The invisible life hidden beneath Antarctica's ice | Ariel Waldman

51,159 views

2020-08-10 ・ TED


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The invisible life hidden beneath Antarctica's ice | Ariel Waldman

51,159 views ・ 2020-08-10

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Viktor Čikara Recezent: Sanda L
00:13
Can you guess what this is?
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Možete li pogoditi što je ovo?
00:16
What if I told you there's a place where the creatures are made of glass?
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Što ako vam kažem da postoji mjesto gdje su stvorenja napravljena od stakla?
00:20
Or that there are life-forms that are invisible to us,
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Ili da postoje oblici života koji su nama nevidljivi,
00:23
but astronauts see them all the time?
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ali ih astronauti stalno viđaju?
00:26
These invisible glass creatures aren't aliens on a faraway exoplanet.
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Ova nevidljiva staklena stvorenja nisu izvanzemaljci na dalekom egzoplanetu.
00:30
They're diatoms:
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Već alge kremenjašice:
00:32
photosynthetic, single-celled algae responsible for producing oxygen
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fotosintetičke, jednostanične alge odgovorne za proizvodnju kisika
00:35
and helping seed clouds on a planetary scale
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koje pomažu zasijati oblake na planetarnim razmjerima
00:39
and with intricately sculpted, geometric exoskeletons made of --
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i s detaljno oblikovanim, geometrijskim egzoskeletima od --
00:42
yeah, glass.
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da, stakla.
00:45
You can see them in swirls of ocean-surface colors from space.
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Možete ih vidjeti u virovima boje površine oceana iz svemira,
00:48
And when they die,
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a kada umru,
njihove staklene kućice potonu u dubine oceana,
00:50
their glass houses sink to the depths of the oceans,
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00:52
taking carbon out of the air
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odnoseći ugljik iz zraka
00:53
and with them to the grave,
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sa sobom u grob,
00:55
accounting for a significant amount of carbon sequestration in the oceans.
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što predstavlja značajan iznos sekvestracije ugljika u oceanima.
00:59
We live on an alien planet.
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Živimo na stranom planetu.
01:02
There is so much weird life here on Earth to study,
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Toliko je čudnog života na Zemlji za proučavanje
01:04
and so much of it lives at the edges of our world,
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i tako puno njega živi na rubovima našeg svijeta,
01:08
of our sight and of our understanding.
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našeg vida i našeg razumijevanja.
01:10
One of those edges is Antarctica.
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Jedan od tih rubova je Antarktika.
01:14
Typically, when we think about Antarctica,
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Kada obično pomislimo na Antarktiku,
01:16
we think of a place that's barren and lifeless ...
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pomislimo na mjesto koje je golo i beživotno...
01:18
except for a few penguins.
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s izuzetkom par pingvina.
01:20
But Antarctica should instead be known as a polar oasis of life,
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Ali Antarktika bi trebala biti poznata kao polarna oaza života,
01:24
host to countless creatures that are utterly fascinating.
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koja je dom bezbroju stvorenja koja su krajnje fascinantna.
01:27
So why haven't we seen them on the latest nature documentary?
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Zašto ih, dakle, nismo vidjeli u najnovijem dokumentarcu o prirodi?
01:31
Well, they lurk beneath the snow and ice,
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Pa, kriju se pod snijegom i ledom,
01:34
virtually invisible to us.
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nama gotovo nevidljivi.
01:36
They're microbes:
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Oni su mikrobi:
01:37
tiny plants and animals living embedded inside of glaciers,
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sitne biljke i životinje skrivene unutar ledenjaka
01:41
underneath the sea ice
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ispod morskog leda,
01:42
and swimming in subglacial ponds.
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plivajući u subglacijalnim jezercima.
01:44
And they're no less charismatic than any of the megafauna
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I nisu ništa manje karizmatične od bilo koje megafaune
01:47
that you're used to seeing in a nature documentary.
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koje inače viđate u dokumentarcima o prirodi.
01:51
But how do you compel people to explore what they can't see?
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Ali kako da potaknete ljude da istraže ono što ne mogu vidjeti?
01:55
I recently led a five-week expedition to Antarctica
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Nedavno sam vodila petotjednu ekspediciju na Antarktiku
01:58
to essentially become a wildlife filmmaker at the microbial scale.
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kako bih snimala filmove o divljini na mikrobnoj razini.
02:03
With 185 pounds of gear,
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S 84 kilograma opreme,
02:05
I boarded a military aircraft
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ukrcala sam se na vojni avion
02:07
and brought microscopes into the field
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i donijela mikroskope na teren
02:09
to film and investigate these microscopic extremophiles,
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kako bih snimila i istražila ove mikroskopske ekstremofile,
02:12
so that we can become more familiar with a poorly understood ecosystem
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kako bismo se mogli bliže upoznati sa slabo shvaćenim ekosustavom
02:15
that we live with here on Earth.
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s kojim živimo ovdje na Zemlji.
02:18
To film these invisible creatures in action,
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Da bih snimila ova nevidljiva stvorenja u akciji,
02:20
I needed to see where they call home --
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morala sam naći mjesto koje nazivaju domom,
02:22
I needed to venture under the ice.
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morala sam se zaputiti pod led.
02:25
Every year, the sea ice nearly doubles the entire size of Antarctica.
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Svake godine, morski led skoro udvostruči cijelu površinu Antarktike.
02:30
To get a glimpse below the nine-feet-thick ice,
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Da bih vidjela ispod tri metra dubokog leda,
02:33
I climbed down a long, metal tube inserted into the sea ice
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spustila sam se niz dugu, metalnu cijev umetnutu u morski led
02:36
to witness a hidden ecosystem full of life,
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i svjedočila skrivenom ekosustavu punom života,
02:40
while being suspended between the seafloor and the illuminated ceiling of ice.
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viseći između morskog dna i osvijetljenog ledenog stropa.
02:46
Here's what that looked like from the outside.
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Evo kako je to izgledalo izvana.
02:48
It was just absolutely magical.
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Bilo je naprosto čarobno.
02:51
Some of the critters I found were delightful things like seed shrimp
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Neke od životinjica bile su divne, poput dvoljušturaca
02:55
and many more beautiful, geometric diatoms.
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i još mnogo prekrasnih, geometrijskih algi kremenjašica.
02:58
I then went farther afield to camp out in the Dry Valleys
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Onda sam otišla dalje kako bih kampirala u Dry Valleys
03:01
for a couple of weeks.
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nekoliko tjedana.
03:03
98 percent of Antarctica is covered with ice
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98 % Antarktike je pokriveno ledom
03:06
and the Dry Valleys are the largest area of Antarctica where you can actually see
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a Dry Valleys su najveće područje Antarktike gdje možete vidjeti
03:10
what the continent itself looks like underneath all of it.
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kako sam kontinent izgleda ispod svega toga.
03:13
I sampled bacteria at Blood Falls,
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Ispitala sam bakterije s Blood Fallsa,
03:15
a natural phenomenon of a subglacial pond spurting out iron oxide
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prirodni fenomen subglacijalnog jezerca iz kojeg se izlijeva željezov oksid,
03:19
that was thought to be utterly lifeless until a little more than a decade ago.
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za kojeg se mislilo da je potpuno beživotan sve do prije jednog desetljeća.
03:24
And I hiked up a glacier to drill down into it,
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Popela sam se na ledenjak kako bih ga izbušila
03:27
revealing countless, hardcore critters living their best lives
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i otkrila sam bezbroj prekaljenih životinjica koje su živjele punim plućima
03:30
while embedded inside layers of ice.
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ispod slojeva leda.
03:33
Known as cryoconite holes,
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Poznate kao kriokonitne rupe,
03:34
they form when tiny pieces of darkly colored dirt
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oblikuju sitne komadiće sitno obojane zemlje,
03:37
get blown onto the glacier
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otpušu se na ledenjak
03:39
and begin to melt down into soupy holes that then freeze over,
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i počnu se otapati u tekuće rupe koje se potom smrznu
03:43
preserving hundreds of dirt pucks inside the glacier,
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i sačuvaju stotine prstenova od leda unutar ledenjaka,
03:46
like little island universes
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poput malenih otočnih svemira,
03:48
each with its own unique ecosystem.
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svaki sa svojim jedinstvenim ekosustavom.
03:51
Some of the critters I found you may recognize,
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Možete prepoznati neke od tih životinjica,
03:53
like this adorable tardigrade --
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kao ovog preslatkog dugoživca --
jednostavno ih obožavam,
03:55
I absolutely love them,
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03:56
they're like little gummy bears with claws.
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poput malenih su gumenih medvjedića s pandžama.
03:58
Also known as a water bear,
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Također su poznati kao vodeni medvjedići,
04:00
they're famous for possessing superpowers
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poznati su po tome što imaju supermoći
04:02
that allow them to survive in extreme conditions,
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koje im omogućuju da prežive u ekstremnim uvjetima,
04:05
including the vacuum of space.
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uključujući vakuum prostora.
04:08
But you don't need to travel to space or even Antarctica to find them.
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Ali za to ne morate putovati u svemir, čak ni na Antarktiku.
04:11
They live in moss all over this planet,
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One žive u mahovini posvuda na ovom planetu,
04:14
from sidewalk cracks to parks.
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od rupa u nogostupima do parkova.
04:16
You likely walk right by tons of these invisible animals every day.
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Možda prolazite pored tone ovih nevidljivih životinja svaki dan.
04:20
Others may look familiar,
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Druge mogu izgledati poznato,
04:21
but be stranger still, like nematodes.
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ali su još čudnije, kao nematode.
04:24
Not a snake nor an earthworm,
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Ni zmije niti kišne gliste,
04:26
nematodes are a creature all of their own.
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nematode su stvorenja za sebe.
04:28
They can't regenerate like an earthworm or crawl like a snake,
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Ne mogu se regenerirati kao kišne gliste ili gmizati kao zmije,
04:32
but they have tiny, dagger-like needles inside their mouths
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ali imaju sitne, bodežaste igle u svojim ustima
04:35
that some of them use to spearfish their prey and suck out the insides.
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koje neke od njih koriste da bi probole svoj plijen i isisale im utrobu.
04:39
For every single human on this planet,
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Za svakog čovjeka na ovom planetu,
04:41
there exist 57 billion nematodes.
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postoji 57 milijardi nematoda.
04:45
And some of the critters you may not recognize at all
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A neke od životinjica koje sigurno nećete ni prepoznati
04:48
but live out equally fascinating lives,
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žive jednako fascinantne živote,
04:50
such as rotifers with amazing crowns that turn into Roomba-like mouths,
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kao kolnjaci s nevjerojatnim krunama koje se pretvore u usta poput Roombe,
04:55
ciliates with digestive systems so transparent that it's almost TMI,
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trepetljikaši s probavnim sustavima koji su čak i previše transparentni,
04:59
and cyanobacteria that look like party confetti exploded all over a petri dish.
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i cijanobakterije koje izgledaju kao konfeti razbacani po zdjelici.
05:04
A lot of times what we see in popular media
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Ono što često viđamo u popularnim medijima
05:07
are scanning electron microscope images of microorganisms
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su slike mikroorganizama dobivene pretražnim elektronskim mikroskopom
05:11
looking like scary monsters.
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koje izgledaju kao jeziva čudovišta.
05:13
Without seeing them move their lives remain elusive to us
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Budući ih ne možemo vidjeti kako se miču, njihovi životi nam ostaju tajna,
05:16
despite them living nearly everywhere we step outside.
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usprkos tome što žive skoro posvuda vani.
05:19
What's their daily life like?
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Kakav im je svakodnevni život?
05:21
How do they interact with their environment?
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Kako komuniciraju s okolinom?
05:24
If you only ever saw a photo of a penguin at a zoo,
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Ako ste samo vidjeli fotku pingvina u zoološkom vrtu,
05:28
but you never saw one waddle around and then glide over ice,
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ali ga nikada niste vidjeli kako se gega i onda klizne po ledu,
05:31
you wouldn't fully understand penguins.
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ne razumijete u potpunosti pingvine.
05:34
By seeing microcreatures in motion,
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Vidjevši mikroorganizme u pokretu,
05:36
we gain better insights into the lives of the otherwise invisible.
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stječemo bolje uvide u živote onih koji su inače nevidljivi.
05:40
Without documenting the invisible life in Antarctica and our own backyards,
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Bez dokumentiranja nevidljivog života Antarktike i naših vlastitih vrtova,
05:44
we don't understand just how many creatures we share our world with.
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ne razumijemo s koliko stvorenja dijelimo naš svijet.
05:48
And that means we don't yet have the full picture
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A to znači da i dalje nemamo cjelovitu sliku
05:50
of our weird and whimsical home planet.
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našega čudnog i ćudljivog planeta.
05:53
Thank you.
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Zahvaljujem.
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