The invisible life hidden beneath Antarctica's ice | Ariel Waldman

51,174 views ใƒป 2020-08-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:13
Can you guess what this is?
0
13167
1458
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื—ืฉ ืžื” ื–ื”?
00:16
What if I told you there's a place where the creatures are made of glass?
1
16083
4143
ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื›ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื ืžื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช?
00:20
Or that there are life-forms that are invisible to us,
2
20250
3018
ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื•ืช ืœื ื•
00:23
but astronauts see them all the time?
3
23292
3017
ืื‘ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ?
00:26
These invisible glass creatures aren't aliens on a faraway exoplanet.
4
26333
4226
ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืืงื–ื• ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช.
00:30
They're diatoms:
5
30583
1643
ื”ื ื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื:
00:32
photosynthetic, single-celled algae responsible for producing oxygen
6
32250
3643
ืืฆื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ ืชืื™ื•ืช ืฉืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืžืฆืŸ
00:35
and helping seed clouds on a planetary scale
7
35917
3267
ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื–ืจื™ืข ืขื ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™
00:39
and with intricately sculpted, geometric exoskeletons made of --
8
39208
3685
ื•ืขื ืฉืœื“ื™ื ืžืคื•ืกืœื™ื ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื --
00:42
yeah, glass.
9
42917
1500
ื›ืŸ, ืžื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช.
00:45
You can see them in swirls of ocean-surface colors from space.
10
45250
3434
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืžื”ื—ืœืœ.
00:48
And when they die,
11
48708
1268
ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื™ื,
ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืฉื•ืงืขื™ื ืœืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
00:50
their glass houses sink to the depths of the oceans,
12
50000
2476
00:52
taking carbon out of the air
13
52500
1351
ื•ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžื”ืื•ื™ืจ
00:53
and with them to the grave,
14
53875
1351
ื•ืื™ืชื ืœืงื‘ืจ,
00:55
accounting for a significant amount of carbon sequestration in the oceans.
15
55250
4476
ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื›ื™ื“ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
00:59
We live on an alien planet.
16
59750
2268
ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™.
01:02
There is so much weird life here on Earth to study,
17
62042
2476
ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ืคื” ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:04
and so much of it lives at the edges of our world,
18
64542
3559
ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•,
01:08
of our sight and of our understanding.
19
68125
2809
ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™ื” ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
01:10
One of those edges is Antarctica.
20
70958
2292
ืื—ื“ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ื™ื ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”.
01:14
Typically, when we think about Antarctica,
21
74083
2060
ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”,
01:16
we think of a place that's barren and lifeless ...
22
76167
2351
ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืกืจ ื—ื™ื™ื...
01:18
except for a few penguins.
23
78542
2017
ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื›ืžื” ืคื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื.
01:20
But Antarctica should instead be known as a polar oasis of life,
24
80583
3685
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ื ื•ื•ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื,
01:24
host to countless creatures that are utterly fascinating.
25
84292
2708
ื‘ื™ืช ืœืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:27
So why haven't we seen them on the latest nature documentary?
26
87875
3268
ืื– ืœืžื” ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ?
01:31
Well, they lurk beneath the snow and ice,
27
91167
2934
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉืœื’ ื•ืœืงืจื—,
01:34
virtually invisible to us.
28
94125
2059
ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื ืœื ื•.
01:36
They're microbes:
29
96208
1560
ื”ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื:
01:37
tiny plants and animals living embedded inside of glaciers,
30
97792
3434
ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืžืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื,
01:41
underneath the sea ice
31
101250
1309
ืชื—ืช ื”ืงืจื— ื‘ื™ื
01:42
and swimming in subglacial ponds.
32
102583
2351
ื•ืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืชืช ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
01:44
And they're no less charismatic than any of the megafauna
33
104958
2726
ื•ื”ื ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžื’ื”ืคืื•ื ื”
01:47
that you're used to seeing in a nature documentary.
34
107708
2584
ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข.
01:51
But how do you compel people to explore what they can't see?
35
111333
4351
ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžืฉื›ื ืขื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช?
01:55
I recently led a five-week expedition to Antarctica
36
115708
2810
ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”
01:58
to essentially become a wildlife filmmaker at the microbial scale.
37
118542
4517
ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืœื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืกืจื˜ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™.
02:03
With 185 pounds of gear,
38
123083
1935
ืขื 84 ืงื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื“,
02:05
I boarded a military aircraft
39
125042
2017
ืขืœื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก ืฆื‘ืื™
02:07
and brought microscopes into the field
40
127083
1893
ื•ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืœืฉื“ื”
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืœื ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืงืกื˜ืจืžื•ืคื™ืœื™ื ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:09
to film and investigate these microscopic extremophiles,
41
129000
3143
02:12
so that we can become more familiar with a poorly understood ecosystem
42
132167
3309
ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช
02:15
that we live with here on Earth.
43
135500
1542
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืชืŸ ืคื” ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:18
To film these invisible creatures in action,
44
138167
2392
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืœื ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”,
02:20
I needed to see where they call home --
45
140583
2101
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœื• ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื• ื‘ื™ืช --
02:22
I needed to venture under the ice.
46
142708
2500
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืฆืืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงืจื—.
02:25
Every year, the sea ice nearly doubles the entire size of Antarctica.
47
145875
4601
ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ืงืจื— ื”ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”.
02:30
To get a glimpse below the nine-feet-thick ice,
48
150500
2768
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื—,
02:33
I climbed down a long, metal tube inserted into the sea ice
49
153292
3601
ื˜ื™ืคืกืชื™ ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืžืชื›ืช ืืจื•ืš ืฉืžื•ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจื—
02:36
to witness a hidden ecosystem full of life,
50
156917
3559
ื›ื™ื“ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ืžื•ืกืชืจืช ืžืœืื” ื—ื™ื™ื,
02:40
while being suspended between the seafloor and the illuminated ceiling of ice.
51
160500
4250
ื‘ืขื•ื“ื™ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงืจื” ืžื•ืืจืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื—.
02:46
Here's what that looked like from the outside.
52
166041
2143
ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
02:48
It was just absolutely magical.
53
168208
2167
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงืกื•ื.
02:51
Some of the critters I found were delightful things like seed shrimp
54
171667
3392
ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื• ืžืงืกื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ืจืขื™ ืฉืจื™ืžืค
02:55
and many more beautiful, geometric diatoms.
55
175083
3268
ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื™ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืžืงืกื™ืžื™ื.
02:58
I then went farther afield to camp out in the Dry Valleys
56
178375
2726
ืื– ื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื—ื ื” ื‘ืขืžืงื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื
03:01
for a couple of weeks.
57
181125
1893
ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
03:03
98 percent of Antarctica is covered with ice
58
183042
3226
98 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืงืจื—
03:06
and the Dry Valleys are the largest area of Antarctica where you can actually see
59
186292
3810
ื•ื”ืขืžืงื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช
03:10
what the continent itself looks like underneath all of it.
60
190126
3517
ืื™ืš ื”ืžื“ืฃ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื ืจืื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœื›ืœ ื–ื”.
03:13
I sampled bacteria at Blood Falls,
61
193667
1851
ื“ื’ืžืชื™ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืœื™ ื”ื“ื,
03:15
a natural phenomenon of a subglacial pond spurting out iron oxide
62
195542
4059
ืชื•ืคืขื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืชืช ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืคื•ืœื˜ืช ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ
03:19
that was thought to be utterly lifeless until a little more than a decade ago.
63
199625
4393
ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ื—ืกืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืฉื•ืจ.
03:24
And I hiked up a glacier to drill down into it,
64
204042
3184
ื•ืขืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื•ื— ืœืชื•ื›ื•,
03:27
revealing countless, hardcore critters living their best lives
65
207250
3476
ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:30
while embedded inside layers of ice.
66
210750
2042
ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืžื•ื˜ืžืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื—.
03:33
Known as cryoconite holes,
67
213583
1310
ื”ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืงืจื™ื•ืงื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ื,
03:34
they form when tiny pieces of darkly colored dirt
68
214917
2934
ืฉื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืฉืคื™ืกื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื›ื”ื”
03:37
get blown onto the glacier
69
217875
1684
ืžื•ืขืฃ ืœืชื•ืš ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ
03:39
and begin to melt down into soupy holes that then freeze over,
70
219583
3851
ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื ืžืก ืœืชื•ืš ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืคืฉืจื™ื ืฉืื– ืงื•ืคืื™ื,
03:43
preserving hundreds of dirt pucks inside the glacier,
71
223458
2935
ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ืžืื•ืช ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืคืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ,
03:46
like little island universes
72
226417
1892
ื›ืžื• ื™ืงื•ืžื™ ืื™ ืงื˜ื ื™ื
03:48
each with its own unique ecosystem.
73
228333
2851
ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื•.
03:51
Some of the critters I found you may recognize,
74
231208
2268
ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ืื•ืœื™ ืชื›ื™ืจื•,
03:53
like this adorable tardigrade --
75
233500
1601
ื›ืžื• ื“ื•ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืžื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” --
03:55
I absolutely love them,
76
235125
1268
ืื ื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื,
03:56
they're like little gummy bears with claws.
77
236417
2517
ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื“ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ ื’ื•ืžื™ ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืขื ืžืœืชืขื•ืช.
03:58
Also known as a water bear,
78
238958
1726
ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื’ื ื›ื“ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ ืžื™ื,
04:00
they're famous for possessing superpowers
79
240708
2018
ื”ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืœ
04:02
that allow them to survive in extreme conditions,
80
242750
2768
ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื,
04:05
including the vacuum of space.
81
245542
2476
ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื•ืืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ.
04:08
But you don't need to travel to space or even Antarctica to find them.
82
248042
3309
ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœื—ืœืœ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื.
04:11
They live in moss all over this planet,
83
251375
2643
ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”,
04:14
from sidewalk cracks to parks.
84
254042
2184
ืžืกื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื›ื•ืช ืœืคืืจืงื™ื.
04:16
You likely walk right by tons of these invisible animals every day.
85
256250
4018
ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
04:20
Others may look familiar,
86
260292
1517
ืื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื,
04:21
but be stranger still, like nematodes.
87
261833
2685
ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื ืžื˜ื•ื“ื•ืช.
04:24
Not a snake nor an earthworm,
88
264542
1559
ืœื ื ื—ืฉ ืื• ืชื•ืœืขืช,
04:26
nematodes are a creature all of their own.
89
266125
2476
ื ืžื˜ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
04:28
They can't regenerate like an earthworm or crawl like a snake,
90
268625
3393
ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืžื• ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ืื• ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื ื—ืฉื™ื,
04:32
but they have tiny, dagger-like needles inside their mouths
91
272042
2934
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื
ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคื“ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืฃ ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
04:35
that some of them use to spearfish their prey and suck out the insides.
92
275000
4125
04:39
For every single human on this planet,
93
279708
1976
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื•,
04:41
there exist 57 billion nematodes.
94
281708
2875
ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช 57 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืžื˜ื•ื“ื•ืช.
04:45
And some of the critters you may not recognize at all
95
285875
2559
ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืชื›ื™ืจื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ
04:48
but live out equally fascinating lives,
96
288458
1935
ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”,
04:50
such as rotifers with amazing crowns that turn into Roomba-like mouths,
97
290417
4767
ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื˜ื™ืคืจื™ื ืขื ื›ืชืจื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืคื™ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืจื•ืžื‘ื”,
04:55
ciliates with digestive systems so transparent that it's almost TMI,
98
295208
4143
ืงืœื™ืื˜ื™ื ืขื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžื™ื“ืข,
04:59
and cyanobacteria that look like party confetti exploded all over a petri dish.
99
299375
4583
ื•ืฆื™ืื ื• ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืงื•ื ืคื˜ื™ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืคื˜ืจื™.
05:04
A lot of times what we see in popular media
100
304833
2226
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช
05:07
are scanning electron microscope images of microorganisms
101
307083
3893
ื”ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืžืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืกื•ืจืง ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื• ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื
ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื•ืช.
05:11
looking like scary monsters.
102
311000
2184
05:13
Without seeing them move their lives remain elusive to us
103
313208
3393
ื‘ืœื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื ืขื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื—ืžืงืžืงื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•
05:16
despite them living nearly everywhere we step outside.
104
316625
3309
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื•ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
05:19
What's their daily life like?
105
319958
1726
ืื™ืš ื ืจืื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื?
05:21
How do they interact with their environment?
106
321708
2476
ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื?
05:24
If you only ever saw a photo of a penguin at a zoo,
107
324208
3768
ืื ืจืง ืชืจืื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืคื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช,
ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืจืื• ืื—ื“ ืžื“ื“ื” ื•ืื– ืžื—ืœื™ืง ืขืœ ืงืจื—,
05:28
but you never saw one waddle around and then glide over ice,
108
328000
3518
05:31
you wouldn't fully understand penguins.
109
331542
2684
ืœื ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื”ืคื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื.
05:34
By seeing microcreatures in motion,
110
334250
1768
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื• ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”,
05:36
we gain better insights into the lives of the otherwise invisible.
111
336042
4059
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืฉืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื.
05:40
Without documenting the invisible life in Antarctica and our own backyards,
112
340125
4351
ื‘ืœื™ ืœืชืขื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
05:44
we don't understand just how many creatures we share our world with.
113
344500
3601
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขื ื›ืžื” ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
05:48
And that means we don't yet have the full picture
114
348125
2351
ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืœืื”
05:50
of our weird and whimsical home planet.
115
350500
3018
ืฉืœ ืคืœื ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
05:53
Thank you.
116
353542
1708
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7