How do you explain consciousness? | David Chalmers

1,435,123 views ใƒป 2014-07-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Boaz Hovav ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Right now
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ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
00:14
you have a movie playing inside your head.
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ื™ืฉ ืกืจื˜ ืฉืžืชื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืจืืฉื›ื.
00:17
It's an amazing multi-track movie.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื”.
00:20
It has 3D vision and surround sound
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘- 3 ืžืžื“ื™ื ืขื ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื™ืงืคื™
00:23
for what you're seeing and hearing right now,
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข,
00:26
but that's just the start of it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืจืง ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
00:28
Your movie has smell and taste and touch.
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ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืฉืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช.
00:33
It has a sense of your body,
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื,
00:36
pain, hunger, orgasms.
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ื›ืื‘, ืจืขื‘, ืื•ืจื’ื–ืžื•ืช.
00:40
It has emotions,
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืจื’ืฉื•ืช,
00:42
anger and happiness.
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ื›ืขืก ื•ืฉืžื—ื”.
00:46
It has memories, like scenes from your childhood
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืกืฆื ื•ืช ืฉืงืจื• ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
00:50
playing before you.
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ืฉืžื•ืงืจื ื•ืช ืžื•ืœื›ื.
00:52
And it has this constant voiceover narrative
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื’ื ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืชืžืœืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
00:57
in your stream of conscious thinking.
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื–ืจื ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื›ื.
01:01
At the heart of this movie is you
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ืืชื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜
01:06
experiencing all this directly.
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ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ.
01:11
This movie is your stream of consciousness,
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ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื–ืจื ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื›ื,
01:16
the subject of experience
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ืฆื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ
01:18
of the mind and the world.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:23
Consciousness is one of the fundamental facts
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ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:25
of human existence.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
01:27
Each of us is conscious.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืืชื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื” ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
01:30
We all have our own inner movie,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืžืฉืœื•,
01:33
you and you and you.
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ืืชื” ื•ืืชื” ื•ืืชื”.
01:36
There's nothing we know about more directly.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:39
At least, I know about my consciousness directly.
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ.
01:43
I can't be certain that you guys are conscious.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื’ื ืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
01:47
Consciousness also is what makes life worth living.
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ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื’ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
01:50
If we weren't conscious, nothing in our lives
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ืœืœื ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”, ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
01:54
would have meaning or value.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื• ืขืจืš.
01:57
But at the same time, it's the most
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ,
01:58
mysterious phenomenon in the universe.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
02:03
Why are we conscious?
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ืœืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื•ื“ืขื”?
02:06
Why do we have these inner movies?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•?
02:07
Why aren't we just robots
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื
02:10
who process all this input,
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ืฉืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข,
02:12
produce all that output,
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ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช,
02:14
without experiencing the inner movie at all?
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ื•ืœื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™?
02:18
Right now, nobody knows the answers
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช
02:20
to those questions.
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ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
02:22
I'm going to suggest that to integrate consciousness
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ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”
02:26
into science, some radical ideas may be needed.
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ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื“ืข, ื ื–ื“ืงืง ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
02:31
Some people say a science of consciousness
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
02:33
is impossible.
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ืื™ื ื• ืืคืฉืจื™.
02:35
Science, by its nature, is objective.
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ืžื“ืข, ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•, ื”ื•ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
02:39
Consciousness, by its nature, is subjective.
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ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ืžื˜ื‘ืขื”, ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
02:43
So there can never be a science of consciousness.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
02:47
For much of the 20th century, that view held sway.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืื” ื”- 20 ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื–ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœื ื›ื•ื ื”.
02:50
Psychologists studied behavior objectively,
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ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื—ืงืจื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
02:54
neuroscientists studied the brain objectively,
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืžื•ื— ื—ืงืจื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
02:58
and nobody even mentioned consciousness.
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ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
03:02
Even 30 years ago, when TED got started,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ 30 ืฉื ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ TED ื™ื•ืกื“,
03:04
there was very little scientific work
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื
03:07
on consciousness.
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ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
03:09
Now, about 20 years ago,
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ืื•ืœื, ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”,
03:11
all that began to change.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
03:14
Neuroscientists like Francis Crick
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืžื•ื— ื›ืžื• ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ืงืจื™ืง
03:17
and physicists like Roger Penrose
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ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื’'ืจ ืคื ืจื•ื–
03:20
said now is the time for science
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ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืžื“ืข
03:22
to attack consciousness.
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ื™ืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
03:25
And since then, there's been a real explosion,
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ื•ืžืื–, ื—ืœื” ืขืœื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ,
03:27
a flowering of scientific work
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ืคืจื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™
03:29
on consciousness.
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ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
03:31
And this work has been wonderful. It's been great.
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ื•ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
03:33
But it also has some fundamental
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ื’ื
03:35
limitations so far.
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ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
03:39
The centerpiece
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ื”ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช
03:40
of the science of consciousness in recent years
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ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
03:43
has been the search for correlations,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ืงืฉืจ,
03:45
correlations between certain areas of the brain
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ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
03:49
and certain states of consciousness.
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ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
03:53
We saw some of this kind of work
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ืจืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”
03:54
from Nancy Kanwisher and the wonderful work
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ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื ื ืกื™ ืงื ื•ื™ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื
03:55
she presented just a few minutes ago.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืงื•ืช.
03:59
Now we understand much better, for example,
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
04:02
the kinds of brain areas that go along with
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ืืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื
04:05
the conscious experience of seeing faces
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื
04:08
or of feeling pain
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ืื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื›ืื‘
04:11
or of feeling happy.
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ืื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉืžื—ื”.
04:14
But this is still a science of correlations.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืงืฉืจ.
04:16
It's not a science of explanations.
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ.
04:20
We know that these brain areas
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
04:22
go along with certain kinds of conscious experience,
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ืฉืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
04:26
but we don't know why they do.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื”.
04:30
I like to put this by saying
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ื•ืœืืžืจ
04:32
that this kind of work from neuroscience
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ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื—
04:36
is answering some of the questions
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ืขื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉืืœื•ืช
04:37
we want answered about consciousness,
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ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ื›ืจื”,
04:39
the questions about what certain brain areas do
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื•ื— ืฉื•ื ื™ื
04:43
and what they correlate with.
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ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืจื”.
04:45
But in a certain sense, those are the easy problems.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืœื•ืช.
04:48
No knock on the neuroscientists.
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ืœื ืืชื’ืจ ืืžืชื™ ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื—.
04:51
There are no truly easy problems with consciousness.
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ื›ืจื”.
04:53
But it doesn't address the real mystery
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืช
04:58
at the core of this subject:
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ืฉืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฉื:
05:00
why is it that all that physical processing in a brain
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืžื•ื—
05:04
should be accompanied by consciousness at all?
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ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช?
05:07
Why is there this inner subjective movie?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืกืจื˜ ืคื ื™ืžื™?
05:10
Right now, we don't really have a bead on that.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’.
05:13
And you might say,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชื’ื™ื“ื•,
05:15
let's just give neuroscience a few years.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื.
05:19
It'll turn out to be another emergent phenomenon
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ื ื—ื›ื” ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ืžื• ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
05:23
like traffic jams, like hurricanes,
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ื›ืžื• ืคืงืงื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ,
05:28
like life, and we'll figure it out.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ื’ื ืœื–ื” ื™ืžืฆื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ.
05:30
The classical cases of emergence
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ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืงืœืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืžืชื”ื•ื•ืช
05:32
are all cases of emergent behavior,
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ื”ื ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื”,
05:36
how a traffic jam behaves,
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ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืงืง ืชื ื•ืขื”,
05:38
how a hurricane functions,
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ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืช ื”ื•ืจื™ืงืŸ,
05:40
how a living organism reproduces
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชืจื‘ื™ื
05:42
and adapts and metabolizes,
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ื•ืžืกืชื’ืœื™ื, ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
05:45
all questions about objective functioning.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
05:48
You could apply that to the human brain
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื’ื ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื•ื—
05:51
in explaining some of the behaviors
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช
05:52
and the functions of the human brain
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ื•ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
05:54
as emergent phenomena:
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ื›ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืžืชื”ื•ื•ืช:
05:55
how we walk, how we talk, how we play chess,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื, ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืฉื—ืžื˜
06:00
all these questions about behavior.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.
06:02
But when it comes to consciousness,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช,
06:04
questions about behavior
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ืฉืืœื•ืช ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช
06:06
are among the easy problems.
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ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ.
06:09
When it comes to the hard problem,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื”,
06:10
that's the question of why is it
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ืฉื•ืืœืช ืœืžื”
06:13
that all this behavior
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ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•
06:14
is accompanied by subjective experience?
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ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช?
06:17
And here, the standard paradigm
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ื•ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช
06:19
of emergence,
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ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช,
06:21
even the standard paradigms of neuroscience,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—,
06:24
don't really, so far, have that much to say.
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ืœื ืžืกืคืงื™ื, ืขื“ ื›ื”, ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
06:28
Now, I'm a scientific materialist at heart.
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ืข ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ.
06:32
I want a scientific theory of consciousness
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ืื ื™ ืžื—ืคืฉ ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
06:36
that works,
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช,
06:38
and for a long time, I banged my head
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš, ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™
06:41
against the wall
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ืœืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื”
06:42
looking for a theory of consciousness
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ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
06:44
in purely physical terms
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื
06:46
that would work.
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ืฉืชืขื‘ื•ื“.
06:47
But I eventually came to the conclusion
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืกืงื ื”
06:49
that that just didn't work for systematic reasons.
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ืฉื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื•ืช.
06:53
It's a long story,
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ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืืจื•ืš,
06:55
but the core idea is just that what you get
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื ืงื‘ืœ
06:58
from purely reductionist explanations
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ืžืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื
07:00
in physical terms, in brain-based terms,
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ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื, ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื—.
07:03
is stories about the functioning of a system,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช,
07:05
its structure, its dynamics,
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื”, ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœื”,
07:07
the behavior it produces,
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ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืžื ื”,
07:09
great for solving the easy problems โ€”
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืœื•ืช -
07:11
how we behave, how we function โ€”
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื -
07:14
but when it comes to subjective experience โ€”
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช -
07:17
why does all this feel like something from the inside? โ€”
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื ื“ืžื” ืœื ื• ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช? -
07:21
that's something fundamentally new,
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™,
07:23
and it's always a further question.
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ื•ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
07:27
So I think we're at a kind of impasse here.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืžื‘ื•ื™ ืกืชื•ื.
07:32
We've got this wonderful, great chain of explanation,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื,
07:35
we're used to it, where physics explains chemistry,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื‘ื”, ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื”,
07:39
chemistry explains biology,
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ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
07:42
biology explains parts of psychology.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
07:46
But consciousness
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
07:48
doesn't seem to fit into this picture.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
07:50
On the one hand, it's a datum
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ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื ื•
07:52
that we're conscious.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
07:54
On the other hand, we don't know how
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš
07:55
to accommodate it into our scientific view of the world.
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ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™.
07:59
So I think consciousness right now
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ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
08:01
is a kind of anomaly,
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ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ืจื™ื’ื”,
08:04
one that we need to integrate
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ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘
08:06
into our view of the world, but we don't yet see how.
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ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื™ืš.
08:10
Faced with an anomaly like this,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช 'ืœื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช',
08:12
radical ideas may be needed,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื™ื,
08:15
and I think that we may need one or two ideas
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช
08:18
that initially seem crazy
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ืฉื ืฉืžืขื• ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”
08:20
before we can come to grips with consciousness
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
08:23
scientifically.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ืขื™.
08:25
Now, there are a few candidates
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช
08:27
for what those crazy ideas might be.
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ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžื—ืงืจ 'ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื'.
08:29
My friend Dan Dennett, who's here today, has one.
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ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื™, ื“ืŸ ื“ื ื˜, ืฉื ืžืฆื ืขืžื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื”.
08:34
His crazy idea is that there is no hard problem
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœื• ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืฉื”
08:36
of consciousness.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
08:38
The whole idea of the inner subjective movie
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ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™
08:41
involves a kind of illusion or confusion.
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ืžืขืจื‘ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืฉืœื™ื” ืื• ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ.
08:46
Actually, all we've got to do is explain
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ
08:48
the objective functions, the behaviors of the brain,
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ืืช ืืช ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช, ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—,
08:51
and then we've explained everything
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ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื”
08:53
that needs to be explained.
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ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืกื‘ืจ.
08:55
Well I say, more power to him.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ืง ืื•ืชื•.
08:58
That's the kind of radical idea
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™
09:00
that we need to explore
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง
09:02
if you want to have a purely reductionist
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ืื ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืจืื™ื•ืช
09:04
brain-based theory of consciousness.
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ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื— ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
09:08
At the same time, for me and for many other people,
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
09:10
that view is a bit too close to simply
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ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืŸ ื ืฉืžืขืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืžื“ื™
09:12
denying the datum of consciousness
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืคืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
09:14
to be satisfactory.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžืกืคืง.
09:15
So I go in a different direction.
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ืื– ื ื‘ื“ื•ืง ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื•ื ื”.
09:18
In the time remaining,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืœื ื•,
09:19
I want to explore two crazy ideas
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื
09:22
that I think may have some promise.
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ืฉืœื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื™ื.
09:26
The first crazy idea
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
09:28
is that consciousness is fundamental.
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ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื‘ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“.
09:32
Physicists sometimes take some aspects of the universe
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ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
09:35
as fundamental building blocks:
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ื”ืŸ ืื‘ื ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“:
09:37
space and time and mass.
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ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืกื”.
09:41
They postulate fundamental laws governing them,
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ื”ื ืžื ืกื—ื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืœืœื•,
09:45
like the laws of gravity or of quantum mechanics.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื.
09:49
These fundamental properties and laws
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ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
09:51
aren't explained in terms of anything more basic.
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ืœื ืžื•ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:54
Rather, they're taken as primitive,
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ื”ื ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื›ืื‘ื ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
09:57
and you build up the world from there.
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ืฉืžื”ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื.
10:00
Now sometimes, the list of fundamentals expands.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื’ื“ืœื”.
10:05
In the 19th century, Maxwell figured out
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”- 19, ืžืงืกื•ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
10:08
that you can't explain electromagnetic phenomena
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ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช
10:11
in terms of the existing fundamentals โ€”
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช -
10:13
space, time, mass, Newton's laws โ€”
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ืžืจื—ื‘, ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืกื”, ื—ื•ืงื™ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ -
10:16
so he postulated fundamental laws
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื— ืืช ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“
10:19
of electromagnetism
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ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช
10:21
and postulated electric charge
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ื•ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™
10:23
as a fundamental element
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ื›ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช
10:25
that those laws govern.
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ืฉื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
10:28
I think that's the situation we're in
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื’ื ื”ืžืฆื‘
10:31
with consciousness.
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ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
10:33
If you can't explain consciousness
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ืื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
10:35
in terms of the existing fundamentals โ€”
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื -
10:38
space, time, mass, charge โ€”
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ืžืจื—ื‘, ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืกื”, ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ -
10:40
then as a matter of logic, you need to expand the list.
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ืื– ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื”.
10:44
The natural thing to do is to postulate
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืฉืขืจ
10:46
consciousness itself as something fundamental,
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ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื‘ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“,
10:50
a fundamental building block of nature.
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ืื‘ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
10:53
This doesn't mean you suddenly can't do science with it.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืคืชืื•ื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™.
10:56
This opens up the way for you to do science with it.
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ืขื ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
10:59
What we then need is to study
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื” ืฉื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืงืจ
11:01
the fundamental laws governing consciousness,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”,
11:04
the laws that connect consciousness
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ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”
11:06
to other fundamentals: space, time, mass,
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ืืœ ืฉืืจ ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข: ืžืจื—ื‘, ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืกื”,
11:09
physical processes.
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ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื.
11:12
Physicists sometimes say
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ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื
11:14
that we want fundamental laws so simple
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ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง
11:17
that we could write them on the front of a t-shirt.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืฉื•ื ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœืฆืช T.
11:21
Well I think something like that is the situation
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“
11:23
we're in with consciousness.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
11:25
We want to find fundamental laws so simple
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืงื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื›ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื
11:27
we could write them on the front of a t-shirt.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืฉื•ื ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœืฆืช T.
11:29
We don't know what those laws are yet,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
11:31
but that's what we're after.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื•ืชื.
11:35
The second crazy idea
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืฉื ื™
11:37
is that consciousness might be universal.
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ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
11:41
Every system might have some degree
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ืœื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช
11:44
of consciousness.
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ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
11:48
This view is sometimes called panpsychism:
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ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื ืคืืŸ-ืคืกื™ื›ื™ื–ื:
11:51
pan for all, psych for mind,
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ืคืืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ื›ืœ, ืคืกื™ื›ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืžื•ื—,
11:54
every system is conscious,
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ืœื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช,
11:55
not just humans, dogs, mice, flies,
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ืœื ืจืง ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื›ืœื‘ื™ื, ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื, ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื,
12:00
but even Rob Knight's microbes,
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื ื™ื™ื˜,
12:02
elementary particles.
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ื’ื ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื™ืกื•ื“.
12:04
Even a photon has some degree of consciousness.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
12:07
The idea is not that photons are intelligent
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื
12:11
or thinking.
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ืื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘.
12:12
It's not that a photon
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื
12:13
is wracked with angst
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ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ื•ื—ืจื“ื™ื
12:15
because it's thinking, "Aww, I'm always buzzing around near the speed of light.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื, "ื•ื•ืื•, ืื ื™ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
12:18
I never get to slow down and smell the roses."
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ืื ื™ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžืื˜ ื•ื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื."
12:21
No, not like that.
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ืœื, ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื›ื›ื”.
12:23
But the thought is maybe photons might have
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื
12:26
some element of raw, subjective feeling,
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ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช,
12:29
some primitive precursor to consciousness.
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ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
12:33
This may sound a bit kooky to you.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืžืข ืœื›ื ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ.
12:36
I mean, why would anyone think such a crazy thing?
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ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืขืชื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื›ืืœื”?
12:39
Some motivation comes from the first crazy idea,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื’ืชื™,
12:42
that consciousness is fundamental.
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ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื›ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
12:45
If it's fundamental, like space and time and mass,
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ืื ื–ื• ืื‘ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“, ื›ืžื• ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืกื”,
12:49
it's natural to suppose that it might be universal too,
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ืื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช,
12:52
the way they are.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืจ ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“.
12:53
It's also worth noting that although the idea
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
12:55
seems counterintuitive to us,
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ื ืฉืžืข ืœื ื• ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™,
12:57
it's much less counterintuitive to people
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ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืžืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ื
13:00
from different cultures,
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ืžืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
13:02
where the human mind is seen as much more
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื—ืœืง
13:03
continuous with nature.
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ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
13:07
A deeper motivation comes from the idea that
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ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืžื”ืชืคื™ืกื”
13:10
perhaps the most simple and powerful way
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ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:12
to find fundamental laws connecting consciousness
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ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืงืฉืจื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
13:14
to physical processing
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ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื
13:16
is to link consciousness to information.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ืข.
13:20
Wherever there's information processing,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข,
13:22
there's consciousness.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
13:23
Complex information processing, like in a human,
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ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืื“ื,
13:25
complex consciousness.
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ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช.
13:27
Simple information processing,
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ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข ืคืฉื•ื˜,
13:29
simple consciousness.
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ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
13:31
A really exciting thing is in recent years
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืจื’ืฉืช ืงืจืชื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
13:33
a neuroscientist, Giulio Tononi,
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ื—ื•ืงืจ ืžื•ื—, ื’'ื•ืœื™ื• ื˜ื•ื ื•ื ื™,
13:36
has taken this kind of theory
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ืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
13:38
and developed it rigorously
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ื•ืคื™ืชื— ืื•ืชื” ื”ืœืื” ื‘ืฉืงื“ื ื•ืช
13:40
with a mathematical theory.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื.
13:42
He has a mathematical measure
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช
13:43
of information integration
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ืฉืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข
13:45
which he calls phi,
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ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ืคื™,
13:47
measuring the amount of information
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ืฉืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
13:48
integrated in a system.
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ืฉืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
13:50
And he supposes that phi goes along
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืขืจืš ื”ืคื™ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ
13:52
with consciousness.
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ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
13:54
So in a human brain,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
13:55
incredibly large amount of information integration,
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ืžื‘ื•ืฆืข ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข,
13:58
high degree of phi,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืจืš ื”ืคื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
14:00
a whole lot of consciousness.
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ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
14:01
In a mouse, medium degree of information integration,
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ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจ, ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข,
14:05
still pretty significant,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”,
14:06
pretty serious amount of consciousness.
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ื•ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
14:08
But as you go down to worms,
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ืื•ืœื ื›ืฉื ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ื ืจื“ ืืœ ืชื•ืœืขื™ื,
14:10
microbes, particles,
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ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื, ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
14:14
the amount of phi falls off.
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ืขืจืš ื”ืคื™ ื™ืจื“ ืžืื“.
14:15
The amount of information integration falls off,
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ื™ื•ืจื“ืช,
14:18
but it's still non-zero.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืืคืก.
14:19
On Tononi's theory,
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื ื•ื ื™,
14:21
there's still going to be a non-zero degree
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืจืžื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืืคืก
14:23
of consciousness.
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ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
14:25
In effect, he's proposing a fundamental law
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืข ื ื•ืกื— ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™
14:28
of consciousness: high phi, high consciousness.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช: ืคื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
14:31
Now, I don't know if this theory is right,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
14:34
but it's actually perhaps the leading theory right now
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื• ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื›ื™ื•ื
14:37
in the science of consciousness,
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”,
14:38
and it's been used to integrate a whole range
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ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื—ื“ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘
14:40
of scientific data,
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ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื,
14:43
and it does have a nice property that it is in fact simple enough
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื’ื ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื ื—ืžื“ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง
14:45
you can write it on the front of a t-shirt.
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืฉื•ื ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœืฆืช T.
14:49
Another final motivation is that
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ื’ื•ืจื ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื
14:51
panpsychism might help us to integrate
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ืฉื”ืคืืŸ-ืคืกื™ื›ื™ื–ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ื• ืœืฉืœื‘
14:53
consciousness into the physical world.
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ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™.
14:56
Physicists and philosophers have often observed
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ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืฉืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
15:00
that physics is curiously abstract.
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ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื’ื–ื.
15:02
It describes the structure of reality
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ื”ื ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
15:04
using a bunch of equations,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช,
15:06
but it doesn't tell us about the reality
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
15:09
that underlies it.
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ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
15:11
As Stephen Hawking puts it,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื’,
15:13
what puts the fire into the equations?
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ืžื” ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืืฉ ืœืžืฉื•ื•ืื”?
15:17
Well, on the panpsychist view,
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืคืืŸ-ืคืกื™ื›ื™ื–ื,
15:19
you can leave the equations of physics as they are,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
15:22
but you can take them to be describing
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืืจ
15:24
the flux of consciousness.
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ืืช ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
15:25
That's what physics really is ultimately doing,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
15:27
describing the flux of consciousness.
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ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
15:30
On this view, it's consciousness
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื•,
15:31
that puts the fire into the equations.
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ืืฉ ืœืžืฉื•ื•ืื”.
15:36
On that view, consciousness doesn't dangle
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื•, ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื ืžืชืงื™ืžืช
15:37
outside the physical world
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™
15:39
as some kind of extra.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชื•ืกืคืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
15:40
It's there right at its heart.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™.
15:44
This view, I think, the panpsychist view,
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ื ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื•, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืคืืŸ-ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
15:47
has the potential to transfigure our relationship
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื•
15:50
to nature,
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ืœื˜ื‘ืข,
15:51
and it may have some pretty serious social
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื” ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”
15:54
and ethical consequences.
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ื•ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืืชื™ืงื”.
15:57
Some of these may be counterintuitive.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ.
16:00
I used to think I shouldn't eat anything
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ืคืขื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ
16:03
which is conscious,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช,
16:05
so therefore I should be vegetarian.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™.
16:08
Now, if you're a panpsychist and you take that view,
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ืื ืืชื” ืคืืŸ-ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืกื˜ ื•ืืชื” ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื•,
16:10
you're going to go very hungry.
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ืืชื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื“ ืจืขื‘.
16:13
So I think when you think about it,
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš,
16:14
this tends to transfigure your views,
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ื–ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื ื•,
16:16
whereas what matters for ethical purposes
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ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืืชื™ืช
16:19
and moral considerations,
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ื•ื”ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช,
16:20
not so much the fact of consciousness,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช,
16:23
but the degree and the complexity of consciousness.
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ืืœื ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
16:27
It's also natural to ask about consciousness
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ื–ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื’ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
16:29
in other systems, like computers.
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ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘.
16:32
What about the artificially intelligent system
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ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช
16:34
in the movie "Her," Samantha?
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ "Her"? ืกืžื ืชื”,
16:37
Is she conscious?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช?
16:39
Well, if you take the informational,
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ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืขื•ื‘ื“,
16:40
panpsychist view,
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ื•ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืคืืŸ-ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
16:41
she certainly has complicated information processing
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ืจื›ื‘
16:45
and integration,
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ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœื•,
16:46
so the answer is very likely yes, she is conscious.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
16:49
If that's right, it raises pretty serious
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ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืืœื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช
16:52
ethical issues about both the ethics
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ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืืชื™ืงื”
16:54
of developing intelligent computer systems
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ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช
16:58
and the ethics of turning them off.
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ื•ื”ืืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
17:00
Finally, you might ask about the consciousness
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ืœืกื™ื•ื, ืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
17:03
of whole groups,
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ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช,
17:05
the planet.
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช.
17:07
Does Canada have its own consciousness?
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ื”ืื ืœืงื ื“ื” ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช?
17:10
Or at a more local level,
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ืื• ืฉืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืจืง ื‘ืจืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
17:12
does an integrated group
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ื”ืื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช
17:13
like the audience at a TED conference,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื”ืœ ื‘ื•ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ืช TED,
17:15
are we right now having a collective TED consciousness,
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ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช TED ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช?
17:19
an inner movie
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ืกืจื˜ ืคื ื™ืžื™
17:20
for this collective TED group
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ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”- TED ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช
17:23
which is distinct from the inner movies
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ืฉืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืกืจื˜ ืคื ื™ืžื™
17:24
of each of our parts?
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืœืงื™ื•?
17:26
I don't know the answer to that question,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”,
17:28
but I think it's at least one
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉื
17:29
worth taking seriously.
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ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืžื™ืง.
17:32
Okay, so this panpsychist vision,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืคืืŸ-ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
17:34
it is a radical one,
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ื”ื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช,
17:36
and I don't know that it's correct.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
17:38
I'm actually more confident about
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™
17:40
the first crazy idea,
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
17:41
that consciousness is fundamental,
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ืฉืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื‘ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
17:44
than about the second one,
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™,
17:45
that it's universal.
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ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
17:48
I mean, the view raises any number of questions,
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื• ืžืขืœื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช,
17:50
has any number of challenges,
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ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืืชื’ืจื™ื,
17:51
like how do those little bits
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ื›ืžื• ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™
17:53
of consciousness add up
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ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืฅ
17:54
to the kind of complex consciousness
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื”
17:57
we know and love.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื.
17:59
If we can answer those questions,
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
18:00
then I think we're going to be well on our way
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ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”
18:02
to a serious theory of consciousness.
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ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
18:05
If not, well, this is the hardest problem perhaps
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ืื ืœื, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
18:08
in science and philosophy.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”.
18:10
We can't expect to solve it overnight.
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ืงืฉื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืฉื ืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ืœื”.
18:14
But I do think we're going to figure it out eventually.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื ืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
18:17
Understanding consciousness is a real key, I think,
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ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืคืชื— ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืœื“ืขืชื™,
18:20
both to understanding the universe
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ื’ื ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื
18:23
and to understanding ourselves.
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ื•ื’ื ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ืขืฆืžื ื•.
18:25
It may just take the right crazy idea.
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ืกืจ ืœื ื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
18:28
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
18:30
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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