Annie Murphy Paul: What we learn before we're born

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Jelena Horvat

My subject today is learning.

Danas je moja tema učenje.

And in that spirit, I want to spring on you all a pop quiz.

I u tom duhu želim vam svima postaviti pitanje.

Ready?

Spremni?

When does learning begin?

Kada počinje učenje?

Now as you ponder that question,

Sada dok razmišljate o tom pitanju,

maybe you're thinking about the first day of preschool

možda mislite o prvom danu u maloj školi

or kindergarten,

ili vrtiću,

the first time that kids are in a classroom with a teacher.

prvi put kada su djeca u razredu s učiteljem.

Or maybe you've called to mind the toddler phase

Ili vam je možda pala na pamet razvojna faza

when children are learning how to walk and talk

kada djeca uče kako hodati, govoriti

and use a fork.

i upotrebljavati vilicu.

Maybe you've encountered the Zero-to-Three movement,

Možda ste se susreli sa Nula do tri pokretom

which asserts that the most important years for learning

koji ističe da su najvažnije godine za učenje

are the earliest ones.

one najranije.

And so your answer to my question would be:

I tako bi vaš odgovor na moje pitanje bio:

Learning begins at birth.

Učenje počinje rođenjem.

Well today I want to present to you

Danas vam želim predstaviti

an idea that may be surprising

ideju koja može iznenaditi

and may even seem implausible,

i čak se može činiti nevjerojatnom,

but which is supported by the latest evidence

ali podržana je posljednjim dokazom

from psychology and biology.

iz psihologije i biologije.

And that is that some of the most important learning we ever do

A to je da se neka od najvažnijih učenja koja nam se ikada dogode,

happens before we're born,

događaju prije nego što se rodimo

while we're still in the womb.

dok smo još u maternici.

Now I'm a science reporter.

Ja sam znanstveni novinar.

I write books and magazine articles.

Pišem knjige i članke u časopisima.

And I'm also a mother.

I također sam majka.

And those two roles came together for me

I te su se dvije uloge stopile

in a book that I wrote called "Origins."

u knjizi koju sam napisala pod imenom Podrijetlo.

"Origins" is a report from the front lines

„Podrijetlo“ su izvještaj s prvih linija

of an exciting new field

uzbudljivog novog područja

called fetal origins.

zvanog fetalno podrijetlo.

Fetal origins is a scientific discipline

Fetalno podrijetlo je znanstvena disciplina

that emerged just about two decades ago,

koja se pojavila prije dva desetljeća

and it's based on the theory

i zasnovana je na teoriji

that our health and well-being throughout our lives

da je na naše zdravlje i dobrobit kroz naš život

is crucially affected

presudno djelovalo

by the nine months we spend in the womb.

devet mjeseci koje smo proveli u maternici.

Now this theory was of more than just intellectual interest to me.

Ova teorija bila je više od intelektualnog interesa za mene.

I was myself pregnant

Bila sam trudna

while I was doing the research for the book.

dok sam radila istraživanje za knjigu.

And one of the most fascinating insights

I jedno od najfascinantnijih shvaćanja

I took from this work

koje sam dobila ovim radom

is that we're all learning about the world

je da svi učimo o svijetu

even before we enter it.

prije nego što uđemo u njega.

When we hold our babies for the first time,

Kada prvi put držimo naše bebe,

we might imagine that they're clean slates,

možemo zamisliti da su na svježem početku,

unmarked by life,

neobilježene životom,

when in fact, they've already been shaped by us

dok su zapravo već bile oblikovane od nas

and by the particular world we live in.

i specifičnog svijeta u kojem živimo.

Today I want to share with you some of the amazing things

Danas želim podijeliti s vama neke nevjerojatne stvari

that scientists are discovering

koje znanstvenici otkrivaju

about what fetuses learn

o tome što fetusi uče

while they're still in their mothers' bellies.

dok su još u majčinim trbusima.

First of all,

Prije svega,

they learn the sound of their mothers' voices.

nauče zvuk majčina glasa.

Because sounds from the outside world

Zato što zvukovi iz vanjskog svijeta

have to travel through the mother's abdominal tissue

moraju putovati kroz majčino trbušno tkivo

and through the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus,

i kroz amnionsku tekućinu koja okružuje fetus,

the voices fetuses hear,

zvukovi koje fetus čuje,

starting around the fourth month of gestation,

počevši oko četvrtog mjeseca gestacije

are muted and muffled.

su bezvučni i prigušeni.

One researcher says

Jedan istraživač kaže

that they probably sound a lot like the the voice of Charlie Brown's teacher

da vjerojatno zvuče poput glasa učiteljice Charlieja Browna

in the old "Peanuts" cartoon.

u starom Kikiriki crtiću.

But the pregnant woman's own voice

Ali glas trudne žene

reverberates through her body,

odjekuje kroz njeno tijelo,

reaching the fetus much more readily.

dostižući fetus spremnije.

And because the fetus is with her all the time,

I zato što je fetus s njom cijelo vrijeme,

it hears her voice a lot.

često čuje njen glas.

Once the baby's born, it recognizes her voice

Jednom kad se dijete rodi, prepoznaje njen glas

and it prefers listening to her voice

i preferira slušanje njenog glasa

over anyone else's.

u odnosu na bilo koji drugi.

How can we know this?

Kako to možemo znati?

Newborn babies can't do much,

Novorođenčad ne može mnogo učiniti,

but one thing they're really good at is sucking.

ali jedna stvar u kojoj je zaista dobra je sisanje.

Researchers take advantage of this fact

Istraživači su iskoristili prednost ove činjenice

by rigging up two rubber nipples,

lažiranjem dvije gumene bradavice

so that if a baby sucks on one,

tako da ako beba siše jednu,

it hears a recording of its mother's voice

čuje snimku majčinog glasa

on a pair of headphones,

na slušalicama,

and if it sucks on the other nipple,

a ako siše na drugoj

it hears a recording of a female stranger's voice.

čuje snimku glasa strane žene.

Babies quickly show their preference

Bebe su brzo pokazale sklonost

by choosing the first one.

odabirući prvu.

Scientists also take advantage of the fact

Znanstvenici su također iskoristili prednost činjenice

that babies will slow down their sucking

da će bebe usporiti sisanje

when something interests them

kada ih nešto zainteresira

and resume their fast sucking

i nastaviti brzo sisanje

when they get bored.

kad im postane dosadno.

This is how researchers discovered

Evo kako su istraživači to otkrili,

that, after women repeatedly read aloud

nakon što su žene ponovno čitale na glas

a section of Dr. Seuss' "The Cat in the Hat" while they were pregnant,

odlomak iz Dr. Seussovog „Mačka u šeširu“ dok su bile trudne,

their newborn babies recognized that passage

njihova novorođenčad je prepoznala taj odlomak

when they hear it outside the womb.

kad ga je čula van maternice.

My favorite experiment of this kind

Moj omiljeni pokus ove vrste

is the one that showed that the babies

je onaj koji je pokazao da su bebe

of women who watched a certain soap opera

žena koje su gledale određenu sapunicu

every day during pregnancy

svaki dan tijekom trudnoće

recognized the theme song of that show

prepoznale uvodnu pjesmu te serije

once they were born.

kad su se rodila.

So fetuses are even learning

Dakle, fetusi čak uče

about the particular language that's spoken

o određenom jeziku koji se govori

in the world that they'll be born into.

u svijetu u kojem će biti rođeni.

A study published last year

Studija objavljena prošle godine

found that from birth, from the moment of birth,

otkrila je da od rođenja, od trenutka rođenja

babies cry in the accent

djeca plaču naglaskom

of their mother's native language.

majčinog materinskog jezika.

French babies cry on a rising note

Francuske bebe plaču povišenim tonom

while German babies end on a falling note,

dok njemačka djeca završavaju nižim tonom

imitating the melodic contours

imitirajući melodijske obrise

of those languages.

tih jezika.

Now why would this kind of fetal learning

Zašto bi ovakva vrsta fetalnog učenja

be useful?

bila korisna?

It may have evolved to aid the baby's survival.

Možda je evoluirala kako bi pomogla bebinom preživljavanju.

From the moment of birth,

Od trenutka rođenja

the baby responds most to the voice

beba najviše reagira na glas

of the person who is most likely to care for it --

osobe koja najviše brine za nju–

its mother.

svoje majke.

It even makes its cries

Čak svoj plač

sound like the mother's language,

čini takvim da zvuči poput majčinog jezika

which may further endear the baby to the mother,

koji može dodatno omiliti bebu majci

and which may give the baby a head start

i koji može bebi dati prednost

in the critical task

u kritičnom zadatku

of learning how to understand and speak

učenja kako razumjeti i govoriti

its native language.

svoj materinski jezik.

But it's not just sounds

Ali nisu samo zvukovi ti

that fetuses are learning about in utero.

o kojima fetus uči u maternici.

It's also tastes and smells.

Tu su i okusi i mirisi.

By seven months of gestation,

Do sedmog mjeseca gestacije,

the fetus' taste buds are fully developed,

fetusovi okusni pupoljci su potpuno razvijeni

and its olfactory receptors, which allow it to smell,

i njegovi njušni receptori koji mu dozvoljavaju da njuši

are functioning.

funkcioniraju.

The flavors of the food a pregnant woman eats

Okus hrane koju trudna žena jede

find their way into the amniotic fluid,

pronalazi put do amnionske tekućine

which is continuously swallowed

koju fetus konstantno

by the fetus.

guta.

Babies seem to remember and prefer these tastes

Čini se da bebe pamte i preferiraju te okuse

once they're out in the world.

kad jednom izađu u svijet.

In one experiment, a group of pregnant women

U jednom pokusu, grupa trudnih žena

was asked to drink a lot of carrot juice

je zamoljena da pije mnogo soka od mrkve

during their third trimester of pregnancy,

tijekom trećeg tromjesečja trudnoće

while another group of pregnant women

dok je druga grupa trudnih žena

drank only water.

pila samo vodu.

Six months later, the women's infants

Šest mjeseci poslije bebama

were offered cereal mixed with carrot juice,

su ponuđene žitarice sa sokom od mrkve

and their facial expressions were observed while they ate it.

i promatrani su izrazi njihovih lica dok su jele.

The offspring of the carrot juice drinking women

Potomci žena koje su pile sok od mrkve

ate more carrot-flavored cereal,

pojeli su više žitarica s okusom mrkve

and from the looks of it,

i prema izrazima

they seemed to enjoy it more.

činilo se da više uživaju u tome.

A sort of French version of this experiment

Francuska verzija ovog pokusa

was carried out in Dijon, France

održana je u Dijonu u Francuskoj

where researchers found

gdje su istraživači otkrili

that mothers who consumed food and drink

da su bebe majki koje su konzumirale hranu i piće

flavored with licorice-flavored anise during pregnancy

s okusom slatkog korijena anisa tijekom trudnoće

showed a preference for anise

pokazale skolonost anisu

on their first day of life,

prvog dana života

and again, when they were tested later,

i ponovo kada su kasnije bila testirana,

on their fourth day of life.

četvrtog dana života.

Babies whose mothers did not eat anise during pregnancy

Bebe čije majke nisu jele anis tijekom trudnoće

showed a reaction that translated roughly as "yuck."

pokazale su reakciju koja je grubo prevedena kao „fuj“.

What this means

To znači

is that fetuses are effectively being taught by their mothers

da su fetusi učinkovito naučeni od strane majki

about what is safe and good to eat.

o tome što je sigurno i dobro za jelo.

Fetuses are also being taught

Fetusi su također poučeni

about the particular culture that they'll be joining

o određenoj kulturi kojoj će se pridružiti

through one of culture's most powerful expressions,

kroz jednu od najmoćnijih kulturnih izražaja,

which is food.

a to je hrana.

They're being introduced to the characteristic flavors and spices

Upoznati su s karakteristikama okusa i začina

of their culture's cuisine

kuhinje njihove kulture

even before birth.

čak i prije rođenja.

Now it turns out that fetuses are learning even bigger lessons.

Čini se da fetusi uče čak i veće lekcije.

But before I get to that,

Ali prije nego što dođem do toga,

I want to address something that you may be wondering about.

želim vas uputiti u nešto o čemu ste možda razmišljali.

The notion of fetal learning

Značaj fetalnog učenja

may conjure up for you attempts to enrich the fetus --

vam može prizvati pokušaje da obogatite fetus –

like playing Mozart through headphones

poput puštanja Mozarta preko slušalica

placed on a pregnant belly.

smještenih na trudničkom trbuhu.

But actually, the nine-month-long process

Ali zapravo, devet mjeseci dug proces

of molding and shaping that goes on in the womb

kalupljenja i oblikovanja koji se odvija u maternici

is a lot more visceral and consequential than that.

je mnogo organskiji i dosljedniji od toga.

Much of what a pregnant woman encounters in her daily life --

Mnogo toga što trudnica susreće tijekom svog dnevnog života –

the air she breathes,

zrak koji udiše,

the food and drink she consumes,

hrana i piće koju konzumira,

the chemicals she's exposed to,

kemikalije kojima je izložena

even the emotions she feels --

čak i emocije koje osjeća –

are shared in some fashion with her fetus.

su podijeljene na neki način s njenim fetusom.

They make up a mix of influences

Oni čine mješavinu utjecaja

as individual and idiosyncratic

pojedinačno i idiosinkrastički,

as the woman herself.

kao i žena sama.

The fetus incorporates these offerings

Fetus objedinjuje te ponude

into its own body,

u svoje vlastito tijelo,

makes them part of its flesh and blood.

čini ih dijelom svoje krvi i mesa.

And often it does something more.

I često čini nešto više.

It treats these maternal contributions

Tretira te majčine doprinose

as information,

kao informaciju

as what I like to call biological postcards

kao nešto što volim zvati biološkim razglednicama

from the world outside.

iz svijeta koji je vani.

So what a fetus is learning about in utero

Dakle, ono što fetus uči u maternici

is not Mozart's "Magic Flute"

nije Mozartova „Čarobna frula“

but answers to questions much more critical to its survival.

nego odgovori na pitanja koja su bitnija za njegovo preživljavanje.

Will it be born into a world of abundance

Hoće li biti rođen u svijetu izobilja

or scarcity?

ili nestašice?

Will it be safe and protected,

Hoće li biti siguran i zaštićen

or will it face constant dangers and threats?

ili će se suočavati s konstantnim opasnostima i prijetnjama?

Will it live a long, fruitful life

Hoće li živjeti dugim, plodnim životom

or a short, harried one?

ili kratkim, uništenim životom?

The pregnant woman's diet and stress level in particular

Pogotovo trudnička dijeta i razina stresa

provide important clues to prevailing conditions

pružaju važne naznake o prevladavajućim uvjetima

like a finger lifted to the wind.

poput prsta podignutog u zrak.

The resulting tuning and tweaking

To podešavanje i ugađanje

of a fetus' brain and other organs

fetusovog mozga i drugih organa

are part of what give us humans

je dio onoga što daje nama ljudima

our enormous flexibility,

ogromnu fleksibilnost,

our ability to thrive

našu sposobnost da napredujemo

in a huge variety of environments,

u velikoj raznovrsnosti okoliša,

from the country to the city,

od sela do grada,

from the tundra to the desert.

od tundre do pustinje.

To conclude, I want to tell you two stories

Kako bih zaključila želim vam ispričati dvije priče

about how mothers teach their children about the world

o tome kako majke uče svoju djecu o svijetu

even before they're born.

prije nego što se rode.

In the autumn of 1944,

U jesen 1944.,

the darkest days of World War II,

najmračnijim danima 2. svjetskog rata,

German troops blockaded Western Holland,

njemačke su trupe blokirale zapadnu Nizozemsku,

turning away all shipments of food.

udaljivši sve pošiljke hrane.

The opening of the Nazi's siege

Otvaranje nacističke opsade

was followed by one of the harshest winters in decades --

pratila je jedna od najtežih zima u tom desetljeću –

so cold the water in the canals froze solid.

tako hladna da se voda u kanalima čvrsto smrznula.

Soon food became scarce,

Ubrzo je hrana postala oskudna

with many Dutch surviving on just 500 calories a day --

i mnogo je Nizozemaca preživljavalo sa samo 500 kalorija na dan –

a quarter of what they consumed before the war.

četvrtina onoga što su konzumirali prije rata.

As weeks of deprivation stretched into months,

Kako su se tjedni siromaštva rastegnuli na mjesece,

some resorted to eating tulip bulbs.

neki su pribjegli jedenju lukovica tulipana.

By the beginning of May,

Početkom svibnja,

the nation's carefully rationed food reserve

narod je pažljivo odmjerio da su rezerve hrane

was completely exhausted.

potpuno istrošene.

The specter of mass starvation loomed.

Prijetila je avet masovnog gladovanja.

And then on May 5th, 1945,

I tada, 5. svibnja 1945.,

the siege came to a sudden end

opsada je odjednom završila

when Holland was liberated

kada je Nizozemska oslobođena

by the Allies.

uz pomoć saveznika.

The "Hunger Winter," as it came to be known,

„Gladna zima“, kako je postala poznata,

killed some 10,000 people

ubila je oko 10 000 ljudi

and weakened thousands more.

i oslabila još tisuće.

But there was another population that was affected --

Ali postojala je još jedna populacija na koju je to utjecalo –

the 40,000 fetuses

40 000 fetusa

in utero during the siege.

u maternicama tijekom opsade.

Some of the effects of malnutrition during pregnancy

Neke posljedice pothranjenosti tijekom trudnoće

were immediately apparent

odmah su se vidjele

in higher rates of stillbirths,

u većem postotku mrtvorođenčadi,

birth defects, low birth weights

urođenih mana, niskih porođajnih težina

and infant mortality.

i smrtnosti novorođenčadi.

But others wouldn't be discovered for many years.

Ali ostale nisu bile otkrivene mnogo godina.

Decades after the "Hunger Winter,"

Desetljećima nakon „Gladne zime“

researchers documented

istraživači su dokumentirali

that people whose mothers were pregnant during the siege

da su ljudi čije su majke bile trudne za vrijeme opsade

have more obesity, more diabetes

bili gojazniji, češće imali dijabetes

and more heart disease in later life

i više srčanih bolesti kasnije u životu

than individuals who were gestated under normal conditions.

od pojedinaca koji su rođeni u normalnim uvjetima.

These individuals' prenatal experience of starvation

Ta pojedinačna prenatalna iskustva izgladnjivanja

seems to have changed their bodies

očito su promijenila njihova tijela

in myriad ways.

na bezbroj načina.

They have higher blood pressure,

Imaju povišen krvni tlak,

poorer cholesterol profiles

lošije profile kolesterola

and reduced glucose tolerance --

i smanjenu toleranciju na glukozu –

a precursor of diabetes.

preteča dijabetesa.

Why would undernutrition in the womb

Zašto bi pothranjivanje u maternici

result in disease later?

kasnije rezultiralo bolešću?

One explanation

Jedno objašnjenje

is that fetuses are making the best of a bad situation.

je da fetusi izvlače najbolje iz loše situacije.

When food is scarce,

Kada hrane nema

they divert nutrients towards the really critical organ, the brain,

oni skreću hranjive tvari prema zaista kritičnom organu, mozgu

and away from other organs

i podalje od ostalih organa

like the heart and liver.

poput srca i jetre.

This keeps the fetus alive in the short-term,

To drži fetus živim kratko vrijeme,

but the bill comes due later on in life

ali račun dolazi na naplatu kasnije u životu

when those other organs, deprived early on,

kada ti ostali organi, uskraćeni ranije,

become more susceptible to disease.

postanu podložniji bolesti.

But that may not be all that's going on.

Ali to možda nije sve što se zbiva.

It seems that fetuses are taking cues

Čini se da fetusi primaju znakove

from the intrauterine environment

iz intrauterine okoline

and tailoring their physiology accordingly.

i prilagođavaju svoju fiziologiju prema tome.

They're preparing themselves

Pripremaju se

for the kind of world they will encounter

za vrstu svijeta u koji će ući

on the other side of the womb.

na drugoj strani maternice.

The fetus adjusts its metabolism

Fetus prilagođava svoj metabolizam

and other physiological processes

i druge fiziološke procese

in anticipation of the environment that awaits it.

predosjećajući okolinu koja ga čeka.

And the basis of the fetus' prediction

I osnova fetusove pretpostavke

is what its mother eats.

je ono što majka jede.

The meals a pregnant woman consumes

Obroci koje trudnica konzumira

constitute a kind of story,

sadrže neku vrstu priče,

a fairy tale of abundance

bajku o izobilju

or a grim chronicle of deprivation.

ili strašnu kroniku siromaštva.

This story imparts information

Ova priča pruža informaciju

that the fetus uses

koju fetus koristi

to organize its body and its systems --

kako bi organizirao svoje tijelo i sistem –

an adaptation to prevailing circumstances

adaptacija na dominirajuće okolnosti

that facilitates its future survival.

koja olakšava njegovo buduće preživljavanje.

Faced with severely limited resources,

Suočeno s veoma ograničenim resursima,

a smaller-sized child with reduced energy requirements

dijete manje veličine s reduciranim potrebama energije

will, in fact, have a better chance

će zapravo imati bolje šanse

of living to adulthood.

za život u odrasloj dobi.

The real trouble comes

Pravi problem dolazi

when pregnant women are, in a sense, unreliable narrators,

kada trudnice postanu na neki način nepouzdani pripovjedači

when fetuses are led

pa fetusi budu navedeni

to expect a world of scarcity

da očekuju svijet siromaštva,

and are born instead into a world of plenty.

a umjesto toga rode se u svijetu izobilja.

This is what happened to the children of the Dutch "Hunger Winter."

To se dogodilo djeci nizozemske „Gladne zime“.

And their higher rates of obesity,

I njihova veća razina gojaznosti,

diabetes and heart disease

dijabetes i srčane bolesti

are the result.

su rezultat.

Bodies that were built to hang onto every calorie

Tijela napravljena tako da ovise o svakoj kaloriji

found themselves swimming in the superfluous calories

našla su se plivajući u suvišku kalorija

of the post-war Western diet.

poslijeratne Zapadne dijete.

The world they had learned about while in utero

Svijet o kojem su učili dok su bili u maternici

was not the same

nije bio jednak

as the world into which they were born.

svijetu u kojem su se rodili.

Here's another story.

Evo još jedne priče.

At 8:46 a.m. on September 11th, 2001,

U 8:46, 11. rujna 2001.

there were tens of thousands of people

desetak tisuća ljudi bilo je

in the vicinity of the World Trade Center

u blizini Svjetskog trgovačkog centra

in New York --

u New Yorku –

commuters spilling off trains,

putnici izlaze iz vlakova,

waitresses setting tables for the morning rush,

konobarice postavljaju stolove za jutarnju gužvu,

brokers already working the phones on Wall Street.

brokeri već rade na telefonima na Wall Streetu.

1,700 of these people were pregnant women.

1700 do tih ljudi su bile trudnice.

When the planes struck and the towers collapsed,

Kada su se zrakoplovi zabili i tornjevi srušili,

many of these women experienced the same horrors

mnoge od tih žena doživjele su iste strahote

inflicted on other survivors of the disaster --

kao i drugi preživjeli u toj katastrofi –

the overwhelming chaos and confusion,

prevladavajući kaos i zbrka,

the rolling clouds

oblaci potencijalno

of potentially toxic dust and debris,

otrovne prašine i krhotina,

the heart-pounding fear for their lives.

lupanje srca u strahu za vlastite živote.

About a year after 9/11,

Otprilike godinu dana nakon 11.09.

researchers examined a group of women

istraživači su pregledali grupu žena

who were pregnant

koje su bile trudne

when they were exposed to the World Trade Center attack.

kada su bile izložene napadu na Svjetski trgovački centar.

In the babies of those women

Kod beba tih žena

who developed post-traumatic stress syndrome, or PTSD,

koje su razvile posttraumatski stresni poremećaj ili PTSP,

following their ordeal,

slijedeći njihovu patnju,

researchers discovered a biological marker

istraživači su otkrili biološki marker

of susceptibility to PTSD --

osjetljivosti na PTSP –

an effect that was most pronounced

efekt koji je bio najnaglašeniji

in infants whose mothers experienced the catastrophe

kod dojenčadi čije su majke doživjele katastrofu

in their third trimester.

u njihovom trećem tromjesečju.

In other words,

Drugim riječima,

the mothers with post-traumatic stress syndrome

majke s posttraumatskim stresnim poremećajem

had passed on a vulnerability to the condition

su prenijele ranjivost

to their children while they were still in utero.

na svoju djecu dok su još bila u maternici.

Now consider this:

Uzmite u obzir,

post-traumatic stress syndrome

posttraumatski stresni poremećaj

appears to be a reaction to stress gone very wrong,

je reakcija na stres koji je pošao veoma krivo,

causing its victims tremendous unnecessary suffering.

uzrokujući svojim žrtvama ogromnu, nepotrebnu patnju.

But there's another way of thinking about PTSD.

Ali postoji i drugi način razmišljanja o PTSP-u.

What looks like pathology to us

Ono što nama izgleda kao patologija

may actually be a useful adaptation

može biti korisna adaptacija

in some circumstances.

u nekim okolnostima.

In a particularly dangerous environment,

U naročito opasnim okolinama,

the characteristic manifestations of PTSD --

karakteristične manifestacije PTSP-a –

a hyper-awareness of one's surroundings,

hipersvjesnost okruženja,

a quick-trigger response to danger --

brzi okidač na opasnost,

could save someone's life.

može spasiti nečiji život.

The notion that the prenatal transmission of PTSD risk is adaptive

Ideja o prenatalnom prijenosu PTSP rizika je prilagodljiva,

is still speculative,

još je spekulativna,

but I find it rather poignant.

ali ja je smatram pronicljivom.

It would mean that, even before birth,

To bi značilo da čak prije rođenja

mothers are warning their children

majke upozoravaju svoju djecu

that it's a wild world out there,

da je tamo vani divlji svijet,

telling them, "Be careful."

govoreći im: „Budite oprezni.“

Let me be clear.

Da budem jasna,

Fetal origins research is not about blaming women

istraživanje fetalnog podrijetla nije u okrivljavanju žena

for what happens during pregnancy.

za ono što se događa tijekom trudnoće.

It's about discovering how best to promote

Cilj je otkriti kako najbolje poboljšati

the health and well-being of the next generation.

zdravlje i blagostanje sljedećih generacija.

That important effort must include a focus

Taj važan napor mora se usmjeriti

on what fetuses learn

na ono što fetusi uče

during the nine months they spend in the womb.

tijekom devet mjeseci koje provedu u maternici.

Learning is one of life's most essential activities,

Učenje je jedna od najvažnijih aktivnosti u životu

and it begins much earlier

i počinje mnogo ranije

than we ever imagined.

nego što smo ikada zamišljali.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)