How to save a language from extinction | Daniel Bögre Udell

Translator: Dilora Yusupova Reviewer: Nazarbek Nazarov

Languages don't just die naturally.

Tillar shunchaki yoʻqolib ketmaydi.

People abandon mother tongues, because they're forced to.

Odamlar majburlik tufayli oʻz tillaridan voz kechadilar.

Often, the pressure is political.

Odatda siyosiy vaziyat shuni taqozo etadi.

In 1892,

1892-yilda

the US Army general Richard Henry Pratt

AQSh harbiy generali Richard Henry Pratt

argued that killing indigenous cultures

mahalliy aholini oʻldirishning bir yoʻli

was the only alternative to killing indigenous people.

mahalliy urf-odatlarni yoʻq qilish ekanligini aytib oʻtdi.

"Kill the Indian," he said, "but save the man."

"Hindularni oʻldiring", – dedi u, "lek odamlari qolsin".

And until 1978, the government did just that,

1978-yilgacha hukumat aynan shu ish bilan shugʻullandi.

removing indigenous children from their families

Ular mahalliy hindu oilalaridagi yosh bolalarni ajratib olib,

and forcing them into boarding schools where they were given English names

internat maktablarga joylashtirdilar va yangi inglizcha ism qoʻydilar.

and punished for speaking their languages.

Agar ular mahalliy tilda gapirishsa, jazolanishardi.

Assimilation was a complement to genocide.

Assimilatsiya jarayoni genosid uchun qoʻshimcha qurol boʻldi.

Seven thousand languages are alive today,

Hozirgi kunda yetti mingta til barhayot.

but few are recognized by their own governments

Biroq kamchiligi hukumat tomonidan tan olingan

or supported online.

yoki onlayn tarmoqda mavjud.

So for people from the vast majority of cultures,

Shu sababli ham, aksariyat xalqlar uchun

globalization remains profoundly alienating.

globallashuv – oʻzlikni unutish demakdir.

It means giving up your language for someone else's.

Bu oʻz tilingizdan boshqasining evaziga voz kechish degani.

And if nothing changes,

Hech nima oʻzgarmas ekan

as many as 3,000 languages could disappear in 80 years.

kelasi 80 yil ichida 3000 ta til yoʻqolib ketishi mumkin.

But things are changing.

Xayriyat, oʻzgarishlar mavjud.

Around the world,

Dunyo xalqlari

people are reviving ancestral languages

oʻz mahalliy tillarini qayta jonlantirib,

and rebuilding their cultures.

oʻz madaniyatlarini tiklashmoqda.

As far as we know,

Biz bilamizki,

language reclamation began in the 1800s when, at a time of rising antisemitism,

tillarni qayta tiklash 1800-yillarda, antisemitizm avj olgan bir paytda,

Jewish communities looked to their ancestral language, Hebrew,

yahudiylar oʻz mahalliy tillari boʻlmish ivritga

as a means of cultural revival.

madaniy najot deb qarashganida boshlandi.

And though it had been dormant for over 1,000 years,

Ushbu til ming yillar davomida mudroq boʻlsa ham,

it was well preserved in books of Jewish religion and philosophy.

yahudiylar dini va falsafasiga oid kitoblarda yaxshi saqlanib kelgan.

So Jewish activists studied and taught it to their children,

Yahudiy yetakchilar tilni oʻrganib, oʻz bolalariga oʻrgatishdi.

raising the first native speakers in nearly 100 generations.

Shunday qilib, 100 avloddan soʻng yahudiy tili qayta tirildi.

Today, it's the mother tongue of five million Jews.

Hozirda u 5 million yahudiy uchun ona tili hisoblanadi.

And at least for me,

Bu esa men, yahudiylar jamiyatining

an assimilated English-speaking member of the Jewish diaspora,

ingliz tilida soʻzlashuvchi aʼzosi, uchun

a pillar of cultural sovereignty.

kamida millat birligi poydevoridir.

Two thousand years later,

Mana 2 ming yil oʻtdiyamki,

we're still here.

biz hali ham mavjudmiz.

Now, until recently,

Yaqin kunlargacha

Hebrew's reawakening was an anomaly.

ivrit tilining qayta tirilishi noodatiy hodisa edi.

Few languages are as well preserved as ours was,

Bizning til kabi yaxshi saqlanib qolgan tillar boʻlgan.

and the creation of Israel,

Soʻnggi ming yil ichidagi

the first Jewish state in over 1,000 years,

ilk yahudiylar mamlakati Isroilning tuzilishi esa,

provided a space for Hebrew's daily use.

tilning kundalik ishlatilib borilishiga imkon berdi.

In other words, most cultures just weren't given a chance.

Boshqa tillarga esa, bunday imkon berilmagandi.

(Video) Good evening, I'm Elizabeth

(Video) Xayrli kech, mening ismim Elizabet

and I live in Cornwall.

men Kornvol shahrida istiqomat qilaman.

That was Cornish,

Eshitib turganingiz

the ancestral language of Cornwall,

Kornvol grafligining mahalliy tili edi.

which today is technically a county in southern England.

Hozirda bu hudud Angliyaning janubidagi graflik, xolos.

In the 1900s, Cornish activists fought for their culture.

1900-yillarda Kornvol yetakchilari oʻz madaniyati uchun kurashishdi.

The language had been dormant for over 100 years,

Avvalgi 100 yil davomida til mudroq holda edi.

but they used old books and plays to teach it to their children.

Ammo ular eski kitoblar, xalq oʻyinlari orqali tilni bolalariga oʻrgatdilar.

However, this new generation of Cornish speakers

Tilning yangi foydalanuvchilari

was scattered across Cornwall

Kornvolga tarqalib ketishdi

and unable to use the language freely.

va bu tildan erkin foydalana olishmadi.

By the 1990s, Cornish had reawakened,

1990-yillarga kelib, Kornvol tili qayta tirildi

but it wasn't thriving.

biroq gullab ketolmayotgandi.

Then, in the early 2000s, Cornish speakers found one another online

2000-yillarning boshlarida shu tilda suhbatlashuvchilar birlashdi

and leveraged digital spaces to speak on a daily basis.

va kundalik suhbat qurish uchun onlayn platforma yaratishdi.

From there, they organized weekly or monthly events

Platforma orqali oylik yo haftalik marosimlar tuzdilar

where they could gather and speak in public.

va birga yigʻilib suhbatlashishga imkon yaratdilar.

Today, some schools teach Cornish.

Hozirda baʼzi maktablar Kornvol tilini oʻrgatadi.

There are Cornish language signs,

Endilikda bu tildagi yoʻl belgilari,

ice-cream commercials,

muzqaymoq reklamalari,

Wikipedia, and even memes.

Vikipediyada maqola, hatto memlarni uchratasiz.

(Laughter)

(zaldagilar kulishadi)

(Laughter)

(zaldagilar kulishadi)

And with their language once again intact,

Oʻz tillari qayta muomalaga kiritilgach,

the people of Cornwall have secured recognition

Kornval xalqi Irlandiya, Shotlandiya, Ueylsda

as a Celtic nation alongside Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

istiqomat qiluvchi keltik xalq sifatida tan olindilar.

They stared down centuries of forced assimilation

Ular asrlar davomidagi majburiy assimilyatsiyaga qarab:

and said, "We're not a county in England.

"Biz Angliyadagi bir graflik emasmiz.

We're a people in our own right.

Biz oʻz huquqlarimizga ega xalqmiz.

And we're still here."

Biz hali ham tirikmiz",– dedi

And they're not the only ones.

Bunday xalqlar juda koʻp.

The Tunica-Biloxi tribe of Louisiana is reviving their ancestral language.

Luizianadagi Tunika-Biloksi qabilasi ham oʻz tilini qayta tiklamoqda.

(Video) My name is Teyanna.

(Video) Mening ismim Teyanna.

My friends, they call me "Quiet Storm."

Doʻstlarim meni "sokin boʻron" deyishadi.

It started in the 1980s,

Hamma narsa 1980-yillarda,

when Donna Pierite and her family

Donna Pierite va uning oilasi

started taking trips to Baton Rouge and New Orleans

Baton Rouj va Yangi Orlean boʻylab sayohat qilib,

to photocopy old dictionaries stored away in university archives.

universitet arxividagi eski lugʻatlarni nusxalab olishlaridan boshlandi.

The goal was to study Tunica

Ularning maqsadlari Tunika tilini oʻrganish

and teach it to the children and share it with the community.

va uni farzandlari hamda jamiyatga oʻrgatish edi.

Today, they're leading a Tunica renaissance.

Hozirda ular Tunika uygʻonish davri yetakchilaridir.

Since 2014, there are nearly 100 speakers in language immersion classes,

2014-yildan beri, til kurslarida 100 ta oʻquvchi oʻqidi

and according to a 2017 census,

va 2017-yilgi roʻyxatga koʻra,

32 new fluent speakers,

32 ta yangi soʻzlashuvchilar yetishib chiqdi.

some of whom, like Donna's daughter Elisabeth,

Ularning baʼzilari, jumladan, Donnaning qizi – Elizabet

are teaching Tunica to their children.

Tunika tilini yoshlarga oʻrgatyapti.

These new speakers are creating content,

Ana shu yangi foydalanuvchilar

Facebook videos and also memes.

kontent, Facebook video va memlar yaratishmoqda.

(Laughter)

(zaldagilar kulishadi)

(Laughter)

(zaldagilar kulishadi)

(Laughter)

(zaldagilar kulishadi)

And the more they publish,

Chop etilayotgan kontent

the more they inspire other Tunica people to get involved.

qanchalik koʻpaysa, Tunikaliklar ham shunchalik ruhlanadi.

Recently, a tribal member living in Texas wrote Elisabeth on Facebook,

Yaqinda Texasda yashovchi qabila aʼzosi Elizabetning Facebook sahifasiga yozdi va

asking how to say "bless these lands."

"shu diyorni oʻzing asra" iborasi tarjimasini soʻradi.

It was for a yard sign,

U bu iborani hovlisiga belgi qilib,

so she could show her neighbors that her culture is alive

qoʻshnilariga oʻz qadriyati tirikligini va hali ham

and thriving today.

borligini koʻrsatmoqchi edi.

Now, Hebrew, Cornish and Tunica

Ivrit, Kornika va Tunika tillari

are just three examples from a groundswell of language activism on every continent.

har bir mintaqada boʻlayotgan tirilishlarning bir misoli edi, xolos.

And whether they're Jèrriais speakers from the Channel Isles,

U Kanal orollaridagi Jerriais soʻzlovchilari boʻladimi

or Kenyan sign language speakers from Nairobi,

yoki Nayrobilik Kenya imo-ishora tili foydalanuvchilarimi

all communities working to preserve or reclaim a language

tillarni qayta tiriltiruvchi barcha jamiyatlarning

have one thing in common: media,

bir umumiy jihati bor, yaʼni media. Shu orqali ularning

so their language can be shared and taught.

tillari boshqalarga oʻrgatilmoqda.

And as the internet grows,

Internet rivojlanar ekan,

expanding media access and creation,

media barcha uchun ochiq boʻlib bormoqda.

preserving and reclaiming ancestral languages

Bu esa, tillarni qayta tiriltirish yoki tillarni saqlab qolish

is now more possible than ever.

imkonini yanada oshiradi.

So what are your ancestral languages?

Xoʻsh, siz oʻz mahalliy tilingizni bilasizmi?

Mine are Hebrew, Yiddish, Hungarian and Scottish Gaelic,

Men inglizchada tarbiya koʻrganimga qaramay,

even though I was raised in English.

meniki: ivrit, yahudiy, vengr va shotland.

And luckily for me, each of these languages is available online.

Omadim kulgan ekanki, bu tillarning hammasini onlayn oʻrgana olaman

Hebrew in particular -- it came installed on my iPhone,

Ayniqsa, ivrit tili iPhoneimga oʻrnatilgan,

it's supported by Google Translate,

uni Google Translatedan qarab,hatto

it even has autocorrect.

avtotoʻgʻirlagich ishlata olaman.

And while your language may not be as widely supported,

Mabodo sizning til bunday qoʻllab-quvvatlanmasa ham.

I encourage you to investigate,

uni ustida izlanib koʻring.

because chances are, someone, somewhere, has started getting it online.

Chunki qayerdadir kimdir ham uni onlayn qidirayotgandir.

Reclaiming your language and embracing your culture

Globallashuv davrida oʻz tilingiz va madaniyatingizni bilish

is a powerful way to be yourself in the age of globalization,

oʻzligingizni anglashga yoʻldir.

because as I recently learned to say in Hebrew,

Yaqinda oʻrgangan ivritcha iboram bilan aytganda,

"'nḥnw 'dyyn k'n" --

"'nḥnw 'dyyn k'n", yaʼni

we're still here.

biz hali ham shu yerdamiz.

Thank you.

Katta rahmat.

(Applause)

(Qarsaklar)