How do you explain consciousness? | David Chalmers

1,454,974 views ใƒป 2014-07-14

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Eman Abdel-Gawad ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: khalid marbou
00:12
Right now
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ
00:14
you have a movie playing inside your head.
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ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ููŠู„ู… ูŠูุนุฑุถ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุฑุฃุณูƒ.
00:17
It's an amazing multi-track movie.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ููŠู„ู… ุฑุงุฆุน ู…ุชุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ู…ุณุงุฑุงุช.
00:20
It has 3D vision and surround sound
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠูุนุฑุถ ุจุฑุคูŠุฉ ุซู„ุงุซูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุจุนุงุฏ ูˆุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตูˆุช ุงู„ู…ุญูŠุทูŠ
00:23
for what you're seeing and hearing right now,
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ู„ู…ุง ุชุดุงู‡ุฏู‡ ูˆุชุณู…ุนู‡ ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ
00:26
but that's just the start of it.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุจุฏุงูŠุชู‡.
00:28
Your movie has smell and taste and touch.
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ููŠู„ู…ูƒ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุฑุงุฆุญุฉ ูˆุทุนู… ูˆู…ู„ู…ุณ.
00:33
It has a sense of your body,
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ุจู‡ ุฅุญุณุงุณ ุจุฌุณุฏูƒุŒ
00:36
pain, hunger, orgasms.
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ูˆุฃู„ู…ูƒ ูˆุฌูˆุนูƒ ูˆู†ุดูˆุงุชูƒ.
00:40
It has emotions,
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ุจู‡ ู…ุดุงุนุฑุŒ
00:42
anger and happiness.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุบุถุจ ูˆุงู„ุณุนุงุฏุฉ.
00:46
It has memories, like scenes from your childhood
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ูƒู…ุง ุฃู† ุจู‡ ุฐูƒุฑูŠุงุชุŒ ู…ุซู„ ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏ ู…ู† ุทููˆู„ุชูƒ
00:50
playing before you.
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ูŠุชู… ุชุดุบูŠู„ู‡ุง ุฃู…ุงู…ูƒ.
00:52
And it has this constant voiceover narrative
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ูˆุจู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ ุงู„ุตูˆุชูŠ ุงู„ุณุฑุฏูŠ ุงู„ู…ุณุชู…ุฑ
00:57
in your stream of conscious thinking.
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ููŠ ุชูŠุงุฑ ุชููƒูŠุฑูƒ ุงู„ูˆุงุนูŠ.
01:01
At the heart of this movie is you
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ูˆููŠ ู‚ู„ุจ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ููŠู„ู… ุฃู†ุช
01:06
experiencing all this directly.
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ุชุฎุชุจุฑ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ.
01:11
This movie is your stream of consciousness,
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ููŠู„ู… ู‡ูˆ ุชูŠุงุฑ ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจูƒุŒ
01:16
the subject of experience
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ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ
01:18
of the mind and the world.
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ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ ูˆุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
01:23
Consciousness is one of the fundamental facts
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ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู‚ุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ
01:25
of human existence.
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ู„ู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠ.
01:27
Each of us is conscious.
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ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ุง ูˆุงุนู.
01:30
We all have our own inner movie,
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ู„ูƒู„ ู…ู†ุง ููŠู„ู…ู‡ ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุŒ
01:33
you and you and you.
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ุฃู†ุช ูˆุฃู†ุช ูˆุฃู†ุช ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง.
01:36
There's nothing we know about more directly.
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ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุดูŠุก ู†ุนุฑู ุนู†ู‡ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ.
01:39
At least, I know about my consciousness directly.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ุŒ ุฃู†ุง ุฃุนู„ู… ุนู† ูˆุนูŠูŠ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ.
01:43
I can't be certain that you guys are conscious.
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ู„ุง ุฃุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃู† ุฃูƒูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ูŠู‚ูŠู† ุฃู†ูƒู… ูˆุงุนูŠู†.
01:47
Consciousness also is what makes life worth living.
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ูˆุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ูŠุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุฌุฏูŠุฑุฉ ุจุงู„ุนูŠุด.
01:50
If we weren't conscious, nothing in our lives
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ุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ู†ูƒู† ูˆุงุนูŠู†ุŒ ูู„ู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุญูŠุงุชู†ุง
01:54
would have meaning or value.
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ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุฃูˆ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ.
01:57
But at the same time, it's the most
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ
01:58
mysterious phenomenon in the universe.
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ู…ู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุงู„ุธูˆุงู‡ุฑ ุบู…ูˆุถู‹ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
02:03
Why are we conscious?
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู†ุญู† ูˆุงุนูˆู†ุŸ
02:06
Why do we have these inner movies?
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู†ู…ุชู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃูู„ุงู… ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุฉุŸ
02:07
Why aren't we just robots
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู„ุณู†ุง ูู‚ุท ุฑูˆุจูˆุชุงุช
02:10
who process all this input,
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ุชุนุงู„ุฌ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฏุฎู„ุงุชุŒ
02:12
produce all that output,
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ูˆุชู†ุชุฌ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฎุฑุฌุงุชุŒ
02:14
without experiencing the inner movie at all?
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ุจุฏูˆู† ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ููŠู„ู… ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚ุŸ
02:18
Right now, nobody knows the answers
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠ ู„ุง ุฃุญุฏ ูŠู…ู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุงุช
02:20
to those questions.
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ุนู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ.
02:22
I'm going to suggest that to integrate consciousness
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ุณุฃู‚ุชุฑุญ ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฑุฏู†ุง ุฏู…ุฌ ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ
02:26
into science, some radical ideas may be needed.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู…ุŒ ูู‚ุฏ ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุงู„ุฑุงุฏูŠูƒุงู„ูŠุฉ.
02:31
Some people say a science of consciousness
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ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุฃู† ุนู„ู… ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ
02:33
is impossible.
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ู…ุณุชุญูŠู„.
02:35
Science, by its nature, is objective.
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ุงู„ุนู„ู… ู…ูˆุถูˆุนูŠ ุจุทุจูŠุนุชู‡.
02:39
Consciousness, by its nature, is subjective.
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ุฃู…ุง ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ูู‡ูˆ ุฐุงุชูŠ ุจุทุจูŠุนุชู‡.
02:43
So there can never be a science of consciousness.
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ู„ู‡ุฐุง ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนู„ู… ู„ู„ูˆุนูŠ.
02:47
For much of the 20th century, that view held sway.
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ู„ุฌุฒุก ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู† ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุงู„ุณุงุฆุฏุฉ.
02:50
Psychologists studied behavior objectively,
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ุฏุฑุณ ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุณู„ูˆูƒ ุจู…ูˆุถูˆุนูŠุฉุŒ
02:54
neuroscientists studied the brain objectively,
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ูˆุฏุฑุณ ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุฃุนุตุงุจ ุงู„ู…ุฎ ุจู…ูˆุถูˆุนูŠุฉุŒ
02:58
and nobody even mentioned consciousness.
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ูˆู„ู… ูŠู‚ู… ุฃุญุฏ ุญุชู‰ ุจุฐูƒุฑ ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ.
03:02
Even 30 years ago, when TED got started,
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ุญุชู‰ ู‚ุจู„ 30 ุนุงู…ู‹ุงุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุจุฏุฃ TEDุŒ
03:04
there was very little scientific work
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ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ุฌุฏู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠ
03:07
on consciousness.
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ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ.
03:09
Now, about 20 years ago,
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู…ู†ุฐ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 20 ุนุงู…ู‹ุงุŒ
03:11
all that began to change.
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ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุฏุฃ ูŠุชุบูŠุฑ.
03:14
Neuroscientists like Francis Crick
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ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุฃุนุตุงุจ ู…ุซู„ ูุฑุงู†ุณูŠุณ ูƒุฑูŠูƒ
ูˆุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠูˆู† ู…ุซู„ ุฑูˆุฌุฑ ุจู†ุฑูˆุฒ
03:17
and physicists like Roger Penrose
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ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง ุฃู†ู‡ ู‚ุฏ ุญุงู† ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู„ู„ุนู„ู…
03:20
said now is the time for science
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03:22
to attack consciousness.
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ู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ.
03:25
And since then, there's been a real explosion,
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ูˆู…ู†ุฐ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญูŠู†ุŒ ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู†ูุฌุงุฑ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุŒ
03:27
a flowering of scientific work
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ุงุฒุฏู‡ุงุฑ ู„ู„ุจุญุซ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠ
03:29
on consciousness.
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ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ.
03:31
And this work has been wonderful. It's been great.
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ูˆูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุฑุงุฆุนู‹ุง. ูƒุงู† ู…ู…ูŠุฒู‹ุง.
03:33
But it also has some fundamental
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูƒุงู† ุจู‡ ุจุนุถ
ุงู„ู‚ูŠูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุฉ ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ุขู†.
03:35
limitations so far.
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ูƒุงู† ู…ุญูˆุฑ
03:39
The centerpiece
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03:40
of the science of consciousness in recent years
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ุนู„ู… ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ
03:43
has been the search for correlations,
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ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุจุงุฏู„ุฉุŒ
03:45
correlations between certain areas of the brain
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ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุจุงุฏู„ุฉ ุจูŠู† ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎ
03:49
and certain states of consciousness.
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ูˆุญุงู„ุงุช ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ู„ู„ูˆุนูŠ.
03:53
We saw some of this kind of work
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฑุฃูŠู†ุง ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„
03:54
from Nancy Kanwisher and the wonderful work
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ู…ู† ู†ุงู†ุณูŠ ูƒุงู†ูˆูŠุดุฑ ูˆุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุน
03:55
she presented just a few minutes ago.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุฏู…ุชู‡ ู‚ุจู„ ุจุถุนุฉ ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚.
03:59
Now we understand much better, for example,
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ุงู„ุขู† ู†ุญู† ู†ูู‡ู… ุฃูุถู„ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ
04:02
the kinds of brain areas that go along with
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ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฎ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชู…ุงุดู‰ ู…ุน
04:05
the conscious experience of seeing faces
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ุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุงู„ูˆุงุนูŠุฉ ู„ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุงู„ูˆุฌูˆู‡
04:08
or of feeling pain
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ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฅุญุณุงุณ ุจุงู„ุฃู„ู…
04:11
or of feeling happy.
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ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฅุญุณุงุณ ุจุงู„ุณุนุงุฏุฉ.
04:14
But this is still a science of correlations.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูŠุจู‚ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุนู„ุงู‚ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุจุงุฏู„ุฉุŒ
04:16
It's not a science of explanations.
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ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุชูุณูŠุฑุงุช.
04:20
We know that these brain areas
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุนู„ู… ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎ
04:22
go along with certain kinds of conscious experience,
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ุชุชู…ุงุดู‰ ู…ุน ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑุจ ุงู„ูˆุงุนูŠุฉุŒ
04:26
but we don't know why they do.
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ู„ุง ู†ุนุฑู ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุชุชู…ุงุดู‰ ู…ุนู‡ุง.
04:30
I like to put this by saying
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ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃูˆุถุญ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุงู„ู‚ูˆู„
04:32
that this kind of work from neuroscience
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ุจุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ู…ู† ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุนุตุงุจ
04:36
is answering some of the questions
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ูŠุฌูŠุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ
04:37
we want answered about consciousness,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฅุฌุงุจุงุช ุนู†ู‡ุง ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ูˆุนูŠุŒ
04:39
the questions about what certain brain areas do
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ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุญูˆู„ ู…ุง ุชูุนู„ู‡ ุจุนุถ ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฎ
04:43
and what they correlate with.
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ูˆุจู…ุงุฐุง ุชุฑุชุจุท.
04:45
But in a certain sense, those are the easy problems.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุงุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุงุช ุงู„ุณู‡ู„ุฉ.
04:48
No knock on the neuroscientists.
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ุฏูˆู† ุงู†ุชู‚ุงุฏ ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุฃุนุตุงุจุŒ
04:51
There are no truly easy problems with consciousness.
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ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญู‚ู‹ุง ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุณู‡ู„ ููŠ ู…ุดูƒู„ุงุช ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ.
04:53
But it doesn't address the real mystery
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุบู…ูˆุถ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ
04:58
at the core of this subject:
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ููŠ ู„ุจ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน:
05:00
why is it that all that physical processing in a brain
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ
ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎ ู…ุตุญูˆุจุฉ ุจุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณุŸ
05:04
should be accompanied by consciousness at all?
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05:07
Why is there this inner subjective movie?
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ููŠู„ู… ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุŸ
05:10
Right now, we don't really have a bead on that.
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู…ุง ูŠุดุฑุญ ุฐู„ูƒ.
05:13
And you might say,
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ู‚ุฏ ุชู‚ูˆู„
05:15
let's just give neuroscience a few years.
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ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ูู‚ุท ู†ู…ู†ุญ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุนุตุงุจ ุจุถุน ุณู†ูˆุงุช.
05:19
It'll turn out to be another emergent phenomenon
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ูˆุณูŠุชุญูˆู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุธุงู‡ุฑุฉ ู†ุงุดุฆุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰
05:23
like traffic jams, like hurricanes,
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ู…ุซู„ ุงุฒุฏุญุงู… ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฑูˆุฑุŒ ูˆู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฃุนุงุตูŠุฑุŒ
05:28
like life, and we'll figure it out.
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ูˆู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุงุŒ ูˆุณู†ุฌุฏ ุญู„ู‹ุง ู„ู‡ุง.
05:30
The classical cases of emergence
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ุชุนุชุจุฑ ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ู†ุดูˆุก ุงู„ูƒู„ุงุณูŠูƒูŠุฉ
05:32
are all cases of emergent behavior,
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ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุญุงู„ุงุช ู„ู„ุณู„ูˆูƒ ุงู„ู†ุงุดุฆุŒ
05:36
how a traffic jam behaves,
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ูƒูŠู ูŠุชุตุฑู ุงุฒุฏุญุงู… ุงู„ู…ุฑูˆุฑุŒ
05:38
how a hurricane functions,
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ูƒูŠู ูŠุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุฅุนุตุงุฑุŒ
05:40
how a living organism reproduces
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ูƒูŠู ูŠุชูƒุงุซุฑ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุงู„ุญูŠ
05:42
and adapts and metabolizes,
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ูˆูŠุชุฃู‚ู„ู… ูˆูŠุชุฃูŠุถุŒ
05:45
all questions about objective functioning.
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ุฌู…ูŠุนู‡ุง ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุนูŠ.
05:48
You could apply that to the human brain
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ุฐู„ูƒ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฎ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠ
05:51
in explaining some of the behaviors
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ููŠ ุชูุณูŠุฑ ุจุนุถ ุณู„ูˆูƒูŠุงุช
05:52
and the functions of the human brain
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ูˆูˆุธุงุฆู ุงู„ู…ุฎ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠ
05:54
as emergent phenomena:
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ูƒุธูˆุงู‡ุฑ ู†ุงุดุฆุฉ:
05:55
how we walk, how we talk, how we play chess,
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ูƒูŠู ู†ุณูŠุฑุŒ ูˆูƒูŠู ู†ุชุญุฏุซุŒ ูˆูƒูŠู ู†ู„ุนุจ ุงู„ุดุทุฑู†ุฌุŒ
06:00
all these questions about behavior.
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ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุณู„ูˆูƒ.
06:02
But when it comes to consciousness,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุจุงู„ูˆุนูŠุŒ
06:04
questions about behavior
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ุชุตุจุญ ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุณู„ูˆูƒ
06:06
are among the easy problems.
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ู…ู† ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุงุช ุงู„ุณู‡ู„ุฉ.
06:09
When it comes to the hard problem,
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ุญูŠู†ู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุตุนุจุฉุŒ
06:10
that's the question of why is it
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ูŠุตุจุญ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ู‡ูˆ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง
ูŠูƒูˆู† ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณู„ูˆูƒ
06:13
that all this behavior
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06:14
is accompanied by subjective experience?
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ู…ุตุญูˆุจู‹ุง ุจุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุฐุงุชูŠุฉุŸ
06:17
And here, the standard paradigm
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณูŠ
06:19
of emergence,
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ู„ู„ู†ุดูˆุกุŒ
06:21
even the standard paradigms of neuroscience,
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ูˆุญุชู‰ ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณูŠ ู„ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุนุตุงุจุŒ
06:24
don't really, so far, have that much to say.
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ู„ุง ูŠู…ุชู„ูƒ ุญู‚ู‹ุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู„ูŠู‚ูˆู„ู‡.
06:28
Now, I'm a scientific materialist at heart.
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุฃู†ุง ุดุฎุต ู…ุงุฏูŠ ุนู„ู…ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ.
06:32
I want a scientific theory of consciousness
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ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ูˆุนูŠ
06:36
that works,
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ุชุนู…ู„ุŒ
06:38
and for a long time, I banged my head
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ูˆู„ูุชุฑุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉุŒ ุฎุจุทุช ุฑุฃุณูŠ
06:41
against the wall
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ููŠ ุงู„ุญุงุฆุท
06:42
looking for a theory of consciousness
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ุจุงุญุซู‹ุง ุนู† ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ู„ู„ูˆุนูŠ
06:44
in purely physical terms
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ุจู…ุตุทู„ุญุงุช ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ุฎุงู„ุตุฉ
06:46
that would work.
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ู‚ุฏ ุชุนู…ู„.
06:47
But I eventually came to the conclusion
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูˆุตู„ุช ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงุณุชู†ุชุงุฌ
06:49
that that just didn't work for systematic reasons.
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ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู„ู… ุชู†ุฌุญ ูู‚ุท ู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ ู…ู†ู‡ุฌูŠุฉ.
06:53
It's a long story,
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู‚ุตุฉ ุทูˆูŠู„ุฉุŒ
06:55
but the core idea is just that what you get
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ู…ุง ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡
06:58
from purely reductionist explanations
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูุณูŠุฑุงุช ุงู„ุงุฎุชุฒุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงู„ุตุฉ
07:00
in physical terms, in brain-based terms,
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ุจู…ุตุทู„ุญุงุช ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุจู…ุตุทู„ุญุงุช ุชุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฎุŒ
07:03
is stories about the functioning of a system,
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ู‡ูŠ ู‚ุตุต ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุนู…ู„ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู…ุ›
07:05
its structure, its dynamics,
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ุจู†ูŠุชู‡ุŒ ูˆุฏูŠู†ุงู…ูŠูƒูŠุชู‡ุŒ
07:07
the behavior it produces,
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ูˆุงู„ุณู„ูˆูƒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู†ุชุฌู‡ุŒ
07:09
great for solving the easy problems โ€”
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฑุงุฆุน ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุญู„ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุงุช ุงู„ุณู‡ู„ุฉ โ€”
07:11
how we behave, how we function โ€”
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ูƒูŠู ู†ุชุตุฑูุŒ ูˆูƒูŠู ู†ุนู…ู„ โ€”
ูˆู„ูƒู† ุญูŠู†ู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุจุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุฐุงุชูŠุฉ โ€”
07:14
but when it comes to subjective experience โ€”
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07:17
why does all this feel like something from the inside? โ€”
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠุจุฏูˆ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ูˆูƒุฃู†ู‡ ุดูŠุฆู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ุŸ โ€”
ู‡ุฐุง ุดูŠุก ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ุชู…ุงู…ู‹ุงุŒ
07:21
that's something fundamentally new,
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07:23
and it's always a further question.
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ูˆุฏุงุฆู…ู‹ุง ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ุฐุง ุณุคุงู„ ุขุฎุฑ.
07:27
So I think we're at a kind of impasse here.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ูˆุนู‹ุง ู…ุง ููŠ ู…ุฃุฒู‚ ู‡ู†ุง.
07:32
We've got this wonderful, great chain of explanation,
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชูุณูŠุฑุงุชุŒ
07:35
we're used to it, where physics explains chemistry,
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ู†ุญู† ู…ุนุชุงุฏูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ูŠูุณุฑ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุนู„ู… ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุกุŒ
07:39
chemistry explains biology,
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ูˆูŠูุณุฑ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงุกุŒ
07:42
biology explains parts of psychology.
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ูˆูŠูุณุฑ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงุก ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ู…ู† ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู†ูุณ.
07:46
But consciousness
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ุง ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ
07:48
doesn't seem to fit into this picture.
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ูŠุชู†ุงุณุจ ู…ุน ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ.
07:50
On the one hand, it's a datum
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ู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉุŒ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุณู„ู‘ู… ุจู‡
07:52
that we're conscious.
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ุฃู†ู†ุง ูˆุงุนูˆู†.
07:54
On the other hand, we don't know how
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ูˆู…ู† ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ุนุฑู ูƒูŠู
07:55
to accommodate it into our scientific view of the world.
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ู†ุญุชูˆูŠู‡ ููŠ ุฑุคูŠุชู†ุง ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุนุงู„ู….
07:59
So I think consciousness right now
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ุงู„ุขู†
08:01
is a kind of anomaly,
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ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุดุงุฐุฉุŒ
08:04
one that we need to integrate
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู†ูˆุน ู†ุญู† ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฏู…ุฌู‡
08:06
into our view of the world, but we don't yet see how.
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ููŠ ุฑุคูŠุชู†ุง ู„ู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ู„ุง ู†ุฑู‰ ูƒูŠููŠุฉ ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุนุฏ.
08:10
Faced with an anomaly like this,
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ููŠ ู…ูˆุงุฌู‡ุฉ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุดุงุฐุฉ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ุŒ
08:12
radical ideas may be needed,
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ู‚ุฏ ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุฑุงุฏูŠูƒุงู„ูŠุฉุŒ
08:15
and I think that we may need one or two ideas
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ูˆุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู‚ุฏ ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ููƒุฑุฉ ุฃูˆ ุงุซู†ูŠู†
08:18
that initially seem crazy
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ุชุจุฏูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ู…ุฌู†ูˆู†ุฉ
08:20
before we can come to grips with consciousness
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ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู† ู†ุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ
08:23
scientifically.
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ุนู„ู…ูŠู‹ุง.
08:25
Now, there are a few candidates
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุถุนุฉ ุชุฑุดูŠุญุงุช
08:27
for what those crazy ideas might be.
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ู„ู…ุง ู‚ุฏ ุชูƒูˆู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฌู†ูˆู†ุฉ.
08:29
My friend Dan Dennett, who's here today, has one.
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ุตุฏูŠู‚ูŠ ุฏุงู† ุฏูŠู†ูŠุชุŒ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ.
08:34
His crazy idea is that there is no hard problem
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ููƒุฑุชู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฌู†ูˆู†ุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ุชูˆุฌุฏ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุตุนุจุฉ
08:36
of consciousness.
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ู„ู„ูˆุนูŠ.
08:38
The whole idea of the inner subjective movie
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ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ููŠู„ู… ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ ูƒู„ู‡ุง
08:41
involves a kind of illusion or confusion.
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ุชุชุถู…ู† ู†ูˆุนู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆู‡ู… ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุงุฑุชุจุงูƒ.
08:46
Actually, all we've got to do is explain
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุดุฑุญ
08:48
the objective functions, the behaviors of the brain,
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ุงู„ูˆุธุงุฆู ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุนูŠุฉุŒ ูˆุณู„ูˆูƒูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุŒ
08:51
and then we've explained everything
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ุซู… ู†ูƒูˆู† ู‚ุฏ ุดุฑุญู†ุง ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก
08:53
that needs to be explained.
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ูŠุญุชุงุฌ ุงู„ู‰ ุดุฑุญ.
08:55
Well I say, more power to him.
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ุญุณู†ุงุŒ ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ุฃุชู…ู†ู‰ ู„ู‡ ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ.
08:58
That's the kind of radical idea
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุงู„ุฑุงุฏูŠูƒุงู„ูŠุฉ
09:00
that we need to explore
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ู„ุงุณุชูƒุดุงูู‡ุง
09:02
if you want to have a purely reductionist
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงุฎุชุฒุงู„ูŠุฉ ุจุญุชุฉ
09:04
brain-based theory of consciousness.
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ู„ู„ูˆุนูŠ ุชุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฎ.
09:08
At the same time, for me and for many other people,
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ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูŠ ูˆู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู†ุŒ
09:10
that view is a bit too close to simply
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฑุฃูŠ ู‚ุฑูŠุจ ุฌุฏู‹ุง ู…ู†
ุฅู†ูƒุงุฑ ู…ุณู†ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ
09:12
denying the datum of consciousness
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09:14
to be satisfactory.
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ู„ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ูุฑุถูŠู‹ุง.
09:15
So I go in a different direction.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุณุฃุฐู‡ุจ ููŠ ุงุชุฌุงู‡ ู…ุฎุชู„ู.
09:18
In the time remaining,
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ู…ุชุจู‚ูŠุŒ
09:19
I want to explore two crazy ideas
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ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุงุณุชูƒุดุงู ููƒุฑุชูŠู† ู…ุฌู†ูˆู†ุชูŠู†
09:22
that I think may have some promise.
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุจู‡ู…ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃู…ู„.
09:26
The first crazy idea
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ุฃูˆู„ ููƒุฑุฉ ู…ุฌู†ูˆู†ุฉ
09:28
is that consciousness is fundamental.
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ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ.
09:32
Physicists sometimes take some aspects of the universe
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ุฃุญูŠุงู†ู‹ุง ูŠุฃุฎุฐ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠูˆู† ุจุนุถ ุฌูˆุงู†ุจ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†
09:35
as fundamental building blocks:
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ูƒู„ุจู†ุงุช ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ:
09:37
space and time and mass.
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ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฒู…ุงู† ูˆุงู„ูƒุชู„ุฉ.
09:41
They postulate fundamental laws governing them,
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ูˆูŠูุชุฑุถูˆู† ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุชุญูƒู…ู‡ุงุŒ
09:45
like the laws of gravity or of quantum mechanics.
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ู…ุซู„ ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉ ุฃูˆ ู…ูŠูƒุงู†ูŠูƒุง ุงู„ูƒู….
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฎุตุงุฆุต ูˆุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ
09:49
These fundamental properties and laws
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09:51
aren't explained in terms of anything more basic.
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ู„ูŠุณุช ู…ุดุฑูˆุญุฉ ู…ู† ุฃูŠ ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ.
09:54
Rather, they're taken as primitive,
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ุจุฏู„ู‹ุง ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ู‡ูŠ ุชุคุฎุฐ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ูุทุฑูŠุฉุŒ
09:57
and you build up the world from there.
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ูˆู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง ู†ุจู†ูŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
10:00
Now sometimes, the list of fundamentals expands.
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ุงู„ุขู† ุฃุญูŠุงู†ู‹ุงุŒ ุชุชุณุน ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุงุช.
10:05
In the 19th century, Maxwell figured out
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ููŠ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ุชุงุณุน ุนุดุฑุŒ ูˆุฌุฏ ู…ุงูƒุณูˆูŠู„ ุฃู†ู‡
10:08
that you can't explain electromagnetic phenomena
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ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุชูุณูŠุฑ ุงู„ุธูˆุงู‡ุฑ ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑูˆู…ุบู†ุงุทูŠุณูŠุฉ
10:11
in terms of the existing fundamentals โ€”
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ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุงุช ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠุฉ โ€”
10:13
space, time, mass, Newton's laws โ€”
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ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฒู…ุงู† ูˆุงู„ูƒุชู„ุฉ ูˆู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ู†ูŠูˆุชู† โ€”
10:16
so he postulated fundamental laws
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ู‚ุงู… ุจุงูุชุฑุงุถ ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ
10:19
of electromagnetism
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ู„ู„ูƒู‡ุฑูˆู…ุบู†ุงุทูŠุณูŠุฉ
10:21
and postulated electric charge
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ูˆุงูุชุฑุถ ุงู„ุดุญู†ุฉ ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุฆูŠุฉ
10:23
as a fundamental element
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ูƒุนู†ุตุฑ ุฃุณุงุณูŠ
10:25
that those laws govern.
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ุชุญูƒู…ู‡ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู†.
10:28
I think that's the situation we're in
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูˆุถุน ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุญู† ููŠู‡
10:31
with consciousness.
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ู…ุน ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ.
10:33
If you can't explain consciousness
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ุฅุฐ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูƒ ุชูุณูŠุฑ ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ
10:35
in terms of the existing fundamentals โ€”
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ููŠ ุถูˆุก ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุงุช ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠุฉ โ€”
10:38
space, time, mass, charge โ€”
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ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฒู…ุงู† ูˆุงู„ูƒุชู„ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุดุญู†ุฉ โ€”
10:40
then as a matter of logic, you need to expand the list.
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ุฅุฐุงุŒ ู…ู† ุจุงุจ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุŒ ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชูˆุณูŠุน ุงู„ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ.
10:44
The natural thing to do is to postulate
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ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงูุชุฑุงุถ
10:46
consciousness itself as something fundamental,
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ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ุฐุงุชู‡ ูƒุดูŠุก ุฃุณุงุณูŠุŒ
10:50
a fundamental building block of nature.
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ู„ุจู†ุฉ ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ.
10:53
This doesn't mean you suddenly can't do science with it.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู„ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ูƒ ูุฌุฃุฉ ู„ุง ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุนู„ูŠู‡.
10:56
This opens up the way for you to do science with it.
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ู‡ุฐุง ูŠูุชุญ ู„ูƒ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ู„ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุนู„ูŠู‡.
10:59
What we then need is to study
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ู…ุง ู†ุญุชุงุฌู‡ ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูˆ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ
11:01
the fundamental laws governing consciousness,
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ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู†ุธู… ุงู„ูˆุนูŠุŒ
11:04
the laws that connect consciousness
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ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฑุจุท ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ
11:06
to other fundamentals: space, time, mass,
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ุจุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰: ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฒู…ุงู† ูˆุงู„ูƒุชู„ุฉ
11:09
physical processes.
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ูˆุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ.
11:12
Physicists sometimes say
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ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู†
11:14
that we want fundamental laws so simple
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ุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ุฌุฏู‹ุง
11:17
that we could write them on the front of a t-shirt.
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ู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠุฉ ูƒุชุงุจุชู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃู…ุงู…ูŠ ู„ู„ู‚ู…ูŠุต.
11:21
Well I think something like that is the situation
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ุญุณู†ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุดูŠุก ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ุจูŠู„ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ูˆุถุน
11:23
we're in with consciousness.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุญู† ููŠู‡ ููŠู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„ูˆุนูŠ.
11:25
We want to find fundamental laws so simple
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ุฌุฏู‹ุง ู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ
11:27
we could write them on the front of a t-shirt.
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ุชู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ู…ู† ูƒุชุงุจุชู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃู…ุงู…ูŠ ู„ู„ู‚ู…ูŠุต.
11:29
We don't know what those laws are yet,
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ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ุนุฑู ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุจุนุฏุŒ
11:31
but that's what we're after.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ู†ุจุญุซ ุนู†ู‡.
11:35
The second crazy idea
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ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฌู†ูˆู†ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ
11:37
is that consciousness might be universal.
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ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนุงู„ู…ูŠู‹ุง.
11:41
Every system might have some degree
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ูƒู„ ู†ุธุงู… ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู‡ ุจุนุถ ุฏุฑุฌุงุช
11:44
of consciousness.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ.
11:48
This view is sometimes called panpsychism:
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ูˆูŠุณู…ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฑุฃูŠ ุฃุญูŠุงู†ู‹ุง ุนู…ูˆู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ูุณ "panpsychism":
11:51
pan for all, psych for mind,
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"pan" ุชุดูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุนู…ูˆู… ูˆ"psych" ุชุดูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุนู‚ู„ุŒ
11:54
every system is conscious,
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ูƒู„ ู†ุธุงู… ูˆุงุนูุŒ
11:55
not just humans, dogs, mice, flies,
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ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ูˆุงู„ูƒู„ุงุจ ูˆุงู„ูุฆุฑุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฐุจุงุจุŒ
12:00
but even Rob Knight's microbes,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุญุชู‰ ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุจุงุช ุฑูˆุจ ู†ุงูŠุชุŒ
12:02
elementary particles.
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ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ูŠุฉ.
12:04
Even a photon has some degree of consciousness.
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ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ููˆุชูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ.
12:07
The idea is not that photons are intelligent
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ุงู„ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ ู„ูŠุณ ุฃู† ุงู„ููˆุชูˆู†ุงุช ุฐูƒูŠุฉ
12:11
or thinking.
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ุฃูˆ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุชููƒุฑ.
12:12
It's not that a photon
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ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุฃู† ุงู„ููˆุชูˆู†
12:13
is wracked with angst
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ูŠุนุตูู‡ ุงู„ู‚ู„ู‚
12:15
because it's thinking, "Aww, I'm always buzzing around near the speed of light.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠููƒุฑ "ู„ู„ุฃุณู ุฃู†ุง ุฏุงุฆู…ู‹ุง ุงุชู†ู‚ู„ ู…ู‚ุชุฑุจู‹ุง ู…ู† ุณุฑุนุฉ ุงู„ุถูˆุก.
12:18
I never get to slow down and smell the roses."
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ู„ู… ุฃุชู…ูƒู† ู‚ุท ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅุจุทุงุก ุญุชู‰ ุฃุดู… ุงู„ูˆุฑูˆุฏ."
12:21
No, not like that.
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ู„ุงุŒ ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ูƒุฐุง.
12:23
But the thought is maybe photons might have
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ููˆุชูˆู†ุงุช ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง
12:26
some element of raw, subjective feeling,
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ุจุนุถ ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุงู„ุดุนูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ ุงู„ุฎุงู…ุŒ
12:29
some primitive precursor to consciousness.
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ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏู…ุงุช ุงู„ุจุฏุงุฆูŠุฉ ู„ู„ูˆุนูŠ.
12:33
This may sound a bit kooky to you.
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ู‚ุฏ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุบุฑูˆุฑู‹ุง ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุง ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูƒ.
12:36
I mean, why would anyone think such a crazy thing?
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ุฃุนู†ูŠุŒ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู‚ุฏ ูŠููƒุฑ ุฃูŠ ุดุฎุต ููŠ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฌู†ูˆู†ูŠุŸ
12:39
Some motivation comes from the first crazy idea,
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ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฏูˆุงูุน ุชุฃุชูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฌู†ูˆู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ุŒ
12:42
that consciousness is fundamental.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุจุฃู† ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ุฃุณุงุณูŠ.
ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ุฃุณุงุณูŠู‹ุงุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู…ูƒุงู† ูˆุงู„ุฒู…ุงู† ูˆุงู„ูƒุชู„ุฉุŒ
12:45
If it's fundamental, like space and time and mass,
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12:49
it's natural to suppose that it might be universal too,
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ูู…ู† ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ุฃู† ู†ูุชุฑุถ ุฃู†ู‡ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนุงู„ู…ูŠู‹ุง ุฃูŠุถู‹ุงุŒ
12:52
the way they are.
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ู…ุซู„ ุญุงู„ู‡ู….
12:53
It's also worth noting that although the idea
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฑ ุจุงู„ุฐูƒุฑ ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุฃู† ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ
12:55
seems counterintuitive to us,
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ุชุจุฏูˆ ุบูŠุฑ ุจุฏูŠู‡ูŠุฉ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู†ุงุŒ
12:57
it's much less counterintuitive to people
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ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ุฃู‚ู„ ุจุฏุงู‡ุฉ ู„ู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต
13:00
from different cultures,
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ู…ู† ุซู‚ุงูุงุช ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŒ
13:02
where the human mind is seen as much more
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ
13:03
continuous with nature.
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ุงุชุตุงู„ู‹ุง ุจุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ.
13:07
A deeper motivation comes from the idea that
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ุงู„ุฏุงูุน ุงู„ุฃุนู…ู‚ ูŠุฃุชูŠ ู…ู† ููƒุฑุฉ ุฃู†ู‡
13:10
perhaps the most simple and powerful way
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ุฑุจู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุจุณุงุทุฉ ูˆู‚ูˆุฉ
13:12
to find fundamental laws connecting consciousness
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ู„ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฑุจุท ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ
13:14
to physical processing
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ุจุงู„ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏูŠุฉ
13:16
is to link consciousness to information.
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ู‡ูŠ ุฑุจุท ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ุจุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช.
13:20
Wherever there's information processing,
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ุญูŠุซู…ุง ุชูˆุฌุฏ ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุชุŒ
13:22
there's consciousness.
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ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูˆุนูŠ.
13:23
Complex information processing, like in a human,
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ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉุŒ ูƒู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ุŒ
13:25
complex consciousness.
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ุชุนู†ูŠ ูˆุนูŠู‹ุง ู…ุนู‚ุฏู‹ุง.
13:27
Simple information processing,
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ูˆู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุจุณูŠุทุฉ
13:29
simple consciousness.
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ุชุนู†ูŠ ูˆุนูŠู‹ุง ุจุณูŠุทู‹ุง.
13:31
A really exciting thing is in recent years
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ูˆุงู„ู…ุซูŠุฑ ุญู‚ู‹ุง ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ุจุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ
13:33
a neuroscientist, Giulio Tononi,
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ู‚ุงู… ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฃุนุตุงุจ ุฌูˆู„ูŠูˆ ุชูˆู†ูˆู†ูŠ
13:36
has taken this kind of theory
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ุจุฃุฎุฐ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ
13:38
and developed it rigorously
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ูˆู‚ุงู… ุจุชุทูˆูŠุฑู‡ุง ุจุฏู‚ุฉ
13:40
with a mathematical theory.
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ู…ุน ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุฉ.
ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุฑูŠุงุถูŠ
13:42
He has a mathematical measure
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13:43
of information integration
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ู„ุชูƒุงู…ู„ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช
13:45
which he calls phi,
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ูŠุฏุนูˆู‡ ูุงูŠ "Phi"ุŒ
13:47
measuring the amount of information
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ูŠู‚ูŠุณ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช
13:48
integrated in a system.
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ุงู„ู…ุชูƒุงู…ู„ุฉ ุถู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุธุงู….
13:50
And he supposes that phi goes along
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ูˆูŠูุชุฑุถ ุฃู† "ูุงูŠ" ูŠุชูˆุงูู‚
13:52
with consciousness.
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ู…ุน ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ.
13:54
So in a human brain,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠุŒ
13:55
incredibly large amount of information integration,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ู‡ุงุฆู„ุฉ ู„ุง ุชุตุฏู‚ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชูƒุงู…ู„ุฉุŒ
13:58
high degree of phi,
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ูˆุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ู…ู† "ูุงูŠ"ุŒ
14:00
a whole lot of consciousness.
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ูˆูƒู…ูŠุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ.
14:01
In a mouse, medium degree of information integration,
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ููŠ ุงู„ูุฃุฑุŒ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ู…ุชูˆุณุทุฉ ู„ุชูƒุงู…ู„ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุชุŒ
14:05
still pretty significant,
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ู„ุง ูŠุฒุงู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู‡ู…ู‹ุงุŒ
14:06
pretty serious amount of consciousness.
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ูˆูƒู…ูŠุฉ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุฌุฏู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ.
14:08
But as you go down to worms,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ู†ุฒู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏูŠุฏุงู†ุŒ
14:10
microbes, particles,
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ูˆุงู„ู…ูŠูƒุฑูˆุจุงุชุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุชุŒ
ุชุชุฏู†ู‰ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ "ูุงูŠ".
14:14
the amount of phi falls off.
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14:15
The amount of information integration falls off,
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุชุฏู†ู‰ ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ุชูƒุงู…ู„ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุฃูŠุถู‹ุงุŒ
14:18
but it's still non-zero.
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชุฒุงู„ ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุตูุฑ.
14:19
On Tononi's theory,
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ููŠ ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุชูˆู†ูˆู†ูŠุŒ
14:21
there's still going to be a non-zero degree
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ุณุชุธู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ุบูŠุฑ ุตูุฑูŠุฉ
14:23
of consciousness.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ.
14:25
In effect, he's proposing a fundamental law
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ู‡ูˆ ูŠู‚ุชุฑุญ ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ู‹ุง ุฃุณุงุณูŠู‹ุง
14:28
of consciousness: high phi, high consciousness.
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ู„ู„ูˆุนูŠ: ูƒู„ู…ุง ุงุฑุชูุนุช ุฏุฑุฌุฉ "ูุงูŠ"ุŒ ุฒุงุฏ ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ.
14:31
Now, I don't know if this theory is right,
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุฃู†ุง ู„ุง ุฃุนุฑู ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุตุญูŠุญุฉุŒ
14:34
but it's actually perhaps the leading theory right now
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ูˆุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ุฃุธู† ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุฏุฉ ุงู„ุขู†
ููŠ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ูˆุนูŠุŒ
14:37
in the science of consciousness,
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14:38
and it's been used to integrate a whole range
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุชู… ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู…ู‡ุง ู„ุฏู…ุฌ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ูƒุงู…ู„ุฉ
14:40
of scientific data,
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุจูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉุŒ
14:43
and it does have a nice property that it is in fact simple enough
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ูˆู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุฎุงุตูŠุฉ ุฌู…ูŠู„ุฉ ูˆู‡ูŠ ูƒูˆู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ุฌุฏู‹ุง
14:45
you can write it on the front of a t-shirt.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ูƒุชุงุจุชู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฒุก ุงู„ุฃู…ุงู…ูŠ ู„ู„ู‚ู…ูŠุต.
14:49
Another final motivation is that
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ุงู„ุฏุงูุน ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ูˆุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุฃู†
ุชูˆุฌู‡ "ุนู…ูˆู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ูุณ" ู‚ุฏ ูŠุณุงุนุฏู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฏู…ุฌ
14:51
panpsychism might help us to integrate
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14:53
consciousness into the physical world.
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ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู…ุงุฏูŠ.
14:56
Physicists and philosophers have often observed
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ูˆูƒุซูŠุฑู‹ุง ู…ุง ู„ุงุญุธ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠูˆู† ูˆุงู„ูู„ุงุณูุฉ
ุฃู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ู…ุฌุฑุฏุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุบุฑูŠุจ.
15:00
that physics is curiously abstract.
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15:02
It describes the structure of reality
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ูู‡ูŠ ุชุตู ู‡ูŠูƒู„ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน
15:04
using a bunch of equations,
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ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุงุชุŒ
15:06
but it doesn't tell us about the reality
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ู„ุง ุชุฎุจุฑู†ุง ุนู† ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน
15:09
that underlies it.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูƒู…ู† ูˆุฑุงุฆู‡ุง.
15:11
As Stephen Hawking puts it,
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ูƒู…ุง ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุณุชูŠูู† ู‡ูˆูƒูŠู†ุฌุŒ
15:13
what puts the fire into the equations?
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ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุถุน ุงู„ู†ุงุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุงุชุŸ
15:17
Well, on the panpsychist view,
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ุญุณู†ู‹ุงุŒ ุจุญุณุจ ุฑุฃูŠ "ุนู…ูˆู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ูุณ"ุŒ
15:19
you can leave the equations of physics as they are,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุชุฑูƒ ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุงุช ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูŠุŒ
15:22
but you can take them to be describing
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ุชุตู
15:24
the flux of consciousness.
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ุชุฏูู‚ ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ.
15:25
That's what physics really is ultimately doing,
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ู‡ุฐุง ุญู‚ู‹ุง ู…ุง ุชูุนู„ู‡ ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุทุงูุŒ
15:27
describing the flux of consciousness.
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ุชุตู ุชุฏูู‚ ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ.
15:30
On this view, it's consciousness
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ู…ู† ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ุŒ ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ
15:31
that puts the fire into the equations.
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ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุถุน ุงู„ู†ุงุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุงุช.
15:36
On that view, consciousness doesn't dangle
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ุจุญุณุจ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฑุฃูŠุŒ ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ู„ุง ูŠุชุฏู„ู‰
15:37
outside the physical world
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ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู…ุงุฏูŠ
15:39
as some kind of extra.
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ูƒู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅุถุงูุฉ.
15:40
It's there right at its heart.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ููŠ ู‚ู„ุจ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ู…ุงุฏูŠ.
15:44
This view, I think, the panpsychist view,
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ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏุŒ ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ู†ุธุฑ "ุนู…ูˆู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ูุณ"ุŒ
15:47
has the potential to transfigure our relationship
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ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ู…ุธู‡ุฑ ุนู„ุงู‚ุชู†ุง
15:50
to nature,
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ุจุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉุŒ
15:51
and it may have some pretty serious social
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ู‡ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุนูˆุงู‚ุจ
15:54
and ethical consequences.
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ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฎุทูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏู‹ุง.
15:57
Some of these may be counterintuitive.
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ูˆุจุนุถ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนูˆุงู‚ุจ ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุชูˆู‚ุน.
ูƒู†ุช ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู„ุง ุขูƒู„ ุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก
16:00
I used to think I shouldn't eat anything
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16:03
which is conscious,
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ู„ุฏูŠู‡ ูˆุนูŠุŒ
16:05
so therefore I should be vegetarian.
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ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุฃูƒูˆู† ู†ุจุงุชูŠู‹ุง.
16:08
Now, if you're a panpsychist and you take that view,
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ู…ุฏุนู…ู‹ุง ู„ุชูˆุฌู‡ "ุนู…ูˆู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ูุณ" ูˆุชุฃุฎุฐ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฑุฃูŠุŒ
16:10
you're going to go very hungry.
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ุณุชุตุจุญ ุฌุงุฆุนู‹ุง ุฌุฏู‹ุง.
16:13
So I think when you think about it,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชููƒุฑูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑุŒ
16:14
this tends to transfigure your views,
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ุณูŠุคุฏูŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ูˆุฌู‡ุงุช ู†ุธุฑูƒู…ุŒ
16:16
whereas what matters for ethical purposes
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ููŠ ุญูŠู† ุฃู† ู…ุง ูŠู‡ู… ู„ุฃุบุฑุงุถ ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ
16:19
and moral considerations,
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ูˆู„ุงุนุชุจุงุฑุงุช ู…ุนู†ูˆูŠุฉุŒ
16:20
not so much the fact of consciousness,
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ู„ูŠุณ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ุจุดูƒู„ ูƒุจูŠุฑุŒ
16:23
but the degree and the complexity of consciousness.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ูˆุชุนู‚ูŠุฏู‡.
16:27
It's also natural to ask about consciousness
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ุฃู† ู†ุณุฃู„ ุนู† ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ
16:29
in other systems, like computers.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุฃุฌู‡ุฒุฉ ุงู„ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ.
16:32
What about the artificially intelligent system
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ู…ุงุฐุง ุนู† ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุฐูƒุงุก ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนูŠ
16:34
in the movie "Her," Samantha?
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ููŠ ููŠู„ู… "Her"ุŒ ุณุงู…ุงู†ุซุงุŸ
16:37
Is she conscious?
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ู‡ู„ ู‡ูŠ ูˆุงุนูŠุฉุŸ
16:39
Well, if you take the informational,
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ุญุณู†ุงุŒ ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฎุฐุช
16:40
panpsychist view,
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ุจูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ู†ุธุฑ "ุนู…ูˆู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ูุณ"ุŒ
16:41
she certainly has complicated information processing
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ูุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ู‡ูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ู…ุนุงู„ุฌุฉ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ
16:45
and integration,
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ูˆุชูƒุงู…ู„ ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ู…ุนู‚ุฏุŒ
16:46
so the answer is very likely yes, she is conscious.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฑุฌุญ ุฌุฏู‹ุง ุฃู† ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ ู‡ูˆ ู†ุนู…ุŒ ู‡ูŠ ูˆุงุนูŠุฉ.
16:49
If that's right, it raises pretty serious
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ุตุญูŠุญู‹ุงุŒ ูุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุซูŠุฑ
ู‚ุถุงูŠุง ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ ุฎุทูŠุฑุฉ ุญูˆู„ ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุงุช
16:52
ethical issues about both the ethics
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ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ ุงู„ุฐูƒูŠุฉ
16:54
of developing intelligent computer systems
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16:58
and the ethics of turning them off.
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ูˆุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุงุช ุฅุบู„ุงู‚ู‡ุง.
17:00
Finally, you might ask about the consciousness
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ุฃุฎูŠุฑู‹ุงุŒ ู‚ุฏ ุชุณุฃู„ ุนู† ูˆุนูŠ
17:03
of whole groups,
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ุงู„ุฌู…ุงุนุงุช ูƒู„ู‡ุงุŒ
17:05
the planet.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆูƒุจ.
17:07
Does Canada have its own consciousness?
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ู‡ู„ ู„ุฏู‰ ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ูƒู†ุฏุง ูˆุนูŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจู‡ุงุŸ
17:10
Or at a more local level,
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ุฃูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ุญู„ูŠุฉุŒ
17:12
does an integrated group
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ู‡ู„ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ุชูƒุงู…ู„ุฉ
17:13
like the audience at a TED conference,
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ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุญุถูˆุฑ ููŠ ู…ุคุชู…ุฑ TEDุŒ
17:15
are we right now having a collective TED consciousness,
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ู‡ู„ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู†ุญู† ุงู„ุขู† ูˆุนูŠ ุฌู…ุงุนูŠ ุฎุงุต ุจู€ TEDุŒ
17:19
an inner movie
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ููŠู„ู… ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠ
17:20
for this collective TED group
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ู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ TED ุงู„ุฌู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡
17:23
which is distinct from the inner movies
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ูŠุฎุชู„ู ุนู† ุงู„ุฃูู„ุงู… ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุฉ
17:24
of each of our parts?
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ู„ูƒู„ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุชู†ุงุŸ
17:26
I don't know the answer to that question,
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ุฃู†ุง ู„ุง ุฃุนุฑู ุงู„ุฌูˆุงุจ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ุŒ
17:28
but I think it's at least one
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ุณุคุงู„
17:29
worth taking seriously.
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ูŠุณุชุญู‚ ุฃู† ูŠุคุฎุฐ ุจุนูŠู† ุงู„ุงุนุชุจุงุฑ.
17:32
Okay, so this panpsychist vision,
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ุญุณู†ู‹ุงุŒ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ู†ุธุฑ "ุนู…ูˆู…ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ูุณ" ู‡ุฐู‡
17:34
it is a radical one,
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ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุฑุงุฏูŠูƒุงู„ูŠุฉุŒ
17:36
and I don't know that it's correct.
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ูˆุฃู†ุง ู„ุง ุฃุนุฑู ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุตุญูŠุญุฉ.
17:38
I'm actually more confident about
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ุฃู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุซู‚ุฉ
17:40
the first crazy idea,
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ููŠ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฌู†ูˆู†ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ุŒ
17:41
that consciousness is fundamental,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนุชุจุฑ ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ุฃุณุงุณูŠู‹ุงุŒ
17:44
than about the second one,
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ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุซู‚ุชูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ
17:45
that it's universal.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนุชุจุฑู‡ ุนู…ูˆู…ูŠู‹ุง.
17:48
I mean, the view raises any number of questions,
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ุฃู‚ุตุฏ ุฃู† ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุชุซูŠุฑ ุนุฏุฏู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ
17:50
has any number of challenges,
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ูˆุนุฏุฏู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุญุฏูŠุงุชุŒ
17:51
like how do those little bits
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ู…ุซู„ ูƒูŠู ูŠุชู… ุฅุถุงูุฉ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ
17:53
of consciousness add up
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ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ
17:54
to the kind of complex consciousness
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ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ูˆุน ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ุฏ
17:57
we know and love.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุนุฑูู‡ ูˆู†ุญุจู‡.
17:59
If we can answer those questions,
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ุฅุฐุง ุงุณุชุทุนู†ุง ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉุŒ
18:00
then I think we're going to be well on our way
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ูุฅู†ู†ุง ุณู†ุณูŠุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฏุฑุจ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญ
18:02
to a serious theory of consciousness.
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ู†ุญูˆ ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุฌุงุฏุฉ ู„ู„ูˆุนูŠ.
18:05
If not, well, this is the hardest problem perhaps
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ู„ู… ู†ุณุชุทุนุŒ ูู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุฑุจู…ุง ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุตุนุจ
18:08
in science and philosophy.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุนู„ู… ูˆุงู„ูู„ุณูุฉ.
18:10
We can't expect to solve it overnight.
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ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุชูˆู‚ุน ุญู„ู‡ุง ุจูŠู† ุนุดูŠุฉ ูˆุถุญุงู‡ุง.
18:14
But I do think we're going to figure it out eventually.
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู†ุง ุณู†ุฌุฏ ุญู„ู‹ุง ู„ู‡ุง ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุทุงู.
18:17
Understanding consciousness is a real key, I think,
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ูู‡ู… ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูุชุงุญ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏุŒ
18:20
both to understanding the universe
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ู„ูู‡ู… ุงู„ูƒูˆู†
ูˆูู‡ู… ุฃู†ูุณู†ุงุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ุณูˆุงุก.
18:23
and to understanding ourselves.
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18:25
It may just take the right crazy idea.
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ู‚ุฏ ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ูู‚ุท ู„ู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฌู†ูˆู†ุฉ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญุฉ.
18:28
Thank you.
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ุดูƒุฑู‹ุง ู„ูƒู….
(ุชุตููŠู‚)
18:30
(Applause)
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ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7