื›ืื‘ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื™ืขื”.
13:36
It was a paralyzed phantom arm.
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ื™ื“ ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืžืฉื•ืชืงืช.
13:38
So he came there, and I gave him a mirror like that, in a box,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื•ื ืชืชื™ ืœื• ืงื•ืคืกื ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืžืจืื”,
13:42
which I call a mirror box, right?
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ื›ืืžื•ืจ "ืงื•ืคืกืช ืžืจืื”".
13:45
And the patient puts his phantom left arm,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืืช ื™ื“ ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ื”ืžืื•ื’ืจืคืช
13:48
which is clenched and in spasm, on the left side of the mirror,
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ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจืื”,
13:50
and the normal hand on the right side of the mirror,
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ื•ืืช ื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™,
13:52
and makes the same posture, the clenched posture,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชื ื•ื—ื” ืขื•ื•ื™ืชื™ืช,
13:56
and looks inside the mirror. And what does he experience?
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ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืžืจืื”, ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื”?
13:59
He looks at the phantom being resurrected,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืงืžื” ืœืชื—ื™ื”,
14:02
because he's looking at the reflection of the normal arm in the mirror,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื‘ืžืจืื”,
14:06
and it looks like this phantom has been resurrected.
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ื•ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื™ื“ ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืงืžื” ืœืชื—ื™ื”.
14:08
"Now," I said, "now, look, wiggle your phantom --
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"ืขื›ืฉื™ื•", ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™, "ื”ื–ื– ืืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช
14:11
your real fingers, or move your real fingers while looking in the mirror."
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ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืžืจืื”".
14:15
He's going to get the visual impression that the phantom is moving, right?
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื ื–ื–.
14:19
That's obvious, but the astonishing thing is,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ. ืืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื
14:21
the patient then says, "Oh my God, my phantom is moving again,
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ืฉื”ืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆืขืง ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช: "ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืฉืœื™ ื–ื–! "
14:24
and the pain, the clenching spasm, is relieved."
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ื•ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉื›ื—.
14:26
And remember, my first patient who came in --
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ื–ื›ืจื•, ื”ืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™-
14:29
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:30
-- thank you. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
14:34
My first patient came in, and he looked in the mirror,
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ื”ืคืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืžืจืื”,
14:37
and I said, "Look at your reflection of your phantom."
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ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™, "ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืฉืœืš".
14:40
And he started giggling, he says, "I can see my phantom."
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื’ื—ืš ื•ืืžืจ "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืฉืœื™".
14:42
But he's not stupid. He knows it's not real.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื˜ื™ืคืฉ. ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืืžื™ืชื™
14:44
He knows it's a mirror reflection,
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ืืœื ืจืง ื‘ื‘ื•ืืช ืžืจืื”,
14:46
but it's a vivid sensory experience.
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ืืš ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืขืช.
14:48
Now, I said, "Move your normal hand and phantom."
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"ืขื›ืฉื™ื•" ืืžืจืชื™, "ื”ื–ื– ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ืืช ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื".
14:51
He said, "Oh, I can't move my phantom. You know that. It's painful."
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"ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื, ื–ื” ื›ื•ืื‘".
14:53
I said, "Move your normal hand."
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ืืžืจืชื™, "ื”ื–ื– ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”."
14:55
And he says, "Oh my God, my phantom is moving again. I don't believe this!
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ ืืžืจ "ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืืžื™ืŸ! ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืฉืœื™ ื ืข!"
14:57
And my pain is being relieved." OK?
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"ื•ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ื•ืงืœ".
15:00
And then I said, "Close your eyes."
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™, "ืขืฆื•ื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื."
15:01
He closes his eyes.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฆื ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื•.
15:03
"And move your normal hand."
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"ื”ื–ื– ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”."
15:04
"Oh, nothing. It's clenched again."
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"ื›ืœื•ื- ื”ื™ื“ ืฉื•ื‘ ืงืคื•ืฆื”."
15:05
"OK, open your eyes."
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" ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื."
15:07
"Oh my God, oh my God, it's moving again!"
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"ื”ื• ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ื–!"
15:08
So, he was like a kid in a candy store.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ืฉืจ ื›ืžื• ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืžืžืชืงื™ื.
15:10
So, I said, OK, this proves my theory about learned paralysis
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ืื– ืืžืจืชื™, ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื–ื” ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ "ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื”ื ืœืžื“"
15:15
and the critical role of visual input,
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™ื” ื‘ื•,
15:17
but I'm not going to get a Nobel Prize
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ืืš ืœื ืืงื‘ืœ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ
15:19
for getting somebody to move his phantom limb.
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ืขืœ ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืื™ื‘ืจ ืคื ื˜ื•ื
15:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:22
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:23
It's a completely useless ability, if you think about it.
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ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื–ื” ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื—ืกืจ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
15:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:27
But then I started realizing, maybe other kinds of paralysis
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืง
15:31
that you see in neurology, like stroke, focal dystonias --
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืฅ ืื• ื“ื™ืกื˜ื•ื ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช-
15:36
there may be a learned component to this,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื ืœืžื“
15:38
which you can overcome with the simple device of using a mirror.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืข"ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืชืงืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืžื• ืจืื™.
15:41
So, I said, "Look, Derek" --
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ืื– ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื“ืจืง-
15:43
well, first of all, the guy can't just go around carrying a mirror to alleviate his pain --
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ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืขื ืจืื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืื‘ื™ื-
15:46
I said, "Look, Derek, take it home and practice with it for a week or two.
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื• "ืงื— ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืชืชืืžืŸ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
15:50
Maybe, after a period of practice,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ
15:52
you can dispense with the mirror, unlearn the paralysis,
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ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืœืžืจืื”, ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื”ื ืœืžื“
15:54
and start moving your paralyzed arm,
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืงืช,
15:56
and then, relieve yourself of pain."
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ื•ื›ืš ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืื‘ื™ื."
15:58
So he said OK, and he took it home.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื•ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ืœื‘ื™ืชื•.
16:00
I said, "Look, it's, after all, two dollars. Take it home."
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืจืง ืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
16:02
So, he took it home, and after two weeks, he phones me,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืœืคืŸ ืืœื™,
16:05
and he said, "Doctor, you're not going to believe this."
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ื•ืื•ืžืจ "ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืืชื” ืœื ืชืืžื™ืŸ!"
16:07
I said, "What?"
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"ืžื”?" ืืžืจืชื™.
16:08
He said, "It's gone."
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"ื–ื” ื ืขืœื!"
16:10
I said, "What's gone?"
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"ืžื” ื ืขืœื?" ืฉืืœืชื™.
16:11
I thought maybe the mirror box was gone.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืงื•ืคืกืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื ืขืœืžื”.
16:13
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:14
He said, "No, no, no, you know this phantom I've had for the last 10 years?
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"ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื‘ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
16:17
It's disappeared."
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืขืœื."
16:19
And I said -- I got worried, I said, my God,
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ, ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™, ืืœื•ื”ื™ื,
16:21
I mean I've changed this guy's body image,
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ,
16:23
what about human subjects, ethics and all of that?
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ืžื” ืขื ื”ืืชื™ืงื” ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื”?
16:26
And I said, "Derek, does this bother you?"
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ืื– ืืžืจืชื™, "ื“ืจืง, ื–ื” ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœืš?"
16:28
He said, "No, last three days, I've not had a phantom arm
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"ืžื” ืคืชืื•ื, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื™ื“ ืคื ื˜ื•ื
16:31
and therefore no phantom elbow pain, no clenching,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืจืคืง, ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืงืคื•ืฆื”,
16:34
no phantom forearm pain, all those pains are gone away.
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ื•ื‘ื–ืจื•ืข. ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื ืขืœืžื•.
16:37
But the problem is I still have my phantom fingers dangling from the shoulder,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืคื ื˜ื•ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื”ื›ืชืฃ,
16:41
and your box doesn't reach."
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ื•ื”ืงื•ืคืกื ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉื."
16:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:44
"So, can you change the design and put it on my forehead,
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"ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืœื™ ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื—
16:47
so I can, you know, do this and eliminate my phantom fingers?"
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื?"
16:50
He thought I was some kind of magician.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืงื•ืกื.
16:52
Now, why does this happen?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืงืจื”?
16:53
It's because the brain is faced with tremendous sensory conflict.
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ื”ืžื— ื—ื•ื•ื” ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื—ื•ืฉื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
16:56
It's getting messages from vision saying the phantom is back.
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืฉื”ืคื ื˜ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ.
16:59
On the other hand, there's no proprioception,
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืชื•ืืžืช
17:01
muscle signals saying that there is no arm, right?
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ืžื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื“, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
17:05
And your motor command saying there is an arm,
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉ ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื“,
17:07
and, because of this conflict, the brain says, to hell with it,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืžื— ืื•ืžืจ - ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ
17:10
there is no phantom, there is no arm, right?
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ืื™ืŸ ืคื ื˜ื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ื™ื“, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
17:13
It goes into a sort of denial -- it gates the signals.
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื—ืฉื”- ืžืชืขืœื ืžื”ืื•ืชื•ืช.
17:15
And when the arm disappears, the bonus is, the pain disappears
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื“ ื ืขืœืžืช, ื”ื‘ื•ื ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื›ืื‘ ื ืขืœื
17:19
because you can't have disembodied pain floating out there, in space.
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ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ืื‘ ื—ืกืจ ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืžืจื—ืฃ ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ.
17:23
So, that's the bonus.
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ืื– ื–ื”ื• ื”ื‘ื•ื ื•ืก.
17:25
Now, this technique has been tried on dozens of patients
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ื ื•ืกืชื” ืขืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื
17:27
by other groups in Helsinki,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืœืกื™ื ืงื™
17:29
so it may prove to be valuable as a treatment for phantom pain,
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ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื›ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื›ืื‘ื™ ืคื ื˜ื•ื,
17:32
and indeed, people have tried it for stroke rehabilitation.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืื•ืชื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืžืฉื‘ืฅ ืžื•ื—ื™.
17:34
Stroke you normally think of as damage to the fibers,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืฅ ื›ืขืœ ื ื–ืง ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื,
17:37
nothing you can do about it.
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ื•ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”.
17:39
But, it turns out some component of stroke paralysis is also learned paralysis,
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ืืš ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืฉ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืฅ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื ืœืžื“,
17:44
and maybe that component can be overcome using mirrors.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืจืื•ืช.
17:47
This has also gone through clinical trials,
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ื’ื ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื,
17:49
helping lots and lots of patients.
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ื•ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
17:51
OK, let me switch gears now to the third part of my talk,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืœื•ืš ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื”,
17:55
which is about another curious phenomenon called synesthesia.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืขื•ื“ ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžืจืชืงืช ื‘ืฉื ืกื™ื ืกืชื–ื™ื” (Synaesthesia).
17:59
This was discovered by Francis Galton in the nineteenth century.
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ืฉื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจืื ืกื™ืก ื’ืืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19.
18:02
He was a cousin of Charles Darwin.
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ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
18:04
He pointed out that certain people in the population,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืœื‘ ืฉืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”,
18:06
who are otherwise completely normal, had the following peculiarity:
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ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื”ื‘ืื”
18:10
every time they see a number, it's colored.
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืกืคืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฆื‘ืข.
18:13
Five is blue, seven is yellow, eight is chartreuse,
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ื—ืžืฉ ื”ื•ื ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ืฉื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ืฆื”ื•ื‘, ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื™ืจืงืจืง,
18:17
nine is indigo, OK?
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ืชืฉืข ืื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื• ื•ื›ื•'.
18:19
Bear in mind, these people are completely normal in other respects.
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
18:22
Or C sharp -- sometimes, tones evoke color.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืœืœื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื™ื.
18:25
C sharp is blue, F sharp is green,
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ื“ื• ื“ื™ืื– ื”ื•ื ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ืคื” ื“ื™ืื– ื™ืจื•ืง,
18:28
another tone might be yellow, right?
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ืฆืœื™ืœ ืื—ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืฆื”ื•ื‘. ื˜ื•ื‘?
18:31
Why does this happen?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”?
18:33
This is called synesthesia. Galton called it synesthesia,
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ื’ืืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืจื ืœื–ื” ืกื™ื ืกื˜ื–ื™ื”,
18:35
a mingling of the senses.
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ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉื™ื.
18:37
In us, all the senses are distinct.
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ืืฆืœื ื• ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื.
18:39
These people muddle up their senses.
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ืฉื™ื”ื.
18:41
Why does this happen?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”?
18:42
One of the two aspects of this problem are very intriguing.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
18:44
Synesthesia runs in families,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช,
18:46
so Galton said this is a hereditary basis, a genetic basis.
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ืื– ื’ืืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™, ื’ื ื˜ื™.
18:49
Secondly, synesthesia is about -- and this is what gets me to my point
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ืฉื ื™ืช...ื•ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™
18:53
about the main theme of this lecture, which is about creativity --
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ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื”- ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช-
18:56
synesthesia is eight times more common among artists, poets, novelists
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ืกื™ื ืกื˜ื–ื™ื” ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืืฆืœ ืืžื ื™ื, ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื, ืกื•ืคืจื™ื
19:01
and other creative people than in the general population.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
19:04
Why would that be?
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ืœืžื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš?
19:05
I'm going to answer that question.
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ืื ื™ ืืขื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
19:07
It's never been answered before.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืขื ื• ืขืœื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
19:09
OK, what is synesthesia? What causes it?
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืžื”ื™ ืกื™ื ืกื˜ื–ื™ื”? ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”?
19:10
Well, there are many theories.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
19:11
One theory is they're just crazy.
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ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืกืชื ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื™ื.
19:13
Now, that's not really a scientific theory, so we can forget about it.
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ื–ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืžืžื ื”.
19:16
Another theory is they are acid junkies and potheads, right?
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ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉื”ื ืžืกื•ืžืžื™ื, ื›ืŸ?
19:20
Now, there may be some truth to this,
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื–ื”
19:22
because it's much more common here in the Bay Area than in San Diego.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืคืจืฅ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืกืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื’ื•.
19:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
19:25
OK. Now, the third theory is that --
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ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช...
19:28
well, let's ask ourselves what's really going on in synesthesia. All right?
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ื ืกื˜ื–ื™ื”?
19:33
So, we found that the color area and the number area
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื
19:36
are right next to each other in the brain, in the fusiform gyrus.
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ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืกืžื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื—, ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื“ืžื•ื™-ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ (fusiform gyrus).
19:39
So we said, there's some accidental cross wiring
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ืื– ืืžืจื ื• ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืžืงืจื™
19:41
between color and numbers in the brain.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืžื—.
19:44
So, every time you see a number, you see a corresponding color,
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ืื– ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืžืกืคืจ, ืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืชื•ืื ืœื•,
19:47
and that's why you get synesthesia.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื ืกื˜ื–ื™ื”.
19:49
Now remember -- why does this happen?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”?
19:51
Why would there be crossed wires in some people?
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ืœืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื›ื–ื” ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื?
19:53
Remember I said it runs in families?
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™?
19:55
That gives you the clue.
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ื–ื” ื”ืจืžื–.
19:57
And that is, there is an abnormal gene,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ื’ืŸ ื—ืจื™ื’,
19:59
a mutation in the gene that causes this abnormal cross wiring.
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ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื’ืŸ ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ื”ื–ื”.
20:02
In all of us, it turns out
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ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ื›ืš ืžืชื‘ืจืจ,
20:04
we are born with everything wired to everything else.
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ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืžื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ื›ืœ.
20:08
So, every brain region is wired to every other region,
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ื›ืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื— ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ,
20:11
and these are trimmed down to create
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ื•ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ื™ื–ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
20:13
the characteristic modular architecture of the adult brain.
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ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ.
20:16
So, if there's a gene causing this trimming
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ืื– ืื ื”ื’ืŸ ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืœื’ื™ื–ื•ื ื”ื–ื”
20:18
and if that gene mutates,
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”,
20:20
then you get deficient trimming between adjacent brain areas.
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ืื– ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืคื’ื ื‘ื’ื™ื–ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื—,
20:23
And if it's between number and color, you get number-color synesthesia.
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ื•ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืกื™ื ืกื˜ื–ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืข-ืžืกืคืจ,
20:26
If it's between tone and color, you get tone-color synesthesia.
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ื•ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืกื™ื ืืกื˜ื–ื™ืช ืฆืœื™ืœ-ืฆื‘ืข.
20:29
So far, so good.
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ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
20:31
Now, what if this gene is expressed everywhere in the brain,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืื ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—,
20:33
so everything is cross-connected?
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื›ืœ ืžื—ื•ื•ื˜ ืœื”ื›ืœ?
20:34
Well, think about what artists, novelists and poets have in common,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืืžื ื™ื, ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื,
20:40
the ability to engage in metaphorical thinking,
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื˜ืคืื•ืจื™ืช,
20:43
linking seemingly unrelated ideas,
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ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื
20:45
such as, "It is the east, and Juliet is the Sun."
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ื›ืžื• "ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื•ื™ื•ืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ."
20:48
Well, you don't say, Juliet is the sun,
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ืืชื ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื™ื•ืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืžืฉ"
20:50
does that mean she's a glowing ball of fire?
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืืฉ ื‘ื•ืขืจ?
20:52
I mean, schizophrenics do that, but it's a different story, right?
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ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืืš ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
20:55
Normal people say, she's warm like the sun,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืžื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
20:58
she's radiant like the sun, she's nurturing like the sun.
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ืงื•ืจื ืช, ืื• ืžื˜ืคื—ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
21:00
Instantly, you've found the links.
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ืžื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื.
21:02
Now, if you assume that this greater cross wiring
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ืื– ืื ืื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ
21:05
and concepts are also in different parts of the brain,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—,
21:08
then it's going to create a greater propensity
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ืื– ื–ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ื˜ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช
21:11
towards metaphorical thinking and creativity
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ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื˜ืคืื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช
21:14
in people with synesthesia.
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ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืกื™ื ืกื˜ื–ื™ื”.
21:16
And, hence, the eight times more common incidence of synesthesia
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืกื™ื ืกื˜ื–ื™ื” ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืืฆืœ
21:19
among poets, artists and novelists.
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ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื, ืืžื ื™ื ื•ืกื•ืคืจื™ื.
21:21
OK, it's a very phrenological view of synesthesia.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื—ื™ืช ืขืœ ืกื™ื ืืกื˜ื–ื™ื”.
21:24
The last demonstration -- can I take one minute?
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ื”ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”... ืืคืฉืจ ืขื•ื“ ื“ืงื”?
21:26
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
21:28
OK. I'm going to show you that you're all synesthetes, but you're in denial about it.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื ืกื˜ื–ื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื‘ื”ื›ื—ืฉื”.
21:33
Here's what I call Martian alphabet. Just like your alphabet,
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ื”ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ืืœืคื‘ื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™. ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ืืœืคื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
21:37
A is A, B is B, C is C.
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ืื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื™, ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™, ืกื™ ื”ื•ื ืกื™,
21:40
Different shapes for different phonemes, right?
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ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
21:43
Here, you've got Martian alphabet.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืœืคื‘ื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™.
21:45
One of them is Kiki, one of them is Bouba.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ืงื™ืงื™ ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื‘ื”.
21:47
Which one is Kiki and which one is Bouba?
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ืžื™ื”ื• ืžื™?
21:49
How many of you think that's Kiki and that's Bouba? Raise your hands.
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืงื™ืงื™ ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื‘ื”? ื”ืจื™ืžื• ื™ื“ื™ื™ื
21:51
Well, it's one or two mutants.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช.
21:53
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
21:54
How many of you think that's Bouba, that's Kiki? Raise your hands.
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื–ื” ืงื™ืงื™?
21:56
Ninety-nine percent of you.
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ืชืฉืขื™ื ื•ืชืฉืขื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
21:58
Now, none of you is a Martian. How did you do that?
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจ, ืื– ืื™ืš ื™ื“ืขืชื?
22:00
It's because you're all doing a cross-model synesthetic abstraction,
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ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช-ืกื™ื ืกื˜ืชื™ืช.
22:05
meaning you're saying that that sharp inflection -- ki-ki,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื ืช-ืงื™ ืงื™,
22:09
in your auditory cortex, the hair cells being excited -- Kiki,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ื–ืŸ ืชืื™ ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื-ืงื™ ืงื™,
22:14
mimics the visual inflection, sudden inflection of that jagged shape.
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ืžื—ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื ื ืช ื”ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช.
22:17
Now, this is very important, because what it's telling you
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
22:20
is your brain is engaging in a primitive --
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ืฉื”ืžื— ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืกื™ืกื™...
22:22
it's just -- it looks like a silly illusion,
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืืฉืœื™ื” ืžื˜ื•ืคืฉืช,
22:24
but these photons in your eye are doing this shape,
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ืืš ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฆื•ืจื”,
22:28
and hair cells in your ear are exciting the auditory pattern,
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ื•ืชืื™ ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื‘ืื•ื–ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื“ืคื•ืก ืื•ื“ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™,
22:31
but the brain is able to extract the common denominator.
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ื•ื”ืžื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.
22:36
It's a primitive form of abstraction,
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ื–ื• ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช,
22:38
and we now know this happens in the fusiform gyrus of the brain,
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ื•ืื ื• ื›ืขืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื“ืžื•ื™-ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืžื—
22:43
because when that's damaged,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืข,
22:44
these people lose the ability to engage in Bouba Kiki,
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ืื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ืงื™ ื•ื‘ื•ื‘ื”,
22:48
but they also lose the ability to engage in metaphor.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืื•ืจื™ืช.
22:50
If you ask this guy, what -- "all that glitters is not gold,"
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ืื ื ืฉืืœ ืื“ื ื›ื–ื” ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
22:54
what does that mean?"
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ืฉืœ "ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฆืฅ ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ื•ื",
22:56
The patient says, "Well, if it's metallic and shiny, it doesn't mean it's gold.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืืžืจ "ืื ื–ื” ืžืชื›ืชื™ ื•ื ื•ืฆืฅ, ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ื–ื”ื‘,
22:58
You have to measure its specific gravity, OK?"
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื–ื”". ืื•ืงื™ื™?
23:01
So, they completely miss the metaphorical meaning.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื ืžืคืกืคืกื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืื•ืจื™ืช.
23:04
So, this area is about eight times the size in higher --
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ืื– ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื”
23:07
especially in humans -- as in lower primates.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืืฆืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ืจื•ื“ื™ื.
23:10
Something very interesting is going on here in the angular gyrus,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
23:13
because it's the crossroads between hearing, vision and touch,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื•ืžืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื”, ื”ืจืื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืฉ,
23:16
and it became enormous in humans. And something very interesting is going on.
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ื•ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืง ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
23:20
And I think it's a basis of many uniquely human abilities
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืฉื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช
23:23
like abstraction, metaphor and creativity.
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ื›ืžื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช, ืžื˜ืคืื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
23:26
All of these questions that philosophers have been studying for millennia,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
23:29
we scientists can begin to explore by doing brain imaging,
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ืื ื• ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ืช ืžื—,
23:33
and by studying patients and asking the right questions.
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ื•ืฉืื™ืœืช ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื.
23:35
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
23:37
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
23:38
Sorry about that.
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ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”...
23:39
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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