Annie Murphy Paul: What we learn before we're born

283,547 views ใƒป 2011-11-29

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jeongyob Park ๊ฒ€ํ† : Kyo young Chu
00:15
My subject today is learning.
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์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ํ•™์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:18
And in that spirit, I want to spring on you all a pop quiz.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋œป์—์„œ, ๊นœ์ง ํ€ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋‚ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:21
Ready?
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์ค€๋น„๋˜์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
00:23
When does learning begin?
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ํ•™์Šต์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ธ์ œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
00:26
Now as you ponder that question,
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๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด,
00:28
maybe you're thinking about the first day of preschool
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์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์ง‘์˜ ์ฒซ ๋‚  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:30
or kindergarten,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด, ์œ ์น˜์›์—์„œ์š”,
00:32
the first time that kids are in a classroom with a teacher.
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ต์‹ค์—์„œ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๊ณผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋•Œ์ฃ .
00:35
Or maybe you've called to mind the toddler phase
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€
00:38
when children are learning how to walk and talk
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ฑท๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ํฌํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š”
00:41
and use a fork.
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์•„์žฅ์•„์žฅ ๊ฑท๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€์š”
00:43
Maybe you've encountered the Zero-to-Three movement,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•„๋งˆ Zero-to-Three ์šด๋™์„ ๋ณด์…จ์„ํ…๋ฐ์š”,
00:46
which asserts that the most important years for learning
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋•Œ๋ผ๊ณ 
00:49
are the earliest ones.
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์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:51
And so your answer to my question would be:
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€
00:54
Learning begins at birth.
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ํƒœ์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•™์Šต์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ 
00:56
Well today I want to present to you
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜
00:58
an idea that may be surprising
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋†€๋ž๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:01
and may even seem implausible,
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๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆดํ…๋ฐ์š”,
01:04
but which is supported by the latest evidence
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๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์ด๊ฑด ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™๋ถ„์•ผ์˜
01:06
from psychology and biology.
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์ตœ์‹  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:09
And that is that some of the most important learning we ever do
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ•™์Šต ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€
01:12
happens before we're born,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์—,
01:14
while we're still in the womb.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ถ์†์— ์žˆ์„๋•Œ ์ด๋ค„์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”
01:17
Now I'm a science reporter.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:19
I write books and magazine articles.
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์ฑ…๊ณผ ์žก์ง€ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์š”
01:21
And I'm also a mother.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—„๋งˆ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:23
And those two roles came together for me
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๊ทธ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์—ญํ• ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์“ด
01:26
in a book that I wrote called "Origins."
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"Origins"๋ผ๋Š” ์ฑ…์—์„œ ํ•ฉ์ณ ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:29
"Origins" is a report from the front lines
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"Origins"๋ž€ ํƒœ์•„ ๊ธฐ์›์ด๋ผ๋Š”
01:32
of an exciting new field
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ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜
01:34
called fetal origins.
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์ตœ์ „์„ ์—์„œ ์“ด ๊ธ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:36
Fetal origins is a scientific discipline
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ํƒœ์•„๊ธฐ์›์€
01:39
that emerged just about two decades ago,
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์•ฝ 20๋…„์ „์— ํƒœ๋™ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์ธ๋ฐ,
01:42
and it's based on the theory
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์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์€
01:45
that our health and well-being throughout our lives
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์›ฐ๋น™์€
01:48
is crucially affected
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๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ
01:50
by the nine months we spend in the womb.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ถ์†์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” 9๊ฐœ์›”์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:53
Now this theory was of more than just intellectual interest to me.
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์ด ์ด๋ก ์€ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ง€์ ์ธ ํฅ๋ฏธ ์ด์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:57
I was myself pregnant
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ €๋Š”
01:59
while I was doing the research for the book.
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๊ทธ ์ฑ…์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ž„์‹ ์ค‘์ด์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”
02:02
And one of the most fascinating insights
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๋˜ ์ค‘ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ
02:04
I took from this work
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ ์€
02:06
is that we're all learning about the world
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
02:09
even before we enter it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์— ๋ฐฐ์šด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:12
When we hold our babies for the first time,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์•ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๋•Œ,
02:14
we might imagine that they're clean slates,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์‚ถ์˜ ํ”์ ์ด ์—†๋Š”
02:17
unmarked by life,
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๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ๋ฐฑ์ง€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ,
02:19
when in fact, they've already been shaped by us
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
02:22
and by the particular world we live in.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์„ ๋„๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:26
Today I want to share with you some of the amazing things
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
02:28
that scientists are discovering
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ํƒœ์•„๋“ค์ด ์•„์ง๋„ ์—„๋งˆ ๋ฑƒ์†์— ์žˆ์„๋•Œ
02:30
about what fetuses learn
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด
02:32
while they're still in their mothers' bellies.
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ  ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:36
First of all,
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ,
02:38
they learn the sound of their mothers' voices.
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ํƒœ์•„๋Š” ์—„๋งˆ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:41
Because sounds from the outside world
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๋ฐ–์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
02:44
have to travel through the mother's abdominal tissue
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์—„๋งˆ์˜ ๋ณต๋ถ€ ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ
02:47
and through the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus,
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ํƒœ์•„๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์–‘์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
02:51
the voices fetuses hear,
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ํƒœ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
02:53
starting around the fourth month of gestation,
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๋Œ€์ถฉ ์ž„์‹  4๊ฐœ์›”์งธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ
02:56
are muted and muffled.
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๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ์กฐ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:58
One researcher says
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋Š”
03:00
that they probably sound a lot like the the voice of Charlie Brown's teacher
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๊ทธ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋งˆ ์˜›๋‚  ๋งŒํ™” "Peanuts"์— ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”
03:03
in the old "Peanuts" cartoon.
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์ฐฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆด ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:06
But the pregnant woman's own voice
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
03:09
reverberates through her body,
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๋ชธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
03:11
reaching the fetus much more readily.
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ํƒœ์•„์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:14
And because the fetus is with her all the time,
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ํƒœ์•„๋Š” ์—„๋งˆ์™€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฐ™์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
03:17
it hears her voice a lot.
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์—„๋งˆ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:20
Once the baby's born, it recognizes her voice
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์•„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—„๋งˆ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ 
03:23
and it prefers listening to her voice
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์—„๋งˆ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
03:25
over anyone else's.
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๋” ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:27
How can we know this?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑธ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:29
Newborn babies can't do much,
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์‹ ์ƒ์•„๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†์–ด์š”
03:31
but one thing they're really good at is sucking.
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๊ทผ๋ฐ ๋น ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง ์ž˜ํ•˜์ฃ 
03:34
Researchers take advantage of this fact
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
03:37
by rigging up two rubber nipples,
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๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฌด ์ –๊ผญ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:40
so that if a baby sucks on one,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋นจ๋ฉด
03:42
it hears a recording of its mother's voice
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์—„๋งˆ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ
03:44
on a pair of headphones,
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ํ—ค๋“œํฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋“ฃ๊ณ 
03:46
and if it sucks on the other nipple,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ชฝ ์ –๊ผญ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋นจ๋ฉด
03:48
it hears a recording of a female stranger's voice.
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๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:52
Babies quickly show their preference
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์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ –์ชฝ์ง€๋ฅผ
03:55
by choosing the first one.
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์„ ํƒํ•ด์„œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:58
Scientists also take advantage of the fact
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด
04:01
that babies will slow down their sucking
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉด
04:03
when something interests them
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์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๋นจ๊ณ 
04:05
and resume their fast sucking
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์ง€๋ฃจํ•ด์ง€๋ฉด
04:07
when they get bored.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋นจ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋„ ์ด์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:10
This is how researchers discovered
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:12
that, after women repeatedly read aloud
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์—„๋งˆ๋“ค์ด ์ž„์‹ ๋™์•ˆ
04:15
a section of Dr. Seuss' "The Cat in the Hat" while they were pregnant,
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์ˆ˜์Šค ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์˜ "The Cat in the Hat"์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด์„œ ์ฝ๊ณ  ๋‚œ ํ›„,
04:19
their newborn babies recognized that passage
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์‹ ์ƒ์•„๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ž๊ถ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ๋“ค์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„
04:22
when they hear it outside the womb.
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ธ์‹ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:25
My favorite experiment of this kind
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์€
04:28
is the one that showed that the babies
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์ž„์‹ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ
04:30
of women who watched a certain soap opera
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ํŠน์ • ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€์˜
04:32
every day during pregnancy
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์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด
04:35
recognized the theme song of that show
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ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ํ›„์— ๊ทธ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ
04:38
once they were born.
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:41
So fetuses are even learning
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ํƒœ์•„๋“ค์€
04:43
about the particular language that's spoken
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚  ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š”
04:46
in the world that they'll be born into.
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ฐฐ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:48
A study published last year
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์ž‘๋…„์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
04:51
found that from birth, from the moment of birth,
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ํƒœ์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ํƒ„์ƒ์˜ ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ,
04:54
babies cry in the accent
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์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด์˜ ์–ต์–‘์œผ๋กœ
04:56
of their mother's native language.
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์šธ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:59
French babies cry on a rising note
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ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด
05:02
while German babies end on a falling note,
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๋…์ผ ์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์šธ์ฃ 
05:05
imitating the melodic contours
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์ž๊ธฐ ๋‚˜๋ผ ์–ธ์–ด์˜
05:07
of those languages.
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๋ฉœ๋กœ๋”” ๋†’๋‚ฎ์ด๋ฅผ ํ‰๋‚ด๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
05:09
Now why would this kind of fetal learning
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์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํƒœ์•„์˜ ํ•™์Šต์ด
05:11
be useful?
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์ค‘์š”ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
05:13
It may have evolved to aid the baby's survival.
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์•„๋งˆ ์•„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ƒ์กด์„ ๋„์™€์ฃผ๋„๋ก ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์„ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:16
From the moment of birth,
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ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
05:18
the baby responds most to the voice
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์•„๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Œ๋ด์ค„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€
05:20
of the person who is most likely to care for it --
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
05:22
its mother.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—„๋งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:24
It even makes its cries
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์šธ์Œ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„
05:26
sound like the mother's language,
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์—„๋งˆ์˜ ๋ง๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:28
which may further endear the baby to the mother,
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์ด๊ฑด ์•„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—„๋งˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๋” ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
05:31
and which may give the baby a head start
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๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ
05:33
in the critical task
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์•Œ์•„๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š”
05:35
of learning how to understand and speak
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์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ์— ์žˆ์–ด
05:38
its native language.
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์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:40
But it's not just sounds
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํƒœ์•„๊ฐ€
05:42
that fetuses are learning about in utero.
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์ž๊ถ ์†์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฟ๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:44
It's also tastes and smells.
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๋ง›๊ณผ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋„ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ฃ 
05:47
By seven months of gestation,
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์ž„์‹  7๊ฐœ์›”์ด ๋˜๋ฉด
05:49
the fetus' taste buds are fully developed,
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ํƒœ์•„์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋˜๊ณ 
05:51
and its olfactory receptors, which allow it to smell,
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๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ›„๊ฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ธฐ๋„
05:54
are functioning.
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์ œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜์ฃ 
05:56
The flavors of the food a pregnant woman eats
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์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋จน์€ ์Œ์‹์˜ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋Š”
05:59
find their way into the amniotic fluid,
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์–‘์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ
06:01
which is continuously swallowed
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ํƒœ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ด ์–‘์ˆ˜๋ฅผ
06:03
by the fetus.
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๊ณ„์† ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
06:05
Babies seem to remember and prefer these tastes
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์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ํ›„์—๋„
06:08
once they're out in the world.
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์ด ๋ง›์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ข‹์•„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:11
In one experiment, a group of pregnant women
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹คํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, ํ•œ ์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€
06:14
was asked to drink a lot of carrot juice
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์ž„์‹  ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ 3๊ฐœ์›”๋™์•ˆ
06:16
during their third trimester of pregnancy,
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๋‹น๊ทผ ์ฃผ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
06:19
while another group of pregnant women
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€
06:21
drank only water.
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๋ฌผ๋งŒ ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:23
Six months later, the women's infants
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6๊ฐœ์›” ํ›„, ์ด ์—„๋งˆ๋“ค์˜ ์•„๊ธฐ์—๊ฒŒ
06:26
were offered cereal mixed with carrot juice,
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๋‹น๊ทผ ์ฃผ์Šค์™€ ์„ž์€ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์–ผ์„ ๋จน์˜€๊ณ 
06:29
and their facial expressions were observed while they ate it.
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์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๋จน์„ ๋•Œ ํ‘œ์ •์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:33
The offspring of the carrot juice drinking women
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๋‹น๊ทผ ์ฃผ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹  ์—„๋งˆ๋“ค์˜ ์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์€
06:35
ate more carrot-flavored cereal,
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๋‹น๊ทผ ๋ง› ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์–ผ์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋จน์—ˆ๊ณ 
06:37
and from the looks of it,
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ํ‘œ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ
06:39
they seemed to enjoy it more.
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๋” ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:41
A sort of French version of this experiment
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ํ”„๋ž‘์ŠคํŒ์ด
06:44
was carried out in Dijon, France
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ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ๋””์ข…์—์„œ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
06:46
where researchers found
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
06:48
that mothers who consumed food and drink
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์ž„์‹  ์ค‘์— ์Œ์‹์—
06:51
flavored with licorice-flavored anise during pregnancy
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๊ฐ์ดˆ๋ง› ์•„๋‹ˆ์Šค ํ–ฅ์˜ ์Œ์‹๊ณผ ๋ฌผ์„ ์„ญ์ทจํ•œ ์ž„์‹ ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ
06:56
showed a preference for anise
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์•„๋‹ˆ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ
06:58
on their first day of life,
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ํƒœ์–ด๋‚œ ์ฒซ ๋‚ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
07:00
and again, when they were tested later,
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ›„ 4์ผ ์งธ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ ์—๋„
07:02
on their fourth day of life.
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๊ทธ๋žฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:04
Babies whose mothers did not eat anise during pregnancy
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์ž„์‹  ์ค‘์— ์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์€
07:08
showed a reaction that translated roughly as "yuck."
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด "์šฐ์›ฉ"ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:12
What this means
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
07:14
is that fetuses are effectively being taught by their mothers
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ํƒœ์•„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ์—„๋งˆ์— ์˜ํ•ด
07:16
about what is safe and good to eat.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒŒ ๋จน์–ด๋„ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ข‹์€ ์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์šด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:19
Fetuses are also being taught
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ํƒœ์•„๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
07:21
about the particular culture that they'll be joining
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ์†์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋  ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:24
through one of culture's most powerful expressions,
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๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„ ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ
07:27
which is food.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์Œ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:29
They're being introduced to the characteristic flavors and spices
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์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
07:32
of their culture's cuisine
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๊ทธ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์š”๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์–‘๋…์„
07:34
even before birth.
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์ ‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:37
Now it turns out that fetuses are learning even bigger lessons.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํƒœ์•„๋“ค์€ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ฐฐ์šด๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:40
But before I get to that,
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—,
07:42
I want to address something that you may be wondering about.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ดํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋จผ์ € ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:46
The notion of fetal learning
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ํƒœ์•„ ํ•™์Šต์ด๋ž€ ๊ฐœ๋…์€
07:48
may conjure up for you attempts to enrich the fetus --
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ํƒœ์•„๋ฅผ ๊ต์œก์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ํ…๋ฐ์š”
07:51
like playing Mozart through headphones
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๋งˆ์น˜ ํ—ค๋“œํฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชจ์งœ๋ฅดํŠธ ์Œ์•…์„
07:53
placed on a pregnant belly.
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์‚ฐ๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์— ํ‹€์–ด ๋†“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
07:55
But actually, the nine-month-long process
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” 9๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ
07:58
of molding and shaping that goes on in the womb
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์ž๊ถ ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ์กฐํ˜•๊ณผ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด๋ž€ ๊ณผ์ •์€
08:01
is a lot more visceral and consequential than that.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:05
Much of what a pregnant woman encounters in her daily life --
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์‚ฐ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ƒ ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ์ ‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค
08:09
the air she breathes,
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์ˆจ์‰ฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ
08:11
the food and drink she consumes,
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๋จน๋Š” ์Œ์‹์ด๋‚˜ ์Œ๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜
08:13
the chemicals she's exposed to,
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๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™์•ฝํ’ˆ
08:15
even the emotions she feels --
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •๊นŒ์ง€
08:17
are shared in some fashion with her fetus.
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ํƒœ์•„์™€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:20
They make up a mix of influences
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋…€ ์ž์‹  ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜
08:23
as individual and idiosyncratic
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ด๊ณ  ํŠน์œ ํ•œ
08:25
as the woman herself.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ํ–ฅ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:27
The fetus incorporates these offerings
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ํƒœ์•„๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
08:29
into its own body,
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชธ์— ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋“ค์—ฌ์„œ
08:31
makes them part of its flesh and blood.
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์‚ด๊ณผ ํ”ผ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:34
And often it does something more.
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋ก  ๋” ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ 
08:36
It treats these maternal contributions
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ํƒœ์•„๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๊ณ„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„
08:39
as information,
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์ •๋ณด๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋“ค์ด๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
08:41
as what I like to call biological postcards
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ ์™ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์˜จ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ 
08:43
from the world outside.
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์—ฝ์„œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ฃ 
08:46
So what a fetus is learning about in utero
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํƒœ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ถ ์†์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
08:49
is not Mozart's "Magic Flute"
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๋ชจ์งœ๋ฅดํŠธ์˜ "๋งˆ์ˆ ํ”ผ๋ฆฌ"๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
08:51
but answers to questions much more critical to its survival.
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์ƒ์กด์— ๋” ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ 
08:55
Will it be born into a world of abundance
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ํ’์š”๋กœ์šด ์„ธ์ƒ์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด
08:57
or scarcity?
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๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?
08:59
Will it be safe and protected,
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์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด
09:02
or will it face constant dangers and threats?
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๋Š์ž„์—†๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜๊ณผ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๋งˆ์ฃผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?
09:05
Will it live a long, fruitful life
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๊ธธ๊ณ  ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด
09:07
or a short, harried one?
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์งง๊ณ  ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?
09:10
The pregnant woman's diet and stress level in particular
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ํŠนํžˆ๋‚˜ ์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€์˜ ์Œ์‹๊ณผ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด
09:13
provide important clues to prevailing conditions
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์šฐ์„ธํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋‹จ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:16
like a finger lifted to the wind.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์„ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
09:19
The resulting tuning and tweaking
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์œจ๋˜๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์ •๋œ
09:21
of a fetus' brain and other organs
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ํƒœ์•„์˜ ๋‡Œ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€
09:24
are part of what give us humans
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„
09:26
our enormous flexibility,
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ ์‘๋ ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ธ๋ฐ์š”
09:28
our ability to thrive
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋„
09:30
in a huge variety of environments,
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๋ฒˆ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด์ฃ ,
09:32
from the country to the city,
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์‹œ๊ณจ์—์„œ ๋„์‹œ๊นŒ์ง€
09:34
from the tundra to the desert.
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ํˆฐ๋“œ๋ผ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
09:37
To conclude, I want to tell you two stories
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๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—„๋งˆ๋“ค์ด ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
09:39
about how mothers teach their children about the world
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์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์ง€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:42
even before they're born.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ์• ๋“ค์ด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
09:46
In the autumn of 1944,
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1944๋…„ ๊ฐ€์„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:48
the darkest days of World War II,
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2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•”์šธํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜€์ฃ 
09:51
German troops blockaded Western Holland,
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๋…์ผ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ ์„œ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ด‰์‡„ํ•ด์„œ
09:54
turning away all shipments of food.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‹ํ’ˆ ์šด์†ก์„ ์ซ“์•„ ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:57
The opening of the Nazi's siege
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๋‚˜์น˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์˜ ๋ด‰์‡„ ์ดํ›„์—
09:59
was followed by one of the harshest winters in decades --
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์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ถ”์› ๋˜ ๊ฒจ์šธ์ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ
10:02
so cold the water in the canals froze solid.
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์ถ”์šด ๊ฒจ์šธ์€ ์šดํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ฝ๊ฝ ์–ผ์–ด ๋ถ™๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:06
Soon food became scarce,
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๊ธˆ์ƒˆ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ท€ํ•ด์กŒ๊ณ 
10:08
with many Dutch surviving on just 500 calories a day --
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๋งŽ์€ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— ๋‹จ์ง€ 500 ์นผ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์—ฐ๋ช…์„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ 
10:12
a quarter of what they consumed before the war.
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์ด๋Š” ์ „์Ÿ์ „์— ์†Œ๋น„ํ•œ ์—ด๋Ÿ‰์˜ 4๋ถ„์˜ 1์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:15
As weeks of deprivation stretched into months,
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๊ถํ•ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์ˆ˜์ฃผ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๊ณ 
10:18
some resorted to eating tulip bulbs.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํŠค๋ฆฝ ๊ตฌ๊ทผ์„ ๋จน๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:21
By the beginning of May,
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5์›”์ด ์‹œ์ž‘๋  ๋•Œ์ฏค
10:23
the nation's carefully rationed food reserve
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๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์•Œ๋œฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋˜ ๋น„์ถ• ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ด
10:25
was completely exhausted.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:27
The specter of mass starvation loomed.
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๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ๊ธฐ์•„์˜ ๋ง๋ น์ด ๊ณง ๋‹ฅ์ณ์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:30
And then on May 5th, 1945,
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1945๋…„ 5์›” 5์ผ
10:33
the siege came to a sudden end
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๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ๊ฐ€
10:35
when Holland was liberated
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์—ฐํ•ฉ๊ตฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
10:37
by the Allies.
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๋ด‰์‡„๋Š” ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ํ’€๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:39
The "Hunger Winter," as it came to be known,
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"Hunger Winter(๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ”ˆ ๊ฒจ์šธ)"์—
10:42
killed some 10,000 people
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์•ฝ 1๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ฃฝ์—ˆ๊ณ 
10:44
and weakened thousands more.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋ช…์ด ์‡ ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:46
But there was another population that was affected --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋•Œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
10:49
the 40,000 fetuses
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๋ด‰์‡„๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ
10:51
in utero during the siege.
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์—„๋งˆ ๋ฑƒ์†์— ์žˆ๋˜ 4์ฒœ ๋ช…์˜ ํƒœ์•„๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:54
Some of the effects of malnutrition during pregnancy
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์ž„์‹  ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์˜์–‘์‹ค์กฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”
10:56
were immediately apparent
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ด์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ
10:58
in higher rates of stillbirths,
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์‚ฌ์‚ฐ์œจ,
11:00
birth defects, low birth weights
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์„ ์ฒœ์  ์žฅ์• , ์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ €์ฒด์ค‘
11:02
and infant mortality.
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์œ ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:04
But others wouldn't be discovered for many years.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:07
Decades after the "Hunger Winter,"
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"Hunger Winter" ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„ ํ›„์—
11:09
researchers documented
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
11:11
that people whose mothers were pregnant during the siege
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๋ด‰์‡„๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์ž„์‹ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์—„๋งˆ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
11:15
have more obesity, more diabetes
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๋ง๋…„์— ๋น„๋งŒ๊ณผ ๋‹น๋‡จ ๋ฐ
11:17
and more heart disease in later life
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์‹ฌ์žฅ์งˆํ™˜์ด
11:20
than individuals who were gestated under normal conditions.
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ผ๋•Œ ์ž‰ํƒœ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:23
These individuals' prenatal experience of starvation
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํƒœ์•„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ”ˆ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€
11:27
seems to have changed their bodies
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ
11:29
in myriad ways.
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ” ๋†“์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:31
They have higher blood pressure,
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๊ทธ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ˜ˆ์••์ด ๋” ๋†’๊ณ 
11:33
poorer cholesterol profiles
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์ฝœ๋ ˆ์Šคํ…Œ๋กค ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ๋‚˜์ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:35
and reduced glucose tolerance --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์ฃ 
11:37
a precursor of diabetes.
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์ด๋Š” ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ „์กฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:40
Why would undernutrition in the womb
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์™œ ๋ฑƒ์†์—์„œ ์˜์–‘์‹ค์กฐ๊ฐ€
11:42
result in disease later?
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
11:44
One explanation
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…์€
11:46
is that fetuses are making the best of a bad situation.
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ํƒœ์•„๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜์œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:49
When food is scarce,
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์‹๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•  ๋•Œ
11:51
they divert nutrients towards the really critical organ, the brain,
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ํƒœ์•„๋Š” ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ ๋‡Œ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ 
11:54
and away from other organs
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์‹ฌ์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์—๋Š”
11:56
like the heart and liver.
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๋ณด๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:58
This keeps the fetus alive in the short-term,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ํƒœ์•„๋Š” ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
12:01
but the bill comes due later on in life
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์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋’ค์— ์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ 
12:04
when those other organs, deprived early on,
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๊ทธ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์ด
12:06
become more susceptible to disease.
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์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:09
But that may not be all that's going on.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ 
12:12
It seems that fetuses are taking cues
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ํƒœ์•„๋Š” ์ž๊ถ ๋‚ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ
12:14
from the intrauterine environment
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์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ 
12:17
and tailoring their physiology accordingly.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งž์ถฐ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:19
They're preparing themselves
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ํƒœ์•„๋Š” ์ž๊ถ์—์„œ
12:21
for the kind of world they will encounter
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๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ์„ธ์ƒ์„
12:23
on the other side of the womb.
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๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ 
12:25
The fetus adjusts its metabolism
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ํƒœ์•„๋Š” ์‹ ์ง„๋Œ€์‚ฌ์™€
12:27
and other physiological processes
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณผ์ •์„
12:30
in anticipation of the environment that awaits it.
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ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•ด์„œ ์ ์‘์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:33
And the basis of the fetus' prediction
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ํƒœ์•„๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋Š”
12:36
is what its mother eats.
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์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ 
12:38
The meals a pregnant woman consumes
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์ž„์‹ ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋จน๋Š” ์Œ์‹์€
12:40
constitute a kind of story,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
12:42
a fairy tale of abundance
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ํ’์š”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋™ํ™”์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
12:44
or a grim chronicle of deprivation.
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๊ฒฐํ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์Œ์‚ฐํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ฃ 
12:47
This story imparts information
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์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํƒœ์•„๊ฐ€
12:50
that the fetus uses
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๊ทธ ๋ชธ๊ณผ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
12:52
to organize its body and its systems --
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์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ „ํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:54
an adaptation to prevailing circumstances
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์ฆ‰ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ƒ์กด์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•˜๋Š”
12:57
that facilitates its future survival.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ์‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
13:00
Faced with severely limited resources,
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์•„์ฃผ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด์„œ
13:03
a smaller-sized child with reduced energy requirements
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์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์†Œ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ค„์ธ ์ž‘์€ ์•„์ด๋Š”
13:06
will, in fact, have a better chance
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์–ด๋ฅธ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ด ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด
13:08
of living to adulthood.
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๋” ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:10
The real trouble comes
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์ง„์งœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
13:12
when pregnant women are, in a sense, unreliable narrators,
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์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•  ๋•Œ ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:15
when fetuses are led
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ํƒœ์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์„ธ์ƒ์—
13:17
to expect a world of scarcity
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ํƒœ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋†“๊ณ 
13:19
and are born instead into a world of plenty.
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๋Œ€์‹ ์— ํ’์š”๋กœ์šด ์„ธ์ƒ์— ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋•Œ์ฃ 
13:22
This is what happened to the children of the Dutch "Hunger Winter."
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ "Hunger Winter"์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:25
And their higher rates of obesity,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„๋งŒ,
13:27
diabetes and heart disease
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๋‹น๋‡จ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ฌ์žฅ ์งˆํ™˜๋“ค์ด
13:29
are the result.
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:31
Bodies that were built to hang onto every calorie
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๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์—ด๋Ÿ‰๋„ ๋†“์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ถ™์žก๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ฐ€
13:34
found themselves swimming in the superfluous calories
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ „ํ›„ ์„œ์–‘์‹๋‹จ์˜ ๊ณผ์ž‰ ์—ด๋Ÿ‰์†์—์„œ
13:36
of the post-war Western diet.
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ํ—ค์—„์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
13:39
The world they had learned about while in utero
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์—„๋งˆ ๋ฑƒ์†์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋˜ ์„ธ์ƒ๊ณผ
13:42
was not the same
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์„ธ์ƒ๊ณผ๋Š”
13:44
as the world into which they were born.
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๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ 
13:47
Here's another story.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:49
At 8:46 a.m. on September 11th, 2001,
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2001๋…„ 9์›” 11์ผ ์˜ค์ „ 8:46์—
13:53
there were tens of thousands of people
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์ˆ˜๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
13:55
in the vicinity of the World Trade Center
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๋‰ด์š• ์›”๋“œ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ์„ผํ„ฐ
13:57
in New York --
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์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ 
13:59
commuters spilling off trains,
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์ถœ๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์ฐจ์—์„œ ์Ÿ์•„์ ธ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ 
14:01
waitresses setting tables for the morning rush,
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์›จ์ดํŠธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋“ค์€ ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•„์นจ๋จน๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ 
14:04
brokers already working the phones on Wall Street.
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์›”์ŠคํŠธ๋ฆฌํŠธ์˜ ์ฃผ์‹๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฒŒ์จ ์ „ํ™”๋กœ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ 
14:08
1,700 of these people were pregnant women.
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ค‘ 1์ฒœ 7๋ฐฑ๋ช…์ด ์ž„์‚ฐ๋ถ€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:11
When the planes struck and the towers collapsed,
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๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋”ช์น˜๊ณ  ๋นŒ๋”ฉ์ด ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์งˆ๋•Œ
14:14
many of these women experienced the same horrors
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์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ค‘ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์žฌ๋‚œ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€
14:17
inflicted on other survivors of the disaster --
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ์กด์ž๋“ค์ด ๋Š๋‚€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ–ˆ์ฃ 
14:20
the overwhelming chaos and confusion,
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ํ˜ผ๋ˆ๊ณผ ํ˜ผ๋ž€
14:22
the rolling clouds
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๋…์„ฑ ๋จผ์ง€์™€ ํŒŒํŽธ์˜
14:24
of potentially toxic dust and debris,
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๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด ๋ชฐ๋ ค์˜ค๊ณ 
14:28
the heart-pounding fear for their lives.
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์‹ฌ์žฅ์ด ์ฟต์พ…๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:30
About a year after 9/11,
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9/11์ดํ›„ ์ผ๋…„์ฏค ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
14:32
researchers examined a group of women
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
14:35
who were pregnant
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์›”๋“œ ํŠธ๋ ˆ์ด๋“œ ์„ผํ„ฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋•Œ ์ž„์‹  ์ค‘์ด๋˜
14:37
when they were exposed to the World Trade Center attack.
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์—ฌ์„ฑ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:39
In the babies of those women
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์™ธ์ƒํ›„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์žฅ์•  ๋˜๋Š”
14:41
who developed post-traumatic stress syndrome, or PTSD,
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PTSD๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ทธ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ
14:44
following their ordeal,
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ดํ›„์—,
14:46
researchers discovered a biological marker
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
14:49
of susceptibility to PTSD --
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PTSD์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:51
an effect that was most pronounced
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์ž„์‹  ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊ธฐ 3๊ฐœ์›”์งธ
14:54
in infants whose mothers experienced the catastrophe
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๊ทธ ์žฌ์•™์„ ๊ฒช์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ
14:57
in their third trimester.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:59
In other words,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ง๋กœ ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
15:01
the mothers with post-traumatic stress syndrome
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์™ธ์ƒํ›„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์—„๋งˆ๋“ค์€
15:04
had passed on a vulnerability to the condition
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๊ทธ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์„
15:07
to their children while they were still in utero.
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์• ๋“ค์ด ๋ฑƒ์†์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ „ํ•ด์คฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:10
Now consider this:
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์ž ์ด์ œ ์ด๊ฑธ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ 
15:12
post-traumatic stress syndrome
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์™ธ์ƒํ›„ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ์žฅ์• ๋Š”
15:14
appears to be a reaction to stress gone very wrong,
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ์„œ
15:17
causing its victims tremendous unnecessary suffering.
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ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ์œ ๋ฐœ์‹œํ‚ค์ฃ 
15:21
But there's another way of thinking about PTSD.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ PTSD๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:24
What looks like pathology to us
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๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
15:27
may actually be a useful adaptation
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์–ด๋–ค ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ
15:29
in some circumstances.
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์ ์‘์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:31
In a particularly dangerous environment,
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ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ
15:34
the characteristic manifestations of PTSD --
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PTSD์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์ง•ํ›„์ธ
15:37
a hyper-awareness of one's surroundings,
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์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ฐ๊ฐ,
15:40
a quick-trigger response to danger --
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์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ด‰๋ฐœ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€
15:43
could save someone's life.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:46
The notion that the prenatal transmission of PTSD risk is adaptive
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PRSD์œ„ํ—˜์˜ ํƒœ์•„๊ธฐ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ์ ์‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฐœ๋…์€
15:50
is still speculative,
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์•„์ง ์ถ”์ธก์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:52
but I find it rather poignant.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ๊ฐ€์Šด์•„ํ”ˆ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:55
It would mean that, even before birth,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์—
15:57
mothers are warning their children
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์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์•„๊ธฐ์—๊ฒŒ
15:59
that it's a wild world out there,
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๋ฐ”๊นฅ์˜ ํ—˜ํ•œ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
16:01
telling them, "Be careful."
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์กฐ์‹ฌํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”
16:04
Let me be clear.
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:06
Fetal origins research is not about blaming women
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ํƒœ์•„ ๊ธฐ์› ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜
16:09
for what happens during pregnancy.
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์ž„์‹  ์ค‘์— ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:11
It's about discovering how best to promote
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜
16:14
the health and well-being of the next generation.
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์›ฐ๋น™์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:17
That important effort must include a focus
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์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ํƒœ์•„๊ฐ€
16:19
on what fetuses learn
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์—„๋งˆ ๋ฑƒ์†์—์„œ 9๊ฐœ์›”์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—
16:21
during the nine months they spend in the womb.
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๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด›์ ๋„ ํฌํ•จ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:24
Learning is one of life's most essential activities,
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ํ•™์Šต์ด๋ž€ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ™œ๋™์ด๋ฉฐ
16:27
and it begins much earlier
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๊ทธ ํ•™์Šต์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ƒํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
16:29
than we ever imagined.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:31
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:33
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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