3 clues to understanding your brain | VS Ramachandran

Prevoditelj: Hrvoje Vinter Recezent: Aleksandar Gluscevic

Well, as Chris pointed out, I study the human brain,

Kao što je Chris spomenuo, bavim se proučavanjem ljudskog mozga --

the functions and structure of the human brain.

funkcijom i građom ljudskog mozga.

And I just want you to think for a minute about what this entails.

Želio bi da promislite na trenutak o svemu što to povlači za sobom.

Here is this mass of jelly, three-pound mass of jelly

Ta želatinozna masa -- kilogram i pol teška

you can hold in the palm of your hand,

može vam stati na dlan ruke,

and it can contemplate the vastness of interstellar space.

a sposobna je promišljati o međuzvjezdanim prostranstvima.

It can contemplate the meaning of infinity

Sposobna je promišljati o značenju beskonačnosti

and it can contemplate itself contemplating on the meaning of infinity.

i može samu sebe promatrati kako promišlja o značenju beskonačnosti.

And this peculiar recursive quality that we call self-awareness,

Tu neobičnu rekurzivnost, koju nazivamo samosvijest,

which I think is the holy grail of neuroscience, of neurology,

osobno smatram Svetim Gralom neuroznanosti, neurologije,

and hopefully, someday, we'll understand how that happens.

te se nadam da ćemo, jednog dana, razumjeti kako ona nastaje.

OK, so how do you study this mysterious organ?

Dakle, kako proučavati ovaj misteriozni organ?

I mean, you have 100 billion nerve cells,

100 milijardi živčanih stanica,

little wisps of protoplasm, interacting with each other,

sitnih snopova protoplazme u medusobnoj interakciji,

and from this activity emerges the whole spectrum of abilities

iz čega izranja čitav spektar sposobnosti

that we call human nature and human consciousness.

koje nazivamo ljudskom prirodom i ljudskom svijesti.

How does this happen?

Kako do toga dolazi?

Well, there are many ways of approaching the functions of the human brain.

Pa, postoji mnogo načina kako bi se objasnile funkcije mozga.

One approach, the one we use mainly,

Jedan, najčešće korišten,

is to look at patients with sustained damage to a small region of the brain,

jest proučavanje pacijenata s trajnim oštećenjem neke male regije mozga,

where there's been a genetic change in a small region of the brain.

u kojoj je došlo do genetske promjene.

What then happens is not an across-the-board reduction

U tom slučaju ne dolazi do sveobuhvatnog umanjenja

in all your mental capacities,

svih vaših mentalnih kapaciteta,

a sort of blunting of your cognitive ability.

niti do otupljenja kognitivnih sposobnosti.

What you get is a highly selective loss of one function,

U stvari, dobijemo visoko selektivan gubitak jedne funkcije

with other functions being preserved intact,

dok druge funkcije mozga ostanu netaknute,

and this gives you some confidence in asserting

na temelju čega možemo pouzdano pretpostaviti

that that part of the brain is somehow involved in mediating that function.

da je taj dio mozga umiješan u ostvarivanje te određene funkcije.

So you can then map function onto structure,

Tako možete mapirati funkciju unutar strukture,

and then find out what the circuitry's doing

i potom otkriti koji dio mozga je važan

to generate that particular function.

za nastanak određene funkcije.

So that's what we're trying to do.

I to je ono što pokušavamo napraviti.

So let me give you a few striking examples of this.

Prikazat ću vam nekoliko iznenađujućih primjera.

In fact, I'm giving you three examples, six minutes each, during this talk.

Zapravo, tri primjera, svaki u trajanju od šest minuta.

The first example is an extraordinary syndrome called Capgras syndrome.

Prvi primjer je izuzetno neobičan sindrom po imenu Capgras.

If you look at the first slide there,

Ako pogledate prvi slajd,

that's the temporal lobes, frontal lobes, parietal lobes, OK --

vidite sljepoočni, čeoni i tjemeni režanj mozga --

the lobes that constitute the brain.

oni tvore mozak.

And if you look, tucked away inside the inner surface of the temporal lobes --

Ukoliko pogledate, smještena u unutrašnjoj površini sljepoočnih režnjeva --

you can't see it there --

ovdje je ne možete vidjeti --

is a little structure called the fusiform gyrus.

nalazi se mala struktura, vretenasta vijuga (gyrus fusiformis).

And that's been called the face area in the brain,

Nju nazivaju licem mozga

because when it's damaged, you can no longer recognize people's faces.

jer, kada je ona oštećena, više ne možete prepoznati ljudska lica.

You can still recognize them from their voice

Možete ih još uvijek prepoznati po glasu

and say, "Oh yeah, that's Joe,"

i reći -- da, to je Joe,

but you can't look at their face and know who it is, right?

ali ne možete ih pogledati u lice i znati tko je to.

You can't even recognize yourself in the mirror.

Čak ni sebe ne možete prepoznati u zrcalu.

I mean, you know it's you because you wink and it winks,

Mislim, znate da ste to vi jer kad namignete i odraz namigne,

and you know it's a mirror,

i znate da je to zrcalo,

but you don't really recognize yourself as yourself.

ali ne prepoznajete sebe kao sebe.

OK. Now that syndrome is well known as caused by damage to the fusiform gyrus.

OK. Taj sindrom je dobro poznat i izaziva ga oštećenje vretenaste vijuge.

But there's another rare syndrome, so rare, in fact,

Ali postoji još jedan rijedak, zapravo toliko rijedak sindrom

that very few physicians have heard about it, not even neurologists.

da je vrlo malo liječnika, čak i neurologa, uopće čulo za njega.

This is called the Capgras delusion,

Zove se Capgrasov sumanuti poremećaj,

and that is a patient, who's otherwise completely normal,

a to je pacijent koji je sasvim normalan,

has had a head injury, comes out of coma,

koji je imao ozljedu glave, izašao iz kome,

otherwise completely normal, he looks at his mother

inače sasvim normalan, pogleda svoju majku

and says, "This looks exactly like my mother, this woman,

i kaže, "Ovo izgleda kao moja majka, ova žena,

but she's an impostor.

ali ona je uljez --

She's some other woman pretending to be my mother."

to je neka druga žena koja se pretvara da je moja majka."

Now, why does this happen?

Zašto se to događa?

Why would somebody -- and this person is perfectly lucid and intelligent

Zašto bi netko -- a radi se o sobi koja je inače razumna i inteligentna

in all other respects, but when he sees his mother,

u svakom pogledu, ali kada pogleda svoju majku,

his delusion kicks in and says, it's not mother.

pojavi se sumanuta ideja i kaže da to nije majka.

Now, the most common interpretation of this,

Najčešće objašnjenje ovoga,

which you find in all the psychiatry textbooks,

koje ćete pronaći u svim udžbenicima psihijatrije,

is a Freudian view, and that is that this chap --

jest frojdovsko i glasi da je taj momak --

and the same argument applies to women, by the way,

i isto se može primijeniti na žene

but I'll just talk about guys.

ali ja ću pričati o momcima --

When you're a little baby, a young baby,

kada je bio mala beba,

you had a strong sexual attraction to your mother.

osjećao je snažnu seksualnu privlačnost prema majci.

This is the so-called Oedipus complex of Freud.

To je takozvani Edipov kompleks.

I'm not saying I believe this,

Ne kažem da vjerujem u to,

but this is the standard Freudian view.

ali to je klasično frojdovsko gledište.

And then, as you grow up, the cortex develops,

Kako rastete, moždana kora se razvija,

and inhibits these latent sexual urges towards your mother.

i inhibiraju se latentni seksualni porivi prema vašoj majci.

Thank God, or you would all be sexually aroused when you saw your mother.

Hvala Bogu, jer biste inače svi bili seksualno uzbuđeni kada vidite svoju majku.

And then what happens is,

A onda se dogodi

there's a blow to your head, damaging the cortex,

da vas nešto udari u glavu, ošteti vam moždanu koru,

allowing these latent sexual urges to emerge,

i omogući da svi latentni porivi izrone,

flaming to the surface, and suddenly and inexplicably

buknu na površinu, te iznenada i neobjašnjivo

you find yourself being sexually aroused by your mother.

zateknete sebe kako vas seksualno uzbuđuje vlastita majka.

And you say, "My God, if this is my mom,

Pa kažete sebi, "Bože, ako je to moja mama,

how come I'm being sexually turned on?

kako to da me seksualno privlači?

She's some other woman. She's an impostor."

To je sigurno neka druga žena. Neki uljez."

It's the only interpretation that makes sense to your damaged brain.

Ta interpretacija vašem oštećenom mozgu jedino ima smisla.

This has never made much sense to me, this argument.

Meni to objašnjenje nikada nije imalo smisla.

It's very ingenious, as all Freudian arguments are --

Ono je vrlo genijalno, kao i svi frojdovski argumenti --

(Laughter)

(smijeh)

-- but didn't make much sense because I have seen the same delusion,

-- ali meni nije imalo smisla, jer sam vidio tu istu sumanutost,

a patient having the same delusion, about his pet poodle.

pacijent koji ima istu sumanutost prema svojoj pudlici.

(Laughter)

(smijeh)

He'll say, "Doctor, this is not Fifi. It looks exactly like Fifi,

Rekao bi, "Doktore, ovo nije Fifi, izgleda isto kao Fifi,

but it's some other dog." Right?

ali to je neki drugi pas." -- Istina?

Now, you try using the Freudian explanation there.

E sad pokušajte tu primijeniti frojdovsko objašnjenje.

(Laughter)

(smijeh)

You'll start talking about the latent bestiality in all humans,

Počet ćete govoriti o prikrivenoj sodomiji u ljudi,

or some such thing, which is quite absurd, of course.

ili o sličnom, što je prilično apsurdno.

Now, what's really going on?

Dakle, što se stvarno ovdje događa?

So, to explain this curious disorder,

Kako bismo objasnili taj čudnovat poremećaj,

we look at the structure and functions of the normal visual pathways in the brain.

proučavamo građu i funkciju normalnih vidnih puteva u mozgu.

Normally, visual signals come in, into the eyeballs,

Normalno, vidni podražaji dolaze do očne jabučice,

go to the visual areas in the brain.

pa idu u vidna područja moždane kore.

There are, in fact, 30 areas in the back of your brain concerned with just vision,

Postoji 30 vidnih područja u zatiljnom diijelu mozga,

and after processing all that, the message goes to a small structure

nakon što se sve to obradi, poruka odlazi u malenu strukturu

called the fusiform gyrus, where you perceive faces.

po imenu vretenasta vijuga, gdje opažate lica.

There are neurons there that are sensitive to faces.

Tamo su smješteni neuroni osjetljivi na lica.

You can call it the face area of the brain, right?

Možete ih zvati licem mozga, je l' tako?

I talked about that earlier.

O tome sam govorio ranije.

Now, when that area's damaged, you lose the ability to see faces, right?

Kad je to područje oštećeno, izgubili ste sposobnost da vidite lice, je l' tako?

But from that area, the message cascades

Ali iz tog područja, poruka odlazi

into a structure called the amygdala in the limbic system,

u strukturu nazvanu amigdala u limbičkom sustavu,

the emotional core of the brain,

emocionalnoj srži mozga,

and that structure, called the amygdala,

a ta struktura, amigdala,

gauges the emotional significance of what you're looking at.

procijenjuje emotivni značaj onoga što gledate.

Is it prey? Is it predator? Is it mate?

Je li to lovina? Grabežnjivac? Partner?

Or is it something absolutely trivial, like a piece of lint,

Ili je to nešto beznačajno poput komada tkanine,

or a piece of chalk, or a -- I don't want to point to that, but --

ili komada krede ili... ili -- ne bih baš pokazao u to ali --

or a shoe, or something like that? OK?

ili cipela ili nešto poput toga? OK?

Which you can completely ignore.

Nešto što možete u potpunosti zanemariti.

So if the amygdala is excited, and this is something important,

Ukoliko je amigdala podražena i radi se o nečem važnom,

the messages then cascade into the autonomic nervous system.

poruka odlazi u autonomni živčani sustav.

Your heart starts beating faster.

Srce počinje brže kucati,

You start sweating to dissipate the heat that you're going to

počinjete se znojiti kako biste oslobodili toplinu koju ćete stvoriti

create from muscular exertion.

mišićnim radom.

And that's fortunate, because we can put two electrodes on your palm

I sva sreća da je tako jer vam možemo staviti dvije elektrode na dlan

and measure the change in skin resistance produced by sweating.

i izmjeriti promjenu otpora kože, koja nastaje znojenjem.

So I can determine, when you're looking at something,

Tako mogu utvrditi, kada gledate nešto,

whether you're excited or whether you're aroused, or not, OK?

jeste li uzbuđeni ili niste, OK?

And I'll get to that in a minute.

Vratit ću se na to za tren.

So my idea was, when this chap looks at an object, when he looks at his --

Dakle moja je ideja bila da, kada taj momak pogleda u objekt, u svoju --

any object for that matter, it goes to the visual areas and,

u bilo koji objekt, zapravo -- to ide u vidna područja

however, and it's processed in the fusiform gyrus,

i obrađuje se u vretenastoj vijugi,

and you recognize it as a pea plant, or a table,

i prepoznajete ga kao grašak, stol,

or your mother, for that matter, OK?

ili svoju majku, OK?

And then the message cascades into the amygdala,

Tada se poruka seli u amigdalu

and then goes down the autonomic nervous system.

i odlazi u autonomni živčani sustav.

But maybe, in this chap, that wire that goes from the amygdala to the limbic system,

Ali je možda kod tog momka spona koja ide od amigdale do limbičkog sustava

the emotional core of the brain, is cut by the accident.

prekinuta tijekom nesreće.

So because the fusiform is intact,

A zato što je vijuga netaknuta

the chap can still recognize his mother,

može još uvijek prepoznati svoju majku,

and says, "Oh yeah, this looks like my mother."

te reći, "O da, ovo izgleda kao moja majka."

But because the wire is cut to the emotional centers,

Ali pošto je spona do emocionalnih centara presječena

he says, "But how come, if it's my mother, I don't experience a warmth?"

on kaže, "Ali kako to da, ako je to moja majka, ne osjećam nikakvu toplinu?"

Or terror, as the case may be? Right?

Ili užas, kao što zna biti slučaj. Jel' tako?

(Laughter)

(smijeh)

And therefore, he says, "How do I account for this inexplicable lack of emotions?

Stoga on kaže, "Kako da opravdam ovaj, neobjašnjivi, nedostatak emocija?

This can't be my mother.

Ovo ne može biti moja majka.

It's some strange woman pretending to be my mother."

To je neka druga žena koja se pretvara da je moja majka."

How do you test this?

Kako to ispitati?

Well, what you do is, if you take any one of you here, and put you in front of a screen,

Kada biste bilo koga od prisutnih stavili ispred ekrana

and measure your galvanic skin response,

i mjerili galvansku reakciju kože

and show pictures on the screen,

te prikazali slike na ekranu

I can measure how you sweat when you see an object,

mogao bi izmjeriti kako se znojite kada vidite objekt

like a table or an umbrella. Of course, you don't sweat.

poput slola ili kišobrana -- naravno, ne znojite se.

If I show you a picture of a lion, or a tiger, or a pinup, you start sweating, right?

Ali ako vam pokažem sliku lava, tigra ili erotsku sliku, počet ćete se znojiti, jel'da?

And, believe it or not, if I show you a picture of your mother --

I, vjerovali ili ne, ako vam pokažem sliku vaše majke --

I'm talking about normal people -- you start sweating.

govorim o normalnim ljudima -- počet ćete se znojiti.

You don't even have to be Jewish.

Čak ne morate biti Židov.

(Laughter)

(smijeh)

Now, what happens if you show this patient?

E sad, što se događa ukoliko to pokazujete ovom pacijentu?

You take the patient and show him pictures on the screen

Uzmete pacijenta i pokazujete mu slike na ekranu

and measure his galvanic skin response.

i mjerite njegovu galvansku reakciju kože.

Tables and chairs and lint, nothing happens, as in normal people,

Stolovi, stolice, tkanina...ništa se ne događa, kao kod normalnih ljudi,

but when you show him a picture of his mother,

ali kad mu pokažete sliku majke,

the galvanic skin response is flat.

galvanska reakcija kože izostaje.

There's no emotional reaction to his mother,

Ne postoji emotivna reakcija prema majci

because that wire going from the visual areas to the emotional centers is cut.

zato što je prekinuta spona između vidnih područja i emotivnih centara.

So his vision is normal because the visual areas are normal,

Dakle, vid mu je uredan jer su vidna područja netaknuta,

his emotions are normal -- he'll laugh, he'll cry, so on and so forth --

emocije su mu normalne -- smijat će se, plakati... --

but the wire from vision to emotions is cut

ali je spona vid-emocije prekinuta

and therefore he has this delusion that his mother is an impostor.

i to dovodi do sumanutosti da je majka uljez.

It's a lovely example of the sort of thing we do:

To je divan primjer onoga čime se bavimo,

take a bizarre, seemingly incomprehensible, neural psychiatric syndrome

uzmemo bizaran, naizgled neshvatljiv neuropsihijatrijski sindrom,

and say that the standard Freudian view is wrong,

kažemo da je frojdovsko gledište pogrešno,

that, in fact, you can come up with a precise explanation

te da je moguće pronaći točan mehanizam

in terms of the known neural anatomy of the brain.

u okviru i s pomoću neuroanatomije.

By the way, if this patient then goes,

E da, ako taj pacijent ode

and mother phones from an adjacent room -- phones him --

i majka ga nazove

and he picks up the phone, and he says, "Wow, mom, how are you? Where are you?"

on će podići slušalicu i reći, " Ej mama, kako si? Gdje si?"

There's no delusion through the phone.

Ne postoji sumanutost preko telefona.

Then, she approaches him after an hour, he says, "Who are you?

A onda mu ona nakon sat vremena priđe , a on kaže, "Tko si ti?

You look just like my mother." OK?

Izgledaš kao moja majka." OK?

The reason is there's a separate pathway

Razlog je postojanje zasebnog puta,

going from the hearing centers in the brain to the emotional centers,

od slušnih centara u mozgu do emotivnih,

and that's not been cut by the accident.

koji nije prekinut nesrećom.

So this explains why through the phone he recognizes his mother, no problem.

To objašnjava činjenicu zašto majku prepoznaje preko telefona.

When he sees her in person, he says it's an impostor.

A kada je vidi uživo, kaže da je to uljez.

OK, how is all this complex circuitry set up in the brain?

OK! Kako su ti putevi postavljeni u mozgu?

Is it nature, genes, or is it nurture?

Da li je to urođeno ili zavisi o odgoju?

And we approach this problem

Tome problemu pristupamo

by considering another curious syndrome called phantom limb.

razmatranjem drugog zanimljivog sindroma poznatog kao fantomski ud.

And you all know what a phantom limb is.

Svi znate što je fantomski ud.

When an arm is amputated, or a leg is amputated, for gangrene,

Kada nekome amputirate ruku ili nogu,

or you lose it in war -- for example, in the Iraq war,

zbog neke bolesti poput gangrene

it's now a serious problem --

ili sve učestalijih nesreća,

you continue to vividly feel the presence of that missing arm,

još uvijek imate jak osjećaj prisustva nestale ruke,

and that's called a phantom arm or a phantom leg.

te se to zove fantomska ruka ili noga.

In fact, you can get a phantom with almost any part of the body.

U stvari, možete dobiti fantom skoro pa bilo kojeg dijela tijela.

Believe it or not, even with internal viscera.

Vjerovali ili ne, čak i unutrašnjih organa.

I've had patients with the uterus removed -- hysterectomy --

Imao sam histerektomirane pacijentice

who have a phantom uterus, including phantom menstrual cramps

koje su imale fantomsku maternicu, ukljičujući i menstrualne grčeve

at the appropriate time of the month.

u odgovarajuće doba mjeseca.

And in fact, one student asked me the other day,

Jedan me je student pitao neki dan,

"Do they get phantom PMS?"

imaju li i fantomski PMS?

(Laughter)

(smijeh)

A subject ripe for scientific enquiry, but we haven't pursued that.

Tema zrela za znanstveno proučavanje...OK

OK, now the next question is,

Znači sljedeće pitanje je,

what can you learn about phantom limbs by doing experiments?

što možemo saznati o fantomskim udovima eksperimentiranjem?

One of the things we've found was,

Jedna od stvari koju smo otkrili je

about half the patients with phantom limbs

da oko polovice pacijenata s fantomskim udovima

claim that they can move the phantom.

tvrdi kako mogu micati njima.

It'll pat his brother on the shoulder,

Potapšat će brata po ramenu,

it'll answer the phone when it rings, it'll wave goodbye.

podići će slušalicu telefona, mahnuti njime.

These are very compelling, vivid sensations.

To su vrlo snažni, živopisni osjećaji.

The patient's not delusional.

Pacijent nema sumanute misli.

He knows that the arm is not there,

Zna da ruka nije tu

but, nevertheless, it's a compelling sensory experience for the patient.

ali je to ipak snažan osjećaj koji pacijent doživljava.

But however, about half the patients, this doesn't happen.

Ipak, polovini pacijenata se to ne događa.

The phantom limb -- they'll say, "But doctor, the phantom limb is paralyzed.

Fantomski ud -- reći će, "Ali doktore, on je paraliziran.

It's fixed in a clenched spasm and it's excruciatingly painful.

Fiksiran je, u grču i nepodnošljivo bolan.

If only I could move it, maybe the pain will be relieved."

Možda bi bol popustila kada bih ga mogao pomaknuti."

Now, why would a phantom limb be paralyzed?

Zašto bi fantomski ud bio nepomičan?

It sounds like an oxymoron.

Zvuči kao oksimoron.

But when we were looking at the case sheets, what we found was,

Ali kada smo pogledali u dokumentaciju,

these people with the paralyzed phantom limbs,

otkrili smo da je kod pacijeneta s paraliziranim fantomskim udom

the original arm was paralyzed because of the peripheral nerve injury.

ta ruka i prije amputacije bila paralizirana zbog ozljede perifernih živca,

The actual nerve supplying the arm was severed,

živac koji inervira ruku je prekinut

was cut, by say, a motorcycle accident.

u, npr., automobilskoj nesreći.

So the patient had an actual arm, which is painful,

Tako da je pacijent imao pravu ruku koja boli,

in a sling for a few months or a year, and then,

koja je u zavoju mjesecima, te je onda

in a misguided attempt to get rid of the pain in the arm,

obmanut željom da ukloni bol u ruci

the surgeon amputates the arm,

kirurg amputirao ruku,

and then you get a phantom arm with the same pains, right?

i onda dobijete fantomsku ruku sa istim bolovima, jel' tako?

And this is a serious clinical problem.

To je ozbiljan klinički problem.

Patients become depressed.

Pacijenti postanu depresivni.

Some of them are driven to suicide, OK?

Neki čak dovedeni do samoubojstva, OK?

So, how do you treat this syndrome?

Pa kako onda liječiti taj sindrom?

Now, why do you get a paralyzed phantom limb?

Zašto se pojavljuje paralizirani fantomski ud?

When I looked at the case sheet, I found that they had an actual arm,

Kada sam pregledao dokumentaciju, otkrio sam da su imali pravu ruku

and the nerves supplying the arm had been cut,

i da su živci bili prekinuti,

and the actual arm had been paralyzed,

te da je prava ruka bila paralizirana

and lying in a sling for several months before the amputation,

i u zavoju nekoliko mjeseci prije amputacije,

and this pain then gets carried over into the phantom itself.

i da se bol prenijela na fantom.

Why does this happen?

Zašto se ovo događa?

When the arm was intact, but paralyzed,

Kada je ruka čitava, ali paralizirana,

the brain sends commands to the arm, the front of the brain, saying, "Move,"

mozak govor ruci, "Pokreni se",

but it's getting visual feedback saying, "No."

ali dobiva odgovor, "Neću."

Move. No. Move. No. Move. No.

Pokreni se. Neću. Pokreni se. Neću.

And this gets wired into the circuitry of the brain,

I to se ugradi u moždane puteve,

and we call this learned paralysis, OK?

i to nazivamo naučenom paralizom.

The brain learns, because of this Hebbian, associative link,

Mozak, zbog Hebbianove teorije, uči

that the mere command to move the arm

da sama naredba da se ruka pomakne

creates a sensation of a paralyzed arm.

stvara osjećaj paralizirane ruke,

And then, when you've amputated the arm,

a kada amputirate ruku,

this learned paralysis carries over into your body image

ova naučena paraliza se prenese u sliku vašeg tijela

and into your phantom, OK?

i u fantom, OK?

Now, how do you help these patients?

Kako pomoći ovim pacijentima?

How do you unlearn the learned paralysis,

Kako ga odučiti naučenu paralizu

so you can relieve him of this excruciating, clenching spasm

da biste ga oslobodili iscrpljujućeg grča

of the phantom arm?

fantomske ruke?

Well, we said, what if you now send the command to the phantom,

Što ako pošaljemo naredbu fantomu,

but give him visual feedback that it's obeying his command, right?

ali mu damo vizualni odgovor da je naredba poslušana?

Maybe you can relieve the phantom pain, the phantom cramp.

Moža biste ga mogli osloboditi fantomske boli i grča.

How do you do that? Well, virtual reality.

Kako to postići? Pa...virtualnom stvarnošću.

But that costs millions of dollars.

Ali to košta milijune dolara.

So, I hit on a way of doing this for three dollars,

Pronašao sam način da to napravim za tri dolara,

but don't tell my funding agencies.

ali nemojte to reći mojim sponzorima.

(Laughter)

(smijeh)

OK? What you do is you create what I call a mirror box.

Potrebno je napraviti, takozvanu, kutiju zrcala.

You have a cardboard box with a mirror in the middle,

Uzmete kartonsku kutiju sa zrcalom u sredini,

and then you put the phantom -- so my first patient, Derek, came in.

i onda stavite fantom -- tako je došao Derek, moj prvi pacijent.

He had his arm amputated 10 years ago.

Amputirana mu je ruka prije 10 godina.

He had a brachial avulsion, so the nerves were cut

Imao je brahijalno otrgnuće, tako da su živci bili presječeni

and the arm was paralyzed, lying in a sling for a year, and then the arm was amputated.

i ruka paralizirana u zavoju godinu dana, a potom amputirana.

He had a phantom arm, excruciatingly painful, and he couldn't move it.

Imao je fantomsku ruku, iscrpljujuće bolnu i nepokretnu.

It was a paralyzed phantom arm.

Bila je to paralizirana fantomska ruka.

So he came there, and I gave him a mirror like that, in a box,

Ja sam mu dao tu kutiju sa zrcalom,

which I call a mirror box, right?

koju zovem kutijom zrcala, jel' tako?

And the patient puts his phantom left arm,

I on je stavio lijevu fantomsku ruku unutra,

which is clenched and in spasm, on the left side of the mirror,

na lijevu stranu zrcala

and the normal hand on the right side of the mirror,

i normalnu, zdravu ruku na desnu stranu zrcala,

and makes the same posture, the clenched posture,

i zauzeo isti, zgrčeni, položaj

and looks inside the mirror. And what does he experience?

i pogledao u zrcalo -- i što je doživio?

He looks at the phantom being resurrected,

Vidio je kako je fantom "uskrsnuo",

because he's looking at the reflection of the normal arm in the mirror,

zato što zapravo gleda u zdravu ruku u zrcalu,

and it looks like this phantom has been resurrected.

koja izgleda kao da je fantom "uskrsnuo".

"Now," I said, "now, look, wiggle your phantom --

"Sad", rekao sam, "sad gledaj, mrdaj fantom --

your real fingers, or move your real fingers while looking in the mirror."

svoje prave prste ili pomiči svoje prave prste dok gledaš zrcalo."

He's going to get the visual impression that the phantom is moving, right?

Dobit će dojam da se fantom pomiče, jel' tako?

That's obvious, but the astonishing thing is,

To je očigledno, ali zapanjujuće je to

the patient then says, "Oh my God, my phantom is moving again,

da pacijent tada kaže, "O Bože, moj fantom se ponovno pomiče,

and the pain, the clenching spasm, is relieved."

a bol i grč nestaju."

And remember, my first patient who came in --

I zapamtite, moj prvi pacijent koji je došao --

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

-- thank you. (Applause)

Hvala!

My first patient came in, and he looked in the mirror,

Moj prvi pacijent je došao i pogledao u zrcalo,

and I said, "Look at your reflection of your phantom."

a ja sam mu rekao, "Pogledaj odraz fantoma u zrcalu."

And he started giggling, he says, "I can see my phantom."

I on se počeo hihotati, "Vidim svoj fantom."

But he's not stupid. He knows it's not real.

Ali nije on glup. Zna da to nije stvarno.

He knows it's a mirror reflection,

Zna da je to odraz u zrcalu,

but it's a vivid sensory experience.

ali je to živopisno osjetno iskustvo.

Now, I said, "Move your normal hand and phantom."

"A sada pomiči svoju normalnu ruku i fantom", rekao sam mu.

He said, "Oh, I can't move my phantom. You know that. It's painful."

On kaže, "O, mogu pomicati fantom. Znate. Boli."

I said, "Move your normal hand."

Ja kažem, "Pomakni svoju normalnu ruku."

And he says, "Oh my God, my phantom is moving again. I don't believe this!

A on će, "O moj Bože, fantom se ponovno miče, ne mogu vjerovati!

And my pain is being relieved." OK?

A bol nestaje." OK?

And then I said, "Close your eyes."

I onda sam rekao, "Zatvori oči."

He closes his eyes.

Zatvorio ih je.

"And move your normal hand."

"I pomakni normalnu ruku."

"Oh, nothing. It's clenched again."

"O, ništa -- opet je u grču."

"OK, open your eyes."

"OK, otvori oči."

"Oh my God, oh my God, it's moving again!"

"O Bože, o Bože, opet se pomiče!"

So, he was like a kid in a candy store.

Bio je kao dijete i slastičarnici.

So, I said, OK, this proves my theory about learned paralysis

Ovo dokazuje moju teoriju o naučenoj paralizi

and the critical role of visual input,

i ključnoj ulozi vizualnih ulaznih podataka,

but I'm not going to get a Nobel Prize

ali neću baš dobiti Nobelovu nagradu

for getting somebody to move his phantom limb.

zato što sam nekoga natjerao da pomakne fantomski ud.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

It's a completely useless ability, if you think about it.

To je potpuno beskorisna sposobnost, ako malo razmislite.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

But then I started realizing, maybe other kinds of paralysis

Ali onda sam počeo shavćati, da možda i druge vrste paralize

that you see in neurology, like stroke, focal dystonias --

koje možete susresti u neurologiji

there may be a learned component to this,

možda imaju naučenu komponentu

which you can overcome with the simple device of using a mirror.

koje se možete riješiti pomoću zrcala.

So, I said, "Look, Derek" --

Pa sam mu rekao, "Vidi, Derek" --

well, first of all, the guy can't just go around carrying a mirror to alleviate his pain --

prije svega, ne može čovjek okolo hodati s zrcalom da bi umanjio bol --

I said, "Look, Derek, take it home and practice with it for a week or two.

"uzmi ga doma i vježbaj s njim tjedan, dva.

Maybe, after a period of practice,

Možda, nakon nekog vremena,

you can dispense with the mirror, unlearn the paralysis,

uspiješ odučiti paralizu

and start moving your paralyzed arm,

i počneš pomicati svoju paraliziranu ruku,

and then, relieve yourself of pain."

i riješiš se tada boli."

So he said OK, and he took it home.

Pristao je i uzeo ga sa sobom.

I said, "Look, it's, after all, two dollars. Take it home."

"Na kraju krajeva to je dva dolara. Nosi ga kući."

So, he took it home, and after two weeks, he phones me,

I on ga je odnio kući i nakon dva tjedna me nazvao,

and he said, "Doctor, you're not going to believe this."

i rekao mi, "Doktore, nećete vjerovati."

I said, "What?"

"Što?"

He said, "It's gone."

"Nestao je."

I said, "What's gone?"

"Što je nestalo?", pitam ja.

I thought maybe the mirror box was gone.

Mislio sam da je kutija zrcala nestala.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

He said, "No, no, no, you know this phantom I've had for the last 10 years?

"Ne, ne, ne, znate onog fantoma kojeg sam imao 10 godina?

It's disappeared."

Nestao je."

And I said -- I got worried, I said, my God,

Ja sam rekao -- zabrinuo sam se. Rekao sam, Bože,

I mean I've changed this guy's body image,

mislim, promijenio sam ovom čovjeku sliku o tijelu,

what about human subjects, ethics and all of that?

a što je s eksperimentiranjem na ljudima, etikom i ostalim?

And I said, "Derek, does this bother you?"

Rekao sam: "Derek, da li ti to smeta?"

He said, "No, last three days, I've not had a phantom arm

On kaže, "Ne, posljednja tri dana nemam fantomsku ruku

and therefore no phantom elbow pain, no clenching,

pa ni bol, ni grčeve,

no phantom forearm pain, all those pains are gone away.

svi bolovi su nestali.

But the problem is I still have my phantom fingers dangling from the shoulder,

Ali problem je što mi fantomski prsti i dalje vise sa ramena,

and your box doesn't reach."

a vaša kutija ne doseže do tamo."

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

"So, can you change the design and put it on my forehead,

"Pa ako biste mogli promijeniti dizajn i staviti mi je na čelo

so I can, you know, do this and eliminate my phantom fingers?"

znate, da bih mogao ukloniti i fantomske prste?"

He thought I was some kind of magician.

Mislio je da sam mađioničar.

Now, why does this happen?

Ali, zašto se ovo dogodilo?

It's because the brain is faced with tremendous sensory conflict.

Zato što je mozak suočen s ogromnim konfliktom osjetila.

It's getting messages from vision saying the phantom is back.

Dobiva vidne poruke koje kažu da se fantom vratio.

On the other hand, there's no proprioception,

S druge strane, nema odgovarajućeg odziva,

muscle signals saying that there is no arm, right?

mišićni signali kažu da nema ruke, jel' tako?

And your motor command saying there is an arm,

A sustav motoričkih naredbi kaže da je ruka tu,

and, because of this conflict, the brain says, to hell with it,

i zbog toga konflikta mozak kaže, ma dovraga,

there is no phantom, there is no arm, right?

nema fantoma, nema ruke, jel 'tako?

It goes into a sort of denial -- it gates the signals.

Povuče se u neku vrstu poricanja -- negira signale.

And when the arm disappears, the bonus is, the pain disappears

A kada nestane ruka, nestaje i bol

because you can't have disembodied pain floating out there, in space.

zato što ne možete imati bol bez tijela.

So, that's the bonus.

Tako da je to bonus.

Now, this technique has been tried on dozens of patients

E sad, te tehnika je isprobana na desecima pacijenata

by other groups in Helsinki,

od strane drugih istraživača,

so it may prove to be valuable as a treatment for phantom pain,

tako da bi se mogla pokazati kao vrijedna za liječenje fantomske boli,

and indeed, people have tried it for stroke rehabilitation.

i čak je isprobana u rehabilitaciji nakon moždanog udara.

Stroke you normally think of as damage to the fibers,

Moždani udar se smatra oštećenjem živaca,

nothing you can do about it.

s kojim ništa ne možete napraviti.

But, it turns out some component of stroke paralysis is also learned paralysis,

Ali se čini kako je jedan dio paralize također naučen,

and maybe that component can be overcome using mirrors.

i da se može riješiti pomoću zrcala.

This has also gone through clinical trials,

Ovo je također je prošlo klinička testiranja,

helping lots and lots of patients.

i pomoglo mnogim pacijentima.

OK, let me switch gears now to the third part of my talk,

OK, promijenit ću brzinu za treći dio mojeg govora,

which is about another curious phenomenon called synesthesia.

koji se odnosi na čudnovat fenomen nazvan sinestezija.

This was discovered by Francis Galton in the nineteenth century.

Otkrio ju je Francis Galton u 19. stoljeću.

He was a cousin of Charles Darwin.

Inače rođak Charlesa Darwina.

He pointed out that certain people in the population,

On je istaknuo da postoje određeni ljudi u populaciji,

who are otherwise completely normal, had the following peculiarity:

koji, inače potpuno normalni, imaju sljedeću posebnost --

every time they see a number, it's colored.

svaki put kada vide broj on je obojan.

Five is blue, seven is yellow, eight is chartreuse,

5 je plava, 7 žuta, 8 boje kruške,

nine is indigo, OK?

9 indigo plava, OK?

Bear in mind, these people are completely normal in other respects.

Imajte na umu da su oni potpuno normalni u svakom drugom pogledu.

Or C sharp -- sometimes, tones evoke color.

Nekada tonovi evociraju boje.

C sharp is blue, F sharp is green,

C je plavo, F zeleno,

another tone might be yellow, right?

drugi ton može biti žut, jel' tako?

Why does this happen?

Zašto se ovo događa?

This is called synesthesia. Galton called it synesthesia,

Galton je to nazvao sinestezija,

a mingling of the senses.

miješanje osjetila.

In us, all the senses are distinct.

Sva naša osjetila su odvojena, zasebna.

These people muddle up their senses.

Ovim ljudima su ona zbrkana.

Why does this happen?

Zašto?

One of the two aspects of this problem are very intriguing.

Jedan od dva aspekta problema je veoma intrigantan.

Synesthesia runs in families,

Sinestezija se javlja u obiteljima,

so Galton said this is a hereditary basis, a genetic basis.

tako da je Galton rekao da je nasljedna, zasnovana na genetici.

Secondly, synesthesia is about -- and this is what gets me to my point

Drugo, sinestezija je -- što me dovodi do poante

about the main theme of this lecture, which is about creativity --

glavne teme ovog predavanja, a to je kreativnost --

synesthesia is eight times more common among artists, poets, novelists

osam puta češća među umjetnicima

and other creative people than in the general population.

i ostalim kreativnim ljudima u općoj populaciji.

Why would that be?

Zašto je tome tako?

I'm going to answer that question.

Odgovorit ću vam.

It's never been answered before.

Nikada prije nije odgovoreno zašto je tako.

OK, what is synesthesia? What causes it?

OK, što je sinestezija? Što je izaziva?

Well, there are many theories.

Pa, postoje mnoge teorije.

One theory is they're just crazy.

Jedna teorija je da su doslovno ludi.

Now, that's not really a scientific theory, so we can forget about it.

To baš i nije znanstvena teorija, pa je možemo zanemariti.

Another theory is they are acid junkies and potheads, right?

Druga teorija je da su napušeni, jel' tako?

Now, there may be some truth to this,

E sad, tu bi moglo i biti istine

because it's much more common here in the Bay Area than in San Diego.

zato što je puno češća tu nego u San Diegu.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

OK. Now, the third theory is that --

OK. Sad, treća teorija kaže --

well, let's ask ourselves what's really going on in synesthesia. All right?

idemo se zapitati što se zaista događa u sinesteziji? U redu?

So, we found that the color area and the number area

Otkrili smo da su regije mozga za boje i brojeve

are right next to each other in the brain, in the fusiform gyrus.

jedna pored druge u vretenastoj vijugi.

So we said, there's some accidental cross wiring

Pa smo rekli da je došlo do slučajnog prespajanja

between color and numbers in the brain.

između boja i brojeva u mozgu.

So, every time you see a number, you see a corresponding color,

Tako da svaki put kada vidite broj, vidite i odgovarajuću boju,

and that's why you get synesthesia.

i zato dobijete sinesteziju.

Now remember -- why does this happen?

Podsjetite se -- zašto se to zbiva?

Why would there be crossed wires in some people?

Zašto bi došlo do prespajanja kod nekih ljudi?

Remember I said it runs in families?

Sjećate se da se pojavljuje u obiteljima?

That gives you the clue.

To vam nešto govori.

And that is, there is an abnormal gene,

I to da postoji abnormalan gen,

a mutation in the gene that causes this abnormal cross wiring.

mutacija gena, koja uzrokuje abnormalno prespajanje.

In all of us, it turns out

Svi mi, kako je dokazano,

we are born with everything wired to everything else.

smo rođeni s međusobno povezanim regijama mozga.

So, every brain region is wired to every other region,

Svaka regija mozga je povezana s drugom regijom,

and these are trimmed down to create

i one su uređene tako da stvaraju

the characteristic modular architecture of the adult brain.

karakterističnu modularnu građu odraslog mozga.

So, if there's a gene causing this trimming

Tako da ako postoji gen koji to uređuje,

and if that gene mutates,

i ako on mutira,

then you get deficient trimming between adjacent brain areas.

onda imate smanjenu uređenost između susjednih regija mozga,

And if it's between number and color, you get number-color synesthesia.

a ako je to između brojeva i boja onda dobijete broj-boja sinesteziju.

If it's between tone and color, you get tone-color synesthesia.

Ako je između tona i boje onda dobijete ton-boja sinesteziju.

So far, so good.

Do sada je sve jasno.

Now, what if this gene is expressed everywhere in the brain,

Ali što ako se taj gen ispoljava svugdje u mozgu,

so everything is cross-connected?

tako da je sve međusobno povezano?

Well, think about what artists, novelists and poets have in common,

Razmislite što sve umjetnici, pisci i pjesnici imaju zajedničko,

the ability to engage in metaphorical thinking,

sposobnost da se upuste u metaforičko mišljenje,

linking seemingly unrelated ideas,

povezujući naizgled nepovezive ideje,

such as, "It is the east, and Juliet is the Sun."

kao što je, "to je istok, a Julia je Sunce."

Well, you don't say, Juliet is the sun,

Ne kaže se da je Julia sunce --

does that mean she's a glowing ball of fire?

znači li to da je ona sjajna kugla vatre?

I mean, schizophrenics do that, but it's a different story, right?

Mislim, shizofreničari to rade, ali je to sasvim druga priča.

Normal people say, she's warm like the sun,

Normalni ljudi kažu da je topla poput sunca,

she's radiant like the sun, she's nurturing like the sun.

da je sjajna kao sunce, da je njegovana kao sunce.

Instantly, you've found the links.

Odmah ste našli veze.

Now, if you assume that this greater cross wiring

Ako pretpostavite da je ovo veće prespajanje

and concepts are also in different parts of the brain,

zajedno s konceptima u različitim dijelovima mozga,

then it's going to create a greater propensity

onda će to stvoriti veću sklonost

towards metaphorical thinking and creativity

metaforičkom razmišljanju i kreativnosti

in people with synesthesia.

u ljudi s sinestezijom.

And, hence, the eight times more common incidence of synesthesia

i otuda osam puta češća pojavnost sinestezije

among poets, artists and novelists.

među pjesnicima, umjetnicima i piscima.

OK, it's a very phrenological view of synesthesia.

OK -- to je frenološki pogled na sinesteziju.

The last demonstration -- can I take one minute?

Posljednja demonstracija -- mogu li dobiti minutu još?

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

OK. I'm going to show you that you're all synesthetes, but you're in denial about it.

OK. Pokazat ću vam da ste svi vi sinesteti, ali to poričete.

Here's what I call Martian alphabet. Just like your alphabet,

Evo nešto što ja zovem marsovska abeceda, baš kao vaša,

A is A, B is B, C is C.

A je A, B je B, C je C,

Different shapes for different phonemes, right?

različiti oblici za različite glasove, jel' tako?

Here, you've got Martian alphabet.

Evo imate marsovsku abecedu.

One of them is Kiki, one of them is Bouba.

Jedno je Kiki, a jedno je Buba?

Which one is Kiki and which one is Bouba?

Koje je Kiki, a koje Buba?

How many of you think that's Kiki and that's Bouba? Raise your hands.

Koliko vas misli da je ovo Kiki, a ovo Buba? Podignite ruke.

Well, it's one or two mutants.

Pa, jedan ili dva mutanata.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

How many of you think that's Bouba, that's Kiki? Raise your hands.

Koliko vas misli da je ovo Buba, a ovo Kiki? Podignite ruke.

Ninety-nine percent of you.

99%

Now, none of you is a Martian. How did you do that?

E sad, nitko nije Marsovac, kako ste to uradili?

It's because you're all doing a cross-model synesthetic abstraction,

Zato što ste svi izveli poprečno modeliranje -- sinestetsku apstrakciju --

meaning you're saying that that sharp inflection -- ki-ki,

što znači da mislite da je ova oštra modulacija, Kiki,

in your auditory cortex, the hair cells being excited -- Kiki,

u slušnoj kori mozga, trepetljikave stanice se podraže, Kiki,

mimics the visual inflection, sudden inflection of that jagged shape.

imitirajućii vizualnu modulaciju -- iznenadnu modulaciju -- tog šiljastog oblika.

Now, this is very important, because what it's telling you

Ovo je vrlo važno, jer vam govori

is your brain is engaging in a primitive --

da se vaš mozak prepustio primitivnom --

it's just -- it looks like a silly illusion,

ali tako je -- izgleda kao blesava iluzija

but these photons in your eye are doing this shape,

ali ti fotoni u vašim očima obrađuju taj oblik

and hair cells in your ear are exciting the auditory pattern,

i trepetljikave stanice u ušima aktiviraju zvučni obrazac,

but the brain is able to extract the common denominator.

ali mozak je sposoban izvući zajednički nazivnik.

It's a primitive form of abstraction,

To je primitivan oblik apstrakcije,

and we now know this happens in the fusiform gyrus of the brain,

i sada znamo da se on zbiva u vretenastoj vijugi mozga

because when that's damaged,

zato što kada je on oštećen,

these people lose the ability to engage in Bouba Kiki,

ovi ljudi gube sposobnost da izvedu Buba Kiki,

but they also lose the ability to engage in metaphor.

ali također gube sposobnost za metaforu.

If you ask this guy, what -- "all that glitters is not gold,"

Ako pitate tog čovjeka što znači "Nije zlato sve što sja",

what does that mean?"

Pacijent na to kaže,

The patient says, "Well, if it's metallic and shiny, it doesn't mean it's gold.

"Pa, ako je metalno i sjajno, ne znači da je zlato.

You have to measure its specific gravity, OK?"

Morate mu izmjeriti težinu." OK?

So, they completely miss the metaphorical meaning.

Dakle, potpuno su izgubili smisao za metaforu.

So, this area is about eight times the size in higher --

Ta regija je oko osam puta veća kod viših --

especially in humans -- as in lower primates.

naročito kod ljudi -- nego kod nižih primata.

Something very interesting is going on here in the angular gyrus,

Nešto vrlo zanimljivo se događa ovdje u angularnoj vijugi,

because it's the crossroads between hearing, vision and touch,

zato što je sjecište između sluha, vida i dodira,

and it became enormous in humans. And something very interesting is going on.

i postalo je ogromno kod ljudi -- i nešto se vrlo zanimljivo tu događa.

And I think it's a basis of many uniquely human abilities

I ja mislim da je to osnova mnogih sposobnosti jedinstvenih ljudima

like abstraction, metaphor and creativity.

kao što je apstrakcija, metafora i kreativnost.

All of these questions that philosophers have been studying for millennia,

Sva pitanja koja su filozofi proučavali tisućljećima,

we scientists can begin to explore by doing brain imaging,

mi znanstvenici možemo istraživati snimanjem mozga,

and by studying patients and asking the right questions.

proučavajući pacijente i postavljajući prava pitanja.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Sorry about that.

Oprostite na ovome.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)