How to save a language from extinction | Daniel Bögre Udell

Prevoditelj: Ivan Nekić Recezent: Sanda L

Languages don't just die naturally.

Jezici ne umiru prirodno.

People abandon mother tongues, because they're forced to.

Ljudi napuštaju materinji jezik jer su prisiljeni.

Often, the pressure is political.

Taj pritisak je često politički.

In 1892,

1892. godine, Richard Henry Pratt,

the US Army general Richard Henry Pratt

general vojske SAD-a,

argued that killing indigenous cultures

tvrdio je kako je ubijanje domorodačkih kultura

was the only alternative to killing indigenous people.

jedina alternativa ubijanju domorodačkih ljudi.

"Kill the Indian," he said, "but save the man."

Govorio je: "Ubij Indijanca, ali poštedi čovjeka".

And until 1978, the government did just that,

Sve do 1978. vlada je činila upravo to,

removing indigenous children from their families

uzimajući domorodačku djecu iz njihovih obitelji

and forcing them into boarding schools where they were given English names

i tjerajući ih u internate gdje su im davali engleska imena

and punished for speaking their languages.

i kažnjavali ih zbog govorenja njihovim jezikom.

Assimilation was a complement to genocide.

Asimilacija je bila kompliment za genocid.

Seven thousand languages are alive today,

Danas ima sedam tisuća živih jezika,

but few are recognized by their own governments

ali mali broj je priznat od strane vlastitih vlada

or supported online.

ili postoji na internetu.

So for people from the vast majority of cultures,

Tako za ljude iz velike većine kultura

globalization remains profoundly alienating.

globalizacija ostaje dubinsko otuđenje.

It means giving up your language for someone else's.

Ona znači odustajanje od vlastitog jezika radi nekog tuđega.

And if nothing changes,

Ako se ništa ne promijeni,

as many as 3,000 languages could disappear in 80 years.

oko 3 tisuće jezika moglo bi nestati za 80 godina.

But things are changing.

No, stvari se mijenjaju.

Around the world,

Po čitavom svijetu

people are reviving ancestral languages

ljudi ponovno oživljavaju jezike predaka

and rebuilding their cultures.

i ponovno izgrađuju njihove kulture.

As far as we know,

Koliko znamo,

language reclamation began in the 1800s when, at a time of rising antisemitism,

oživljavanje jezika počelo je oko 1800 kad su, u vrijeme jačanja antisemitizma,

Jewish communities looked to their ancestral language, Hebrew,

židovske zajednice uzele svoj drevni jezik, hebrejski,

as a means of cultural revival.

kao sredstvo oživljavanja kulture.

And though it had been dormant for over 1,000 years,

Iako je bio uspavan preko 1000 godina,

it was well preserved in books of Jewish religion and philosophy.

bio je dobro očuvan u knjigama židovske religije i filozofije.

So Jewish activists studied and taught it to their children,

Tako su ga židovski aktivisti proučavali i poučavali svoju djecu,

raising the first native speakers in nearly 100 generations.

odgojivši prve izvorne govornike nakon skoro 100 generacija.

Today, it's the mother tongue of five million Jews.

Danas je to materinji jezik za 5 milijuna Židova.

And at least for me,

I barem za mene,

an assimilated English-speaking member of the Jewish diaspora,

kao člana židovske dijaspore asimiliranoga u englesko govorno okruženje,

a pillar of cultural sovereignty.

okosnica je kulturnoga suvereniteta.

Two thousand years later,

Dvije tisuće godina kasnije

we're still here.

još smo tu.

Now, until recently,

Sve do nedavno

Hebrew's reawakening was an anomaly.

ponovno buđenje hebrejskoga bilo je anomalija.

Few languages are as well preserved as ours was,

Malo je jezika bilo tako dobro očuvano kao naš,

and the creation of Israel,

a stvaranje Izraela,

the first Jewish state in over 1,000 years,

prve židovske države u preko 1000 godina,

provided a space for Hebrew's daily use.

pružilo je prostor za svakodnevno korištenje hebrejskog.

In other words, most cultures just weren't given a chance.

Drugim riječima, većina kultura naprosto nije dobila priliku.

(Video) Good evening, I'm Elizabeth

(Video) Dobra večer, ja sam Elizabeth

and I live in Cornwall.

i živim u Cornwallu.

That was Cornish,

To je kornski,

the ancestral language of Cornwall,

drevni jezik Cornwalla,

which today is technically a county in southern England.

što je danas tehnički pokrajina u južnoj Engleskoj.

In the 1900s, Cornish activists fought for their culture.

U 1900-im su se kornski aktivisti borili za svoju kulturu.

The language had been dormant for over 100 years,

Jezik je bio uspavan više od 100 godina,

but they used old books and plays to teach it to their children.

ali koristili su stare knjige i drame učeći jeziku svoju djecu.

However, this new generation of Cornish speakers

Međutim, ova nova generacija kornskih govornika

was scattered across Cornwall

bila je raspršena po Cornwallu

and unable to use the language freely.

i nije mogla slobodno koristiti taj jezik.

By the 1990s, Cornish had reawakened,

1990-ih se kornski jezik probudio

but it wasn't thriving.

ali bez uspjeha.

Then, in the early 2000s, Cornish speakers found one another online

Zatim su, 2000-ih, kornski govornici našli jedan drugog na netu

and leveraged digital spaces to speak on a daily basis.

i omogućili digitalne prostore za svakodnevno govorenje.

From there, they organized weekly or monthly events

Tu su organizirali tjedne ili mjesečne događaje

where they could gather and speak in public.

gdje su se mogli okupljati i javno govoriti.

Today, some schools teach Cornish.

Danas neke škole podučavaju kornski.

There are Cornish language signs,

Postoje natpisi na kornskom jeziku,

ice-cream commercials,

reklame za sladoled,

Wikipedia, and even memes.

Wikipedija, pa čak i memovi.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And with their language once again intact,

A s ponovno netaknutim jezikom,

the people of Cornwall have secured recognition

stanovnici Cornwalla osigurali su priznanje

as a Celtic nation alongside Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

kao keltski narod usporedo s Irskom, Škotskom i Walesom.

They stared down centuries of forced assimilation

Promatrali su niz stoljeća prisilne asimilacije

and said, "We're not a county in England.

i rekli: "Mi nismo pokrajina u Engleskoj.

We're a people in our own right.

Mi smo zaseban narod.

And we're still here."

I još smo tu."

And they're not the only ones.

I nisu jedini.

The Tunica-Biloxi tribe of Louisiana is reviving their ancestral language.

Pleme Tunica-Biloxi iz Louisiane oživljava jezik svojih predaka.

(Video) My name is Teyanna.

(Video) Moje ime je Teyanna.

My friends, they call me "Quiet Storm."

Prijatelji me zovu "Tiha oluja".

It started in the 1980s,

Počelo je 1980-ih,

when Donna Pierite and her family

kad su Donna Pierite i njezina obitelj

started taking trips to Baton Rouge and New Orleans

počeli putovati u Baton Rouge i New Orleans

to photocopy old dictionaries stored away in university archives.

i fotokopirati stare rječnike pohranjene u sveučilišnim arhivima.

The goal was to study Tunica

Cilj im je bio proučiti tunicu,

and teach it to the children and share it with the community.

naučiti djecu taj jezik i podijeliti ga sa zajednicom.

Today, they're leading a Tunica renaissance.

Danas vode renesansu jezika tunica.

Since 2014, there are nearly 100 speakers in language immersion classes,

Od 2014. ima gotovo 100 govornika na tečajevima jezika,

and according to a 2017 census,

a prema popisu stanovništva iz 2017.

32 new fluent speakers,

32 nova izvorna govornika,

some of whom, like Donna's daughter Elisabeth,

od kojih neki, kao Donnina kćer Elisabeth,

are teaching Tunica to their children.

prenose jezik tunicu svojoj djeci.

These new speakers are creating content,

Ti novi govornici stvaraju sadržaj,

Facebook videos and also memes.

videozapise na Facebooku i memove.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And the more they publish,

A što više objavljuju,

the more they inspire other Tunica people to get involved.

više potiču i druge pripadnike Tunice da se uključe.

Recently, a tribal member living in Texas wrote Elisabeth on Facebook,

Nedavno je član plemena iz Teksasa pitao Elisabeth na Facebooku

asking how to say "bless these lands."

kako reći "blagoslovi ove zemlje".

It was for a yard sign,

Bilo je to za dvorišni znak,

so she could show her neighbors that her culture is alive

da pokaže svojim susjedima kako je njegova kultura živa

and thriving today.

i održava se danas.

Now, Hebrew, Cornish and Tunica

Hebrejski, kornski i tunica

are just three examples from a groundswell of language activism on every continent.

samo su tri primjera izvora jezičnog aktivizma na svim kontinentima.

And whether they're Jèrriais speakers from the Channel Isles,

Bilo da je riječ o govornicima jèrriaisa s otoka u La Mancheu,

or Kenyan sign language speakers from Nairobi,

ili govornicima kenijskoga znakovnoga jezika iz Nairobija,

all communities working to preserve or reclaim a language

sve zajednice koje rade na očuvanju ili uspostavi jezika

have one thing in common: media,

imaju jednu stvar zajedničku: medije,

so their language can be shared and taught.

kako bi svoj jezik mogli dijeliti i podučavati.

And as the internet grows,

Kako internet raste,

expanding media access and creation,

širi se dostupnost i mogućnost stvaranja,

preserving and reclaiming ancestral languages

očuvanje i povrat drevnih jezika

is now more possible than ever.

sad je lakše nego ikada.

So what are your ancestral languages?

Pa koji su jezici vaših predaka?

Mine are Hebrew, Yiddish, Hungarian and Scottish Gaelic,

Moji su hebrejski, jidiš, mađarski i škotski galski,

even though I was raised in English.

iako sam odrastao na engleskom.

And luckily for me, each of these languages is available online.

I na moju sreću, svi ti jezici dostupni su online.

Hebrew in particular -- it came installed on my iPhone,

Naročito hebrejski -- došao je instaliran na moj iPhone,

it's supported by Google Translate,

podržava ga Google Translate,

it even has autocorrect.

čak ima i autokorekciju.

And while your language may not be as widely supported,

Pa ako vaš jezik možda nije tako dobro podržan,

I encourage you to investigate,

potičem vas da istražujete,

because chances are, someone, somewhere, has started getting it online.

jer postoji mogućnost da ga je netko negdje počeo stavljati na mrežu.

Reclaiming your language and embracing your culture

Povratak vašeg jezika i prihvaćanje vaše kulture

is a powerful way to be yourself in the age of globalization,

je snažan način da budete ono što jeste u doba globalizacije,

because as I recently learned to say in Hebrew,

jer kao što sam nedavno naučio kazati na hebrejskom,

"'nḥnw 'dyyn k'n" --

"'nḥnw 'dyyn k'n" --

we're still here.

još smo tu.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)