How do you explain consciousness? | David Chalmers

1,428,996 views ・ 2014-07-14

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Gemma Lee κ²€ν† : K Bang
00:12
Right now
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μ§€κΈˆ
00:14
you have a movie playing inside your head.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ¨Έλ¦Ώ 속에 μ˜ν™”κ°€ μƒμ˜λ˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:17
It's an amazing multi-track movie.
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닀쀑 채널을 가진 λŒ€λ‹¨ν•œ μ˜ν™”μ΄μ£ .
00:20
It has 3D vision and surround sound
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ§€κΈˆ 보고 λ“€μœΌμ‹œλŠ” 것은
00:23
for what you're seeing and hearing right now,
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3차원 μ‹œμ•Όμ™€ μž…μ²΄ 음ν–₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
but that's just the start of it.
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그건 단지 μ‹œμž‘μΌ λΏμ΄μ˜ˆμš”.
00:28
Your movie has smell and taste and touch.
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μ˜ν™”λŠ” λƒ„μƒˆ, 맛, 촉각도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:33
It has a sense of your body,
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μ˜ν™”λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λͺΈ,
00:36
pain, hunger, orgasms.
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μ•„ν””, λ°°κ³ ν””, 성적 μΎŒκ°μ„ λŠλ‚λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:40
It has emotions,
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그것은 감정,
00:42
anger and happiness.
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λΆ„λ…Έκ³Ό 행볡을 λŠλ‚λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
It has memories, like scenes from your childhood
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그것은 기얡을 가지고 μžˆλŠ”λ° 어릴 적 μž₯면이
00:50
playing before you.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ μ•žμ— νŽΌμ³μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
And it has this constant voiceover narrative
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그리고 μ˜μ‹μ μΈ μƒκ°μ˜ 흐름 μ†μ—λŠ”
00:57
in your stream of conscious thinking.
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λŠμž„μ—†λŠ” 해섀이 ν•¨κ»˜ λ“€λ €μ˜€μ£ .
01:01
At the heart of this movie is you
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이 μ˜ν™”μ˜ ν•œ κ°€μš΄λ°μ—μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€
01:06
experiencing all this directly.
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이 λͺ¨λ“  것을 λͺΈμ†Œ κ²½ν—˜ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:11
This movie is your stream of consciousness,
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이 μ˜ν™”λŠ” μ˜μ‹μ˜ 흐름이고
01:16
the subject of experience
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마음과 세계가
01:18
of the mind and the world.
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κ²½ν—˜ν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:23
Consciousness is one of the fundamental facts
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μ˜μ‹μ€ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ”
01:25
of human existence.
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근본적인 사싀 κ°€μš΄λ° ν•˜λ‚˜μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:27
Each of us is conscious.
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘λŠ” μ˜μ‹μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
We all have our own inner movie,
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ λ‚΄λ©΄μ˜ μ˜ν™”λ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:33
you and you and you.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„.
01:36
There's nothing we know about more directly.
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더 이상 μ§μ ‘μ μœΌλ‘œ μ•Œ 수 μžˆλŠ” 게 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
At least, I know about my consciousness directly.
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μ΅œμ†Œν•œ μ €λŠ” 제 μžμ‹ μ˜ μ˜μ‹μ„ 직접 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
I can't be certain that you guys are conscious.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ˜μ‹μ΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ €λŠ” ν™•μ‹ ν•  수 μ—†μ–΄μš”.
01:47
Consciousness also is what makes life worth living.
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μ˜μ‹μ΄μ•Όλ§λ‘œ μ‚΄μ•„κ°ˆ κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ 있게 λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
If we weren't conscious, nothing in our lives
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ˜μ‹μ΄ μ—†λ‹€λ©΄ μ‚Άμ˜ μ–΄λ–€ 것도
01:54
would have meaning or value.
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μ˜λ―Έλ‚˜ κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό 가지지 λͺ»ν•˜κ² μ£ .
01:57
But at the same time, it's the most
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ™μ‹œμ— μ˜μ‹μ€
01:58
mysterious phenomenon in the universe.
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μš°μ£Όμ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μ‹ λΉ„λ‘œμš΄ ν˜„μƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
Why are we conscious?
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μ™œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ˜μ‹μ΄ μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
02:06
Why do we have these inner movies?
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μ™œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이런 λ‚΄λ©΄μ˜ μ˜ν™”λ₯Ό κ°€μ§ˆκΉŒμš”?
02:07
Why aren't we just robots
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μ™œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ·Έμ € λ‘œλ΄‡μ²˜λŸΌ
02:10
who process all this input,
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λͺ¨λ“  μž…λ ₯을 μ²˜λ¦¬ν•΄μ„œ
02:12
produce all that output,
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좜λ ₯을 ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„κΉŒμš”?
02:14
without experiencing the inner movie at all?
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λ‚΄λ©΄μ˜ μ˜ν™”λ₯Ό κ²½ν—˜ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄μ„œ 말이죠?
02:18
Right now, nobody knows the answers
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μ§€κΈˆ 아무도 κ·Έ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λŒ€ν•œ
02:20
to those questions.
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닡을 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:22
I'm going to suggest that to integrate consciousness
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μ €λŠ” μ˜μ‹μ„ 과학에 ν†΅ν•©μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
02:26
into science, some radical ideas may be needed.
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μ–΄λ–€ 급진적인 사고가 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μ œμ•ˆν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:31
Some people say a science of consciousness
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μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ˜μ‹μ— λŒ€ν•œ 과학은
02:33
is impossible.
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λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€κ³  λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:35
Science, by its nature, is objective.
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과학은 λ³Έλ”” κ°κ΄€μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
Consciousness, by its nature, is subjective.
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μ˜μ‹μ€ λ³Έλ”” μ£Όκ΄€μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
So there can never be a science of consciousness.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ˜μ‹μ— λŒ€ν•œ 과학은 μ ˆλŒ€ μžˆμ„ 수 μ—†λ‹€λŠ”κ±°μ£ .
02:47
For much of the 20th century, that view held sway.
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20μ„ΈκΈ° λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„ λ™μ•ˆ κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ μ‹œκ°μ΄ μ§€λ°°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
Psychologists studied behavior objectively,
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μ‹¬λ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€μ€ 행동을 κ°κ΄€μ μœΌλ‘œ μ—°κ΅¬ν–ˆκ³ 
02:54
neuroscientists studied the brain objectively,
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μ‹ κ²½κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ λ‡Œλ₯Ό κ°κ΄€μ μœΌλ‘œ μ—°κ΅¬ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
02:58
and nobody even mentioned consciousness.
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아무도 μ˜μ‹μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ–ΈκΈ‰ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
Even 30 years ago, when TED got started,
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TEDκ°€ μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆλ˜ 30λ…„ 전에도
03:04
there was very little scientific work
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μ˜μ‹μ— κ΄€ν•œ
03:07
on consciousness.
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과학적인 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 거의 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
Now, about 20 years ago,
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그런데 20λ…„ 전에
03:11
all that began to change.
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λͺ¨λ“  것이 λ°”λ€ŒκΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:14
Neuroscientists like Francis Crick
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ν”„λžœμ‹œμŠ€ 크릭과 같은 μ‹ κ²½ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€κ³Ό
03:17
and physicists like Roger Penrose
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λ‘œμ € νŽœλ‘œμ¦ˆμ™€ 같은 λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€μ΄
03:20
said now is the time for science
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μ§€κΈˆμ΄μ•Όλ§λ‘œ μ˜μ‹μ„ κ³Όν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ
03:22
to attack consciousness.
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연ꡬ할 λ•ŒλΌκ³  λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:25
And since then, there's been a real explosion,
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κ·Έλ•ŒλΆ€ν„° 폭발적으둜
03:27
a flowering of scientific work
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μ˜μ‹μ— λŒ€ν•΄
03:29
on consciousness.
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λ§Žμ€ 연ꡬ가 μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:31
And this work has been wonderful. It's been great.
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이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” ν›Œλ₯­ν•˜κ³  μœ„λŒ€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
But it also has some fundamental
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 근본적인
03:35
limitations so far.
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ν•œκ³„μ λ„ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
The centerpiece
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졜근
03:40
of the science of consciousness in recent years
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μ˜μ‹μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 쀑심은
03:43
has been the search for correlations,
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상관관계λ₯Ό μ°ΎλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
correlations between certain areas of the brain
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λ‡Œμ˜ νŠΉμ • λΆ€μœ„μ™€
03:49
and certain states of consciousness.
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μ˜μ‹μ˜ νŠΉμ • μƒνƒœ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 상관관계죠.
03:53
We saw some of this kind of work
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이런 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 일뢀λ₯Ό
03:54
from Nancy Kanwisher and the wonderful work
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λ‚Έμ‹œ μΉΈμœ„μ…”μ™€ κ·Έλ…€κ°€ ν•œ λ›°μ–΄λ‚œ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
she presented just a few minutes ago.
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λ‚Έμ‹œλŠ” λͺ‡ λΆ„ 전에 강연을 ν–ˆμ£ .
03:59
Now we understand much better, for example,
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이제 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 더 잘 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ° 예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄,
04:02
the kinds of brain areas that go along with
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λ‡Œμ˜ μ–΄λŠ λΆ€μœ„κ°€
04:05
the conscious experience of seeing faces
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얼꡴을 μΈμ‹ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
04:08
or of feeling pain
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아픔을 λŠλΌκ±°λ‚˜
04:11
or of feeling happy.
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행볡을 λŠλ‚„ λ•Œμ˜ μ˜μ‹μ˜ κ²½ν—˜κ³Ό λ™λ°˜ μž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
But this is still a science of correlations.
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이것은 아직 μƒκ΄€κ΄€κ³„μ˜ κ³Όν•™μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:16
It's not a science of explanations.
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μ„€λͺ…을 μœ„ν•œ 과학이 μ•„λ‹ˆμ£ .
04:20
We know that these brain areas
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이듀 λ‡Œ λΆ€μœ„κ°€
04:22
go along with certain kinds of conscious experience,
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νŠΉμ •ν•œ μ˜μ‹μ˜ κ²½ν—˜κ³Ό λ™λ°˜ μž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
04:26
but we don't know why they do.
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μ™œ κ·ΈλŸ°μ§€λŠ” λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
I like to put this by saying
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μ €λŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§μ”€λ“œλ¦¬κ³  μ‹Άκ΅°μš”.
04:32
that this kind of work from neuroscience
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μ‹ κ²½κ³Όν•™μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜¨ 이런 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ”
04:36
is answering some of the questions
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μ˜μ‹μ— κ΄€ν•΄ λ‹΅ν•˜κ³  싢은
04:37
we want answered about consciousness,
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μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λ‹΅ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ΅¬μš”.
04:39
the questions about what certain brain areas do
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λ‡Œμ˜ μ–΄λ–€ λΆ€μœ„κ°€ 무슨 일을 ν•˜κ³ 
04:43
and what they correlate with.
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μ–΄λ–€ 상관관계λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ”κ°€λΌλŠ” μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œμš”.
04:45
But in a certain sense, those are the easy problems.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–΄λ–€ μ˜λ―Έμ—μ„œλŠ” 이런 것듀은 μ‰¬μš΄ λ¬Έμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
No knock on the neuroscientists.
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μ‹ κ²½κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ„ νƒ“ν•˜λŠ”κ²Œ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:51
There are no truly easy problems with consciousness.
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μ˜μ‹μ— κ΄€ν•΄ μ •λ§λ‘œ μ‰¬μš΄ λ¬Έμ œλŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:53
But it doesn't address the real mystery
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 주제의 ν•΅μ‹¬μ—μ„œ
04:58
at the core of this subject:
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μ§„μ§œ 수수께끼λ₯Ό 풀어주진 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:00
why is it that all that physical processing in a brain
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μ™œ λ‡Œμ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” 물리적인 처리 과정에
05:04
should be accompanied by consciousness at all?
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μ˜μ‹μ΄ λ™λ°˜λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
05:07
Why is there this inner subjective movie?
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μ™œ 이런 λ‚΄λ©΄μ˜ 주관적인 μ˜ν™”κ°€ μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
05:10
Right now, we don't really have a bead on that.
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μ§€κΈˆ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 거기에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° μ‹€λ§ˆλ¦¬λ„ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:13
And you might say,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ–˜κΈ°ν• μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² κ΅°μš”.
05:15
let's just give neuroscience a few years.
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κ·Έλƒ₯ μ‹ κ²½κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ—κ²Œ λͺ‡ 년을 더 μ€μ‹œλ‹€.
05:19
It'll turn out to be another emergent phenomenon
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또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 창발적 ν˜„μƒμœΌλ‘œ λ°ν˜€μ§ˆ κ±°μ—μš”.
05:23
like traffic jams, like hurricanes,
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ꡐ톡 μ²΄μ¦μ΄λ‚˜ ν—ˆλ¦¬μΌ€μΈμ΄λ‚˜
05:28
like life, and we'll figure it out.
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생λͺ…같은 κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œμ•„λ‚Ό κ±°μ—μš”.
05:30
The classical cases of emergence
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창발의 μ „ν˜•μ μΈ κ²½μš°λŠ”
05:32
are all cases of emergent behavior,
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창발적 ν–‰λ™μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:36
how a traffic jam behaves,
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ꡐ톡 체증이 μ–΄λ–€ 행동을 μ•ΌκΈ°μ‹œν‚€λŠ”μ§€
05:38
how a hurricane functions,
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ν—ˆλ¦¬μΌ€μΈμ΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κΈ°λŠ₯ν•˜λŠ”μ§€
05:40
how a living organism reproduces
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μ‚΄μ•„μžˆλŠ” 생물이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ²ˆμ‹ν•˜κ³ 
05:42
and adapts and metabolizes,
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μ μ‘ν•˜λ©° μ‹ μ§„λŒ€μ‚¬λ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ”μ§€
05:45
all questions about objective functioning.
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객관적인 κΈ°λŠ₯에 κ΄€ν•œ μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€μ΄μ£ .
05:48
You could apply that to the human brain
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ κ·Έ 이둠을 μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λ‡Œμ— μ μš©ν•΄μ„œ
05:51
in explaining some of the behaviors
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κ±°λ™μ˜ 일뢀와
05:52
and the functions of the human brain
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μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λ‡Œ κΈ°λŠ₯을
05:54
as emergent phenomena:
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창발적 ν˜„μƒμ²˜λŸΌ μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:55
how we walk, how we talk, how we play chess,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ±·κ³ , μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ–˜κΈ°ν•˜κ³ , μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 체슀λ₯Ό λ‘λŠ”μ§€
06:00
all these questions about behavior.
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행동에 κ΄€ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λ‹΅ν•  수 있죠.
06:02
But when it comes to consciousness,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ˜μ‹μ— κ΄€ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
06:04
questions about behavior
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행동에 λŒ€ν•œ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€
06:06
are among the easy problems.
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μ‰¬μš΄ λ¬Έμ œμ— μ†ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:09
When it comes to the hard problem,
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μ–΄λ €μš΄ λ¬Έμ œμ— κ΄€ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
06:10
that's the question of why is it
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이런 질문이죠.
06:13
that all this behavior
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μ™œ 이 λͺ¨λ“  행동에
06:14
is accompanied by subjective experience?
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주관적인 κ²½ν—˜μ΄ 따라야 ν•˜λŠ”κ°€?
06:17
And here, the standard paradigm
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ, λ°œμƒμ— λŒ€ν•œ
06:19
of emergence,
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ν‘œμ€€μ  νŒ¨λŸ¬λ‹€μž„,
06:21
even the standard paradigms of neuroscience,
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μ‹ κ²½ κ³Όν•™μ˜ ν‘œμ€€μ  νŒ¨λŸ¬λ‹€μž„μ‘°μ°¨λ„
06:24
don't really, so far, have that much to say.
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λ³„λ‘œ ν•  말이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:28
Now, I'm a scientific materialist at heart.
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μ €λŠ” λ§ˆμŒμ†μœΌλ‘œ 과학적 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ£Όμ˜μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:32
I want a scientific theory of consciousness
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μ €λŠ” μ˜μ‹μ— κ΄€ν•œ 과학적 이둠,
06:36
that works,
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적용 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 이둠을 μ›ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:38
and for a long time, I banged my head
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μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ 제 머리λ₯Ό
06:41
against the wall
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벽에 λΆ€λ”ͺνžˆλ©΄μ„œ
06:42
looking for a theory of consciousness
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μˆœμˆ˜ν•œ 물리 μš©μ–΄λ‘œμ„œ
06:44
in purely physical terms
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μ μš©κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ
06:46
that would work.
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μ˜μ‹μ— κ΄€ν•œ 이둠을 μ°Ύκ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:47
But I eventually came to the conclusion
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 끝내 이런 결둠에 이λ₯΄λ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:49
that that just didn't work for systematic reasons.
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μ²΄κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ λ§žμ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:53
It's a long story,
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κΈ΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€λ§Œ
06:55
but the core idea is just that what you get
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핡심은
06:58
from purely reductionist explanations
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μˆœμ „νžˆ ν™˜μ›μ£Όμ˜μžκ°€
07:00
in physical terms, in brain-based terms,
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물리 μš©μ–΄λ‘œ, λ‡Œλ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ ν•œ μš©μ–΄λ‘œ
07:03
is stories about the functioning of a system,
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μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ κΈ°λŠ₯,
07:05
its structure, its dynamics,
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λ‡Œμ˜ ꡬ쑰와 μ—­ν•™,
07:07
the behavior it produces,
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λ‡Œκ°€ μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” 행동을 μ„€λͺ…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:09
great for solving the easy problems β€”
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν–‰λ™ν•˜κ³ , μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κΈ°λŠ₯ν•˜λŠ”κ°€ λΌλŠ”
07:11
how we behave, how we function β€”
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μ‰¬μš΄ 문제λ₯Ό ν‘ΈλŠ” λ°λŠ” λ›°μ–΄λ‚˜μ§€λ§Œ,
07:14
but when it comes to subjective experience β€”
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주관적인 κ²½ν—˜μ— κ΄€ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
07:17
why does all this feel like something from the inside? β€”
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μ™œ 이런 λͺ¨λ“  것듀이 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λŠκ»΄μ§ˆκΉŒμš”?
07:21
that's something fundamentally new,
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그것은 근본적으둜 μƒˆλ‘­κ³ 
07:23
and it's always a further question.
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늘 μ΄μ–΄μ§€λŠ” 질문이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:27
So I think we're at a kind of impasse here.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ꡐ착 μƒνƒœμ— μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:32
We've got this wonderful, great chain of explanation,
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ μ„€λͺ… 체계가 있고
07:35
we're used to it, where physics explains chemistry,
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κ·Έ μ„€λͺ…에 μ΅μˆ™ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 물리가 화학을 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ³ 
07:39
chemistry explains biology,
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화학은 생물학을 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ³ 
07:42
biology explains parts of psychology.
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생물학은 μ‹¬λ¦¬ν•™μ˜ 일뢀λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•˜μ£ .
07:46
But consciousness
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ˜μ‹μ€
07:48
doesn't seem to fit into this picture.
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이런 틀에 μ–΄μšΈλ¦¬μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 것 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:50
On the one hand, it's a datum
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ν•œνŽΈμœΌλ‘œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ˜μ‹μ΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것은
07:52
that we're conscious.
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ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ κΈ°λ³Έ μžλ£Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:54
On the other hand, we don't know how
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•œνŽΈμœΌλ‘œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
07:55
to accommodate it into our scientific view of the world.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 가진 과학적 세계관에 μ˜μ‹μ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μˆ˜μš©ν• μ§€ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:59
So I think consciousness right now
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” ν˜„μž¬ μ˜μ‹μ„
08:01
is a kind of anomaly,
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μΌμ’…μ˜ 변칙이라고 λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:04
one that we need to integrate
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 가진 세계관에 톡합할 λŒ€μƒμ΄μ§€λ§Œ
08:06
into our view of the world, but we don't yet see how.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 해야할지 아직 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:10
Faced with an anomaly like this,
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이런 변칙에 λ§žμ„œμ„œ
08:12
radical ideas may be needed,
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급진적인 생각이 ν•„μš”ν• μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:15
and I think that we may need one or two ideas
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μ²˜μŒμ—λŠ” 말도 μ•ˆ λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μ΄λŠ”
08:18
that initially seem crazy
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ν•œ 두가지 생각이 ν•„μš”ν• μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:20
before we can come to grips with consciousness
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ˜μ‹μ„ κ³Όν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ
08:23
scientifically.
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μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° 전에 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:25
Now, there are a few candidates
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자, 말도 μ•ˆ λ˜λŠ” 생각에 ν•΄λ‹Ήλ˜λŠ”
08:27
for what those crazy ideas might be.
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λͺ‡ 가지가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:29
My friend Dan Dennett, who's here today, has one.
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제 친ꡬ λŒ„ 데넷이 였늘 μ—¬κΈ° μžˆλŠ”λ° 그런 생각을 ν•˜λ‚˜ κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:34
His crazy idea is that there is no hard problem
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그의 말도 μ•ˆ λ˜λŠ” 생각은 μ΄λ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:36
of consciousness.
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μ˜μ‹μ— κ΄€ν•΄μ„œλŠ” μ–΄λ €μš΄ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μ—†λ‹€.
08:38
The whole idea of the inner subjective movie
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λ‚΄λ©΄μ˜ 주관적인 μ˜ν™”λŠ”
08:41
involves a kind of illusion or confusion.
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ν™˜μƒμ΄λ‚˜ ν˜Όλž€κ³Ό κ΄€κ³„μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
08:46
Actually, all we've got to do is explain
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사싀 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•  일은
08:48
the objective functions, the behaviors of the brain,
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λ‡Œμ˜ 객관적 κΈ°λŠ₯, λ‡Œμ˜ 거동을 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒλΏμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:51
and then we've explained everything
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그러면 μ„€λͺ…이 ν•„μš”ν•œ 뢀뢄을
08:53
that needs to be explained.
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λ‹€ μ„€λͺ…ν•œ 것이죠.
08:55
Well I say, more power to him.
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κ·Έ μΉœκ΅¬μ—κ²Œ νž˜λ‚΄λΌκ³  ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άκ΅°μš”.
08:58
That's the kind of radical idea
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κ·Έκ±°μ•Όλ§λ‘œ μΌμ’…μ˜ 급진적인 μƒκ°μœΌλ‘œμ„œ
09:00
that we need to explore
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 더 탐ꡬ할 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:02
if you want to have a purely reductionist
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μ˜μ‹μ— κ΄€ν•΄μ„œ μˆœμ „νžˆ ν™˜μ›μ£Όμ˜μžλ“€μ˜
09:04
brain-based theory of consciousness.
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λ‡Œλ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ ν•œ 이둠을 κ°–κ³  μ‹Άλ‹€λ©΄ 말이죠.
09:08
At the same time, for me and for many other people,
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그와 λ™μ‹œμ— 저와 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ
09:10
that view is a bit too close to simply
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κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ μ‹œκ°μ€ λ§Œμ‘±μ„ μœ„ν•΄
09:12
denying the datum of consciousness
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μ˜μ‹μ΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κΈ°λ³Έ 자료λ₯Ό λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ λΆ€μ •ν•˜λŠ” 것에
09:14
to be satisfactory.
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μ§€λ‚˜μΉ˜κ²Œ κ°€κΉŒμ›Œ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:15
So I go in a different direction.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°©ν–₯으둜 κ°€κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:18
In the time remaining,
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남은 μ‹œκ°„λ™μ•ˆ
09:19
I want to explore two crazy ideas
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두 가지 말도 μ•ˆ λ˜λŠ” 생각을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:22
that I think may have some promise.
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μ €λŠ” 그게 κ°€λŠ₯성이 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:26
The first crazy idea
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첫 번째 말도 μ•ˆ λ˜λŠ” 생각은
09:28
is that consciousness is fundamental.
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μ˜μ‹μ€ κ·Όλ³Έμ΄λΌλŠ” 것이죠.
09:32
Physicists sometimes take some aspects of the universe
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λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€μ€ λ•Œλ‘œ 우주의 μ–΄λ–€ 뢀뢄을
09:35
as fundamental building blocks:
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기본적인 ꡬ성 μš”μ†Œλ‘œ μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:37
space and time and mass.
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곡간, μ‹œκ°„, 물질.
09:41
They postulate fundamental laws governing them,
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λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€μ€ 그듀을 μ§€λ°°ν•˜λŠ” κΈ°λ³Έ 법칙을 μƒμ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:45
like the laws of gravity or of quantum mechanics.
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쀑λ ₯의 λ²•μΉ™μ΄λ‚˜ μ–‘μž μ—­ν•™ 같은 κ±°μ£ .
09:49
These fundamental properties and laws
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이듀 κΈ°λ³Έ 속성과 법칙은
09:51
aren't explained in terms of anything more basic.
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μ•„μ£Ό 기본적인 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:54
Rather, they're taken as primitive,
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였히렀 μ›ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ κ°„μ£Όλ˜μ–΄
09:57
and you build up the world from there.
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κ±°κΈ°μ„œλΆ€ν„° 세상을 λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:00
Now sometimes, the list of fundamentals expands.
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λ•Œλ‘œλŠ” κΈ°λ³Έ λͺ©λ‘μ΄ λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:05
In the 19th century, Maxwell figured out
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19세기에 λ§₯μŠ€μ›°μ€
10:08
that you can't explain electromagnetic phenomena
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μ „μžκΈ° ν˜„μƒμ„
10:11
in terms of the existing fundamentals β€”
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기쑴의 κΈ°λ³Έ - 곡간, μ‹œκ°„, 물질, λ‰΄ν„΄μ˜ 법칙 -
10:13
space, time, mass, Newton's laws β€”
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μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μ—†μŒμ„ λ°ν˜€λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:16
so he postulated fundamental laws
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ·ΈλŠ” μ „μžκΈ°μ— κ΄€ν•œ
10:19
of electromagnetism
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κΈ°λ³Έ 법칙을 μƒμ •ν•˜κ³ 
10:21
and postulated electric charge
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μ „ν•˜λ₯Ό
10:23
as a fundamental element
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κ·Έ 법칙이 μ§€λ°°ν•˜λŠ”
10:25
that those laws govern.
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κΈ°λ³Έ μš”μ†Œλ‘œ μƒμ •ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:28
I think that's the situation we're in
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μ €λŠ” 그것이
10:31
with consciousness.
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μ˜μ‹μ— κ΄€ν•΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ²˜ν•œ 상황과 κ°™λ‹€κ³  λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:33
If you can't explain consciousness
220
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μ˜μ‹μ„
10:35
in terms of the existing fundamentals β€”
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기쑴의 κΈ°λ³Έ μš”μ†Œ -
10:38
space, time, mass, charge β€”
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곡간, μ‹œκ°„, 물질, μ „ν•˜ - 둜 μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μ—†λ‹€λ©΄
10:40
then as a matter of logic, you need to expand the list.
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λ…Όλ¦¬μƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ λͺ©λ‘μ„ λŠ˜λ €μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:44
The natural thing to do is to postulate
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  일은
10:46
consciousness itself as something fundamental,
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μ˜μ‹ κ·Έ 자체λ₯Ό 기본으둜
10:50
a fundamental building block of nature.
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μžμ—°μ˜ 기본적인 ꡬ성 μš”μ†Œλ‘œ μƒμ •ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:53
This doesn't mean you suddenly can't do science with it.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 되면 κ°‘μžκΈ° κ³Όν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ ν’€μ–΄λ‚Ό 수 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 뜻이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:56
This opens up the way for you to do science with it.
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이것은 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ κ³Όν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ ν’€μ–΄λ‚Ό 방법을 μ—΄μ–΄μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:59
What we then need is to study
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λ‹€μŒμ— ν•„μš”ν•œ 것은
11:01
the fundamental laws governing consciousness,
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μ˜μ‹μ„ μ§€λ°°ν•˜λŠ” 기초 법칙을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
11:04
the laws that connect consciousness
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μ˜μ‹μ„ λ‹€λ₯Έ κΈ°λ³Έ μš”μ†Œ,
11:06
to other fundamentals: space, time, mass,
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곧 곡간, μ‹œκ°„, 물질,
11:09
physical processes.
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물리 κ³Όμ •κ³Ό μ—°κ²°ν•˜λŠ” 법칙 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:12
Physicists sometimes say
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λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€μ€ λ•Œλ‘œ λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:14
that we want fundamental laws so simple
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ•„μ£Ό λ‹¨μˆœν•œ κΈ°λ³Έ 법칙을 μ›ν•œλ‹€κ΅¬μš”.
11:17
that we could write them on the front of a t-shirt.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ ν‹°μ…”μΈ  μ•žμ— κ·Έ 법칙을 μ“Έ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:21
Well I think something like that is the situation
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μ €λŠ” μ˜μ‹μ— κ΄€ν•œ 상황이
11:23
we're in with consciousness.
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:25
We want to find fundamental laws so simple
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ•„μ£Ό κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ κΈ°λ³Έ 법칙을 μ°Ύκ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:27
we could write them on the front of a t-shirt.
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κΈ°λ³Έ 법칙을 ν‹°μ…”μΈ  μ•žμ— μ“°κ³  μ‹Άκ΅¬μš”.
11:29
We don't know what those laws are yet,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 아직 κ·Έ 법칙을 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ
11:31
but that's what we're after.
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œ μ°Ύμ•„λ‚Ό κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:35
The second crazy idea
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두 번째 말도 μ•ˆ λ˜λŠ” 생각은
11:37
is that consciousness might be universal.
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μ˜μ‹μ€ 보편적일 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
11:41
Every system might have some degree
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λͺ¨λ“  μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ΄ μ–΄λŠ μ •λ„μ˜
11:44
of consciousness.
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μ˜μ‹μ„ κ°–κ³  μžˆμ„μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:48
This view is sometimes called panpsychism:
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이런 μ‹œκ°μ„ 범심둠이라 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:51
pan for all, psych for mind,
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범은 λ§Œλ¬Όμ„, 심은 λ§ˆμŒμ„ λ§ν•˜μ£ .
11:54
every system is conscious,
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λͺ¨λ“  μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ΄ μ˜μ‹μ΄ μžˆλŠ”λ°
11:55
not just humans, dogs, mice, flies,
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μ‚¬λžŒλΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, 개, μ₯, 파리,
12:00
but even Rob Knight's microbes,
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λ‘­ λ‚˜μ΄νŠΈμ˜ 미생물,
12:02
elementary particles.
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μ†Œλ¦½μž,
12:04
Even a photon has some degree of consciousness.
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κ΄‘μžλ„ μ–΄λŠ μ •λ„μ˜ μ˜μ‹μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:07
The idea is not that photons are intelligent
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이 생각은 κ΄‘μžκ°€ 지λŠ₯이 μžˆλ‹€κ±°λ‚˜
12:11
or thinking.
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생각을 ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:12
It's not that a photon
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κ΄‘μžκ°€ λΆˆμ•ˆμœΌλ‘œ
12:13
is wracked with angst
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κ΄΄λ‘œμ›Œν•œλ‹€λŠ” 뜻이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:15
because it's thinking, "Aww, I'm always buzzing around near the speed of light.
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κ΄‘μžλŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•΄μ„œ "μ•„, λ‚œ 늘 λΉ›μ˜ μ†λ„λ‘œ λŒμ•„λ‹€λ…€μ„œ
12:18
I never get to slow down and smell the roses."
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속도λ₯Ό λŠ¦μΆ°μ„œ μž₯λ―Έ λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό 맑아볼 μˆ˜κ°€ μ—†κ΅¬λ‚˜."
12:21
No, not like that.
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μ•„λ‹ˆμ˜€, 그런 게 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:23
But the thought is maybe photons might have
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κ΄‘μžκ°€ μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄
12:26
some element of raw, subjective feeling,
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μ–΄λ–€ μ›λž˜ μš”μ†Œ, 주관적인 λŠλ‚Œ,
12:29
some primitive precursor to consciousness.
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μ˜μ‹μ˜ 전쑰에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” μ›ν˜•μ„ κ°–κ³  μžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ„κΉŒ ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
12:33
This may sound a bit kooky to you.
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이런게 μ’€ 괴짜처럼 듀릴 수 있겠죠.
12:36
I mean, why would anyone think such a crazy thing?
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제 말은 λˆ„κ°€ μ™œ 그런 말도 μ•ˆ λ˜λŠ” 생각을 ν•˜κ² λƒλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
12:39
Some motivation comes from the first crazy idea,
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첫 번째 말도 μ•ˆ λ˜λŠ” 생각인
12:42
that consciousness is fundamental.
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μ˜μ‹μ€ κΈ°λ³Έ μš”μ†ŒλΌλŠ”λ°μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ 동기 λΆ€μ—¬κ°€ λ‚˜μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:45
If it's fundamental, like space and time and mass,
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μ˜μ‹μ΄ 곡간, μ‹œκ°„, 물질처럼 κΈ°λ³Έ μš”μ†ŒλΌλ©΄
12:49
it's natural to suppose that it might be universal too,
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μ˜μ‹μ΄ 보편적이라고 κ°€μ •ν•˜λŠ”κ²Œ μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ½μ£ .
12:52
the way they are.
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μžˆλŠ” κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œμ΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
12:53
It's also worth noting that although the idea
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κ·Έ 생각이 μš°λ¦¬ν•œν…ŒλŠ”
12:55
seems counterintuitive to us,
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직관에 μ–΄κΈ‹λ‚˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ 보일지라도
12:57
it's much less counterintuitive to people
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ¬Έν™”κΆŒμ— μ†ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€ν•œν…ŒλŠ”
13:00
from different cultures,
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직관에 덜 μ–΄κΈ‹λ‚˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:02
where the human mind is seen as much more
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ¬Έν™”μ—μ„œλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λ§ˆμŒλ„
13:03
continuous with nature.
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μžμ—°κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ 이어진닀고 λ³΄λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
13:07
A deeper motivation comes from the idea that
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μ’€ 더 κΉŠμ€ 동기 λΆ€μ—¬λŠ”
13:10
perhaps the most simple and powerful way
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μ˜μ‹μ„ 물리적 처리 κ³Όμ •κ³Ό
13:12
to find fundamental laws connecting consciousness
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μ—°κ²°ν•˜λŠ” κΈ°λ³Έ 법칙을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜λŠ”
13:14
to physical processing
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κ°€μž₯ 쉽고 κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 방법은
13:16
is to link consciousness to information.
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μ˜μ‹μ„ 정보와 μ—°κ²°ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:20
Wherever there's information processing,
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정보λ₯Ό μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” λ°μ—λŠ”
13:22
there's consciousness.
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늘 μ˜μ‹μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:23
Complex information processing, like in a human,
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μ‚¬λžŒμ²˜λŸΌ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 정보 μ²˜λ¦¬μ—λŠ”
13:25
complex consciousness.
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λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μ˜μ‹μ΄ 있고
13:27
Simple information processing,
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λ‹¨μˆœν•œ 정보 μ²˜λ¦¬μ—λŠ”
13:29
simple consciousness.
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λ‹¨μˆœν•œ μ˜μ‹μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:31
A really exciting thing is in recent years
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μ΅œκ·Όμ— μΌμ–΄λ‚œ ν₯미둜운 일은
13:33
a neuroscientist, Giulio Tononi,
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μ‹ κ²½κ³Όν•™μž μ€„λ¦¬μ˜€ ν† λ…Έλ‹ˆκ°€
13:36
has taken this kind of theory
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μˆ˜ν•™μ  이둠을 가지고
13:38
and developed it rigorously
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이런 이둠을
13:40
with a mathematical theory.
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μ—„λ°€ν•˜κ²Œ μ—°κ΅¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:42
He has a mathematical measure
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κ·ΈλŠ” 정보 톡합을
13:43
of information integration
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μˆ˜ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ μΈ‘μ •ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
13:45
which he calls phi,
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κ·Έκ±Έ 파이(phi)라고 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:47
measuring the amount of information
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μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ μ•ˆμ— ν†΅ν•©λœ
13:48
integrated in a system.
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μ •λ³΄μ˜ 양을 μΈ‘μ •ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
13:50
And he supposes that phi goes along
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그리고 그의 μ œμ•ˆμœΌλ‘œλŠ” νŒŒμ΄κ°€
13:52
with consciousness.
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μ˜μ‹κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:54
So in a human brain,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λ‡Œ μ•ˆμ—λŠ”
13:55
incredibly large amount of information integration,
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믿을 수 없을 만큼 λ§Žμ€ 정보가 ν†΅ν•©λ˜μ–΄ 있고
13:58
high degree of phi,
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파이 정도가 λ†’κ³ 
14:00
a whole lot of consciousness.
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μ˜μ‹μ΄ 많이 κ΄€μ—¬λ˜μ–΄ 있죠.
14:01
In a mouse, medium degree of information integration,
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μ₯μ—κ²ŒλŠ” 쀑간 μ •λ„μ˜ 정보 톡합이 μžˆλŠ”λ°
14:05
still pretty significant,
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κ·Έλž˜λ„ κ½€λ‚˜ μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ³ 
14:06
pretty serious amount of consciousness.
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μ•„μ£Ό μ‹¬κ°ν•œ μ–‘μ˜ μ˜μ‹μ΄ κ΄€μ—¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:08
But as you go down to worms,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 벌레둜 λ‚΄λ €κ°€λ©΄
14:10
microbes, particles,
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미생물, μž…μžλ‘œ κ°€λ©΄
14:14
the amount of phi falls off.
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파이 양은 λ–¨μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:15
The amount of information integration falls off,
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정보 ν†΅ν•©λŸ‰λ„ λ–¨μ–΄μ§€μ§€λ§Œ
14:18
but it's still non-zero.
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0 은 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:19
On Tononi's theory,
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ν† λ…Έλ‹ˆμ˜ 이둠에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
14:21
there's still going to be a non-zero degree
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0 이 μ•„λ‹Œ
14:23
of consciousness.
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μ˜μ‹μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:25
In effect, he's proposing a fundamental law
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사싀 κ·ΈλŠ” μ˜μ‹μ— κ΄€ν•œ κΈ°λ³Έ 법칙을 μ œμ•ˆν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:28
of consciousness: high phi, high consciousness.
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νŒŒμ΄κ°€ λ†’μœΌλ©΄ μ˜μ‹μ΄ 높은 κ±°μ£ .
14:31
Now, I don't know if this theory is right,
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μ €λŠ” 이 이둠이 λ§žλŠ”μ§€λŠ” λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μ§€λ§Œ
14:34
but it's actually perhaps the leading theory right now
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μ§€κΈˆ μ˜μ‹μ˜ κ³Όν•™μ—μ„œλŠ”
14:37
in the science of consciousness,
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μ•žμ„œ κ°€λŠ” μ΄λ‘ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:38
and it's been used to integrate a whole range
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ κ³Όν•™ 자료λ₯Ό
14:40
of scientific data,
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ν†΅ν•©ν•˜λŠ”λ° 쓰이고 있고
14:43
and it does have a nice property that it is in fact simple enough
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쒋은 속성을 κ°–κ³  있고 κ²Œλ‹€κ°€ κ°„λ‹¨ν•΄μ„œ
14:45
you can write it on the front of a t-shirt.
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ν‹°μ…”μΈ  μ•žμ— μ“Έ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:49
Another final motivation is that
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ 동기 λΆ€μ—¬λŠ”
14:51
panpsychism might help us to integrate
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범심둠이 μ˜μ‹μ„
14:53
consciousness into the physical world.
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물질 μ„Έκ³„λ‘œ ν†΅ν•©ν•˜λŠ”λ° 도움을 쀄지도 λͺ¨λ₯Έλ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
14:56
Physicists and philosophers have often observed
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λ¬Όλ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€κ³Ό μ² ν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ’…μ’…
15:00
that physics is curiously abstract.
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물리학이 κΈ°λ¬˜ν•˜κ²Œλ„ μΆ”μƒμ μž„μ„ λͺ©κ²©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:02
It describes the structure of reality
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물리학은 ν˜„μ‹€ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό
15:04
using a bunch of equations,
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μˆ˜μ‹ ν•œ 묢음으둜 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
15:06
but it doesn't tell us about the reality
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κ·Έ μ•ˆμ— μžˆλŠ” ν˜„μ‹€μ„
15:09
that underlies it.
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μ„€λͺ…ν•΄μ£Όμ§€λŠ” μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:11
As Stephen Hawking puts it,
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μŠ€ν‹°λΈ ν˜Έν‚Ήμ΄ λ§ν–ˆλ“―μ΄
15:13
what puts the fire into the equations?
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무엇이 λΆˆμ„ 방정식에 λ„£λŠ”κ°€?
15:17
Well, on the panpsychist view,
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κΈ€μŽ„μš”, λ²”μ‹¬λ‘ μžμ˜ μ‹œκ°μ— λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
15:19
you can leave the equations of physics as they are,
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물리학 방정식을 μžˆλŠ” κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ 두고
15:22
but you can take them to be describing
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μ˜μ‹μ˜ 흐름을 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λŠ”λ°
15:24
the flux of consciousness.
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물리학 방정식을 μ“Έ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:25
That's what physics really is ultimately doing,
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κ·Έκ²ƒμ΄μ•Όλ§λ‘œ 물리학이
15:27
describing the flux of consciousness.
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μ˜μ‹μ˜ 흐름을 ꢁ극적으둜 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:30
On this view, it's consciousness
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이 μ‹œκ°μ— λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ μ˜μ‹μ΄
15:31
that puts the fire into the equations.
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λΆˆμ„ 방정식에 λ„£μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:36
On that view, consciousness doesn't dangle
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κ·Έ μ‹œκ°μ— λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
15:37
outside the physical world
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μ˜μ‹μ€ 물리적 세계 λ°–μ—μ„œ
15:39
as some kind of extra.
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μΌμ’…μ˜ μ—¬λΆ„μ²˜λŸΌ 맀달렀 μžˆμ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:40
It's there right at its heart.
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μ˜μ‹μ€ κ·Έ 쀑심에 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:44
This view, I think, the panpsychist view,
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이런 μ‹œκ°μ΄ 범심둠적 μ‹œκ°μ΄κ³ 
15:47
has the potential to transfigure our relationship
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μžμ—°κ³Όμ˜ 관계λ₯Ό
15:50
to nature,
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λ³€λͺ¨μ‹œν‚¬ κ°€λŠ₯성을 가진닀고 μƒκ°λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:51
and it may have some pretty serious social
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또 κ½€λ‚˜ μ‹¬κ°ν•œ μ‚¬νšŒμ 
15:54
and ethical consequences.
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윀리적 결과도 κ°€μ Έμ˜¬μ§€ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:57
Some of these may be counterintuitive.
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μ΄λ“€μ˜ μΌλΆ€λŠ” 직관에 μ–΄κΈ‹λ‚  지도 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:00
I used to think I shouldn't eat anything
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μ €λŠ” μ˜μ‹μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 것은
16:03
which is conscious,
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무엇이든 먹지 말아야 ν•œλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμ£ .
16:05
so therefore I should be vegetarian.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ±„μ‹μ£Όμ˜μžκ°€ λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:08
Now, if you're a panpsychist and you take that view,
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자, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ²”μ‹¬λ‘ μžμ΄κ³  그런 μ‹œκ°μ„ 가진닀면
16:10
you're going to go very hungry.
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λ°°κ°€ 많이 κ³ ν”Œ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:13
So I think when you think about it,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 이걸 μƒκ°ν•˜κ²Œ 되면
16:14
this tends to transfigure your views,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ μ‹œκ°μ΄ λ°”λ€Œκ²Œ 되고
16:16
whereas what matters for ethical purposes
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윀리적 λͺ©μ κ³Ό
16:19
and moral considerations,
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도덕적인 κ³ λ € μ‚¬ν•­μ—μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은
16:20
not so much the fact of consciousness,
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μ˜μ‹μ΄λž€ 사싀 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
16:23
but the degree and the complexity of consciousness.
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μ˜μ‹μ˜ μˆ˜μ€€κ³Ό λ³΅μž‘μ„± λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:27
It's also natural to ask about consciousness
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컴퓨터와 같은 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ—
16:29
in other systems, like computers.
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μ˜μ‹μ„ λ¬Όμ–΄λ³΄λŠ” 것도 μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:32
What about the artificially intelligent system
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μ˜ν™” "κ·Έλ…€"에 λ‚˜μ˜€λŠ”
16:34
in the movie "Her," Samantha?
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인곡 지λŠ₯ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμΈ μ‚¬λ§Œμ‚¬λŠ” μ–΄λ•Œμš”?
16:37
Is she conscious?
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μ˜μ‹μ΄ μžˆλ‚˜μš”?
16:39
Well, if you take the informational,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 정보둠을 가지고
16:40
panpsychist view,
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범심둠적 κ²¬ν•΄λ‘œ 보면
16:41
she certainly has complicated information processing
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 틀림없이 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ 정보λ₯Ό
16:45
and integration,
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μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜κ³  ν†΅ν•©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:46
so the answer is very likely yes, she is conscious.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 닡은 예, κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μ˜μ‹μ΄ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
16:49
If that's right, it raises pretty serious
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ•„μ£Ό μ‹¬κ°ν•œ
16:52
ethical issues about both the ethics
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윀리적 문제λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ”λ°μš”.
16:54
of developing intelligent computer systems
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지λŠ₯을 가진 컴퓨터 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ˜ κ°œλ°œμ— κ΄€ν•œ μœ€λ¦¬μ™€
16:58
and the ethics of turning them off.
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κ·Έ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ κΊΌλ²„λ¦¬λŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•œ μœ€λ¦¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:00
Finally, you might ask about the consciousness
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끝으둜 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€
17:03
of whole groups,
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전체에 λŒ€ν•œ μ˜μ‹μ— κ΄€ν•΄ μ§ˆλ¬Έν• μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:05
the planet.
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지ꡬ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:07
Does Canada have its own consciousness?
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μΊλ‚˜λ‹€λŠ” 자체의 μ˜μ‹μ΄ μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
17:10
Or at a more local level,
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ μ’€ 더 μ§€μ—­μœΌλ‘œ λ‚΄λ €κ°€μ„œ
17:12
does an integrated group
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TED νšŒμ˜μ— λͺ¨μΈ κ΄€μ€‘λ“€μ²˜λŸΌ
17:13
like the audience at a TED conference,
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λͺ¨μΈ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
17:15
are we right now having a collective TED consciousness,
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μ§€κΈˆ 집합적인 TED μ˜μ‹μ„ κ°–κ³  μžˆλ‚˜μš”?
17:19
an inner movie
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이런 TED 집합이
17:20
for this collective TED group
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가진 λ‚΄λ©΄μ˜ μ˜ν™”λŠ”
17:23
which is distinct from the inner movies
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ €λ§ˆλ‹€ 가진
17:24
of each of our parts?
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λ‚΄λ©΄μ˜ μ˜ν™”μ™€ 뚜렷이 λ‹€λ₯Έκ°€μš”?
17:26
I don't know the answer to that question,
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κ·Έ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λŒ€ν•œ 닡은 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ
17:28
but I think it's at least one
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적어도 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ”
17:29
worth taking seriously.
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μ§„μ§€ν•˜κ²Œ λ‹€λ£° κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:32
Okay, so this panpsychist vision,
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자, 이런 범심둠적인 μ‹œκ°μ€
17:34
it is a radical one,
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급진적인 생각이고
17:36
and I don't know that it's correct.
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λ§žλŠ”μ§€λŠ” λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:38
I'm actually more confident about
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μ €λŠ” 사싀 첫 번째 말도 μ•ˆ λ˜λŠ” 생각에
17:40
the first crazy idea,
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더 확신이 λ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:41
that consciousness is fundamental,
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μ˜μ‹μ€ κΈ°λ³Έμ΄λΌλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
17:44
than about the second one,
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두 번째인
17:45
that it's universal.
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μ˜μ‹μ΄ 보편적이라기 λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”μš”.
17:48
I mean, the view raises any number of questions,
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κ·Έ μ‹œκ°μ€ μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지 질문이 λ‚˜μ˜€κ²Œ ν•˜κ³ 
17:50
has any number of challenges,
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μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지 λ°˜λŒ€ μ˜κ²¬λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:51
like how do those little bits
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œν•΄μ„œ μ˜μ‹μ˜
17:53
of consciousness add up
404
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μ‘°κ·Έλ§Œν•œ 뢀뢄듀이 λͺ¨μ—¬μ„œ
17:54
to the kind of complex consciousness
405
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œκ³  μ‚¬λž‘ν•˜λŠ”
17:57
we know and love.
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λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μ˜μ‹μ΄ λ˜λŠ”μ§€ 말이죠.
17:59
If we can answer those questions,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 그런 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λ‹΅ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λ©΄
18:00
then I think we're going to be well on our way
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μ˜μ‹μ— κ΄€ν•œ μ‹¬κ°ν•œ 이둠으둜
18:02
to a serious theory of consciousness.
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μ œλŒ€λ‘œ μ ‘κ·Όν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:05
If not, well, this is the hardest problem perhaps
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그렇지 μ•Šλ‹€λ©΄ 이것은
18:08
in science and philosophy.
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κ³Όν•™κ³Ό μ² ν•™μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μ–΄λ €μš΄ λ¬Έμ œκ°€ 되겠죠.
18:10
We can't expect to solve it overnight.
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ν•˜λ£»λ°€μ— κ·Έ 문제λ₯Ό ν’€ μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:14
But I do think we're going to figure it out eventually.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ²°κ΅­ λ°ν˜€λ‚Ό κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:17
Understanding consciousness is a real key, I think,
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μ˜μ‹μ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 일은
18:20
both to understanding the universe
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우주λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³ 
18:23
and to understanding ourselves.
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우리 μžμ‹ μ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ”λ° 정말 μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ—΄μ‡ κ°€ λœλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:25
It may just take the right crazy idea.
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말도 μ•ˆ λ˜λŠ” 생각을 λ°›μ•„λ“€μ—¬μ•Ό 할지도 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:28
Thank you.
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κ³ λ§™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:30
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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