When did humans start getting divorced? - Rod Phillips

Prevodilac: Ivana Korom Lektor: Milenka Okuka

The earliest known divorce laws were written

Najraniji poznati zakoni o razvodu

on clay tablets in ancient Mesopotamia around 2000 BCE.

bili su napisani na glinenim tablicama u drevnoj Mesopotamiji oko 2000. g.p.n.e.

Formally or informally, human societies across place and time

Formalno ili neformalno, ljudske zajednice su tokom vremena

have made rules to bind and dissolve couples.

osmislile pravila za spajanje i razdvajanje parova.

Inca couples, for example, started with a trial partnership,

Na primer, parovi Inka su počinjali probnim partnerstvom

during which a man could send his partner home.

tokom kog je muškarac mogao partnerku da pošalje kući.

But once a marriage was formalized, there was no getting out of it.

Ali jednom kad bi brak bio formalizovan, nije moglo da se iz njega izađe.

Among the Inuit peoples, divorce was discouraged,

Inuiti nisu podržavali razvod,

but either spouse could demand one.

ali oba supružnika su mogla da ga traže

or they could exchange partners with a different couple—

ili su mogli da menjaju partnere sa drugim parovima -

as long as all four people agreed.

sve dok su sve četvoro saglasni.

The stakes of who can obtain a divorce, and why, have always been high.

Ko može da dobije razvod i zašto, uvek je bilo osetljivo pitanje.

Divorce is a battlefield for some of society's most urgent issues,

Razvod je bojno polje za neke od najgorućijih problema u društvu,

including the roles of church and state, individual rights, and women’s rights.

uključujući uloge crkve i države, pojedinačnih i sloboda žena.

Religious authorities have often regulated marriage and divorce.

Religiozne vlasti su često regulisale brak i razvod.

Muslims in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia began using the Quran’s rules

Muslimani u Africi, na Srednjem istoku i u Aziji

počeli su da koriste zakone Kurana u sedmom veku -

in the 7th century AD—

generally, a husband can divorce his wife without cause or agreement,

uopšteno, muž može da se razvede od žene bez razloga ili dogovora,

while a wife must secure her husband’s agreement to divorce him.

dok žena mora da ima saglasnost muža da bi se od njega razvela.

In Europe, Christian churches controlled divorce from the 11th century on,

U Evropi, hrišćanske crkve su kontrolisale razvod od 11. veka,

with the Catholic Church banning it entirely

dok ga je katolička crkva potpuno branila,

and Protestant churches allowing it in restricted circumstances,

a protestantske crkve dozvoljavale u ograničenim okolnostima,

particularly adultery.

naročito kod preljube.

In the late 18th century, a series of changes took place

U kasnom 18. veku došlo je do niza promena

that would eventually shape divorce laws around the world.

koje će na kraju oblikovati zakone o razvodu širom sveta.

Following centuries of religious conflict,

Nakon vekova religijskih konflikata,

Europeans pushed for state governance separate from religious control.

Evropljani su se izborili za državnu vlast odvojenu od religiozne uprave.

Secular courts gradually took over education, welfare, health, marriage—

Sekularni sudovi su polako preuzeli

obrazovanje, socijalno staranje, zdravlje, brak - i razvod.

and divorce.

The French Revolution ushered in the first of the new divorce laws,

Francuska revolucija je donela prve među novim zakonima o razvodu,

allowing men and women to divorce for a number of grounds,

dozvoljavajući muškarcima i ženama da se razvedu iz raznih razloga,

including adultery, violence, and desertion, or simply mutual consent.

uključujući preljubu, nasilje, napuštanje ili samo obostranu saglasnost.

Though progress was uneven, overall this sort of legislation spread in Europe,

Iako je napredak bio nejednak, ovi zakoni su se proširili Evropom,

North America and some European colonies in the 19th century.

Severnom Amerikom i nekim evropskim kolonijama tokom 19. veka.

Still, women's access to divorce often remained restricted compared to men.

Ipak, za razliku od muškaraca, ženama je pristup razvodu bio ograničen.

Adultery was considered more serious for women—

Preljuba je smatrana ozbiljnijom u slučaju žena -

a man could divorce his wife for adultery alone,

muškarac je mogao da se razvede od žene samo zbog preljube,

while a woman would need evidence of adultery,

dok je ženi bio potreban dokaz o preljubi,

plus an additional offense to divorce her husband.

kao i dodatni prekršaj da bi se razvela od muža.

Sometimes this double standard was written into law;

Ponekad je ovaj dvostruki standard bio upisan u zakon;

other times, the courts enforced the laws unequally.

u drugim prilikama, sudovi su nejednako primenjivali zakone.

Domestic violence by a man against his wife was not widely considered

Porodično nasilje muškarca nad suprugom nije bilo široko prihvaćeno

grounds for divorce until the 20th century.

kao razlog za razvod sve do 20. veka.

And though new laws expanded the reasons a couple could divorce,

I iako su novi zakoni proširili listu razloga za razvod,

they also retained the fundamental ideology of their religious predecessors:

takođe su zadržali osnovnu ideologiju svojih religioznih predaka:

that a couple could only split if one person wronged the other in specific ways.

da se par može razići samo ako jedna osoba naudi drugoj na naročite načine.

This state of affairs really overstayed its welcome.

Ova praksa se predugo zadržala.

Well into the 20th century, couples in the U.S.

Do kasnog 20. veka, parovi u Americi

resorted to hiring actors to jump into bed with one spouse,

posezali su za unajmljivanjem glumaca koji bi išli u krevet sa supružnikom,

fully clothed, and take photos as evidence of cheating.

potpuno obučeni, i slikali se kao dokaz o prevari.

Finally, in the 1960s and 70s,

Konačno, tokom 1960-ih i 1970-ih,

many countries and states adopted no-fault divorce laws,

mnoge zemlje su usvojile zakone o jednostranom razvodu,

where someone could divorce their spouse without proving harm,

gde neko može da se razvede bez dokazivanja štete,

and importantly, without the other’s consent.

i što je važno, bez pristanka druge osobe.

The transition from cultural and religious rules

Prelazak sa kulturoloških i religioznih pravila

to state sanctioned ones has always been messy and incomplete—

na državno uređena, uvek je bio haotičan -

people have often ignored their governments’ laws

ljudi su često ignorisali zakone svojih vlada

in favor of other conventions.

u korist drugih konvencija.

Even today, the Catholic Church doesn’t recognize divorces granted by law.

Čak i danas, katolička crkva ne priznaje zakonski razvod.

In some places, like parts of India,

U nekim mestima, kao što su neki delovi Indije,

Western-style divorce laws have been seen as a colonial influence

na zapadnjačke zakone o razvodu se gleda kao na kolonijalni uticaj

and communities practice divorce according to other religious rules.

i zajednice praktikuju razvod u skladu sa drugim religijskim pravilima.

In others, though the law may allow for equal access to divorce,

U drugim, iako zakon dozvoljava jednak pristup razvodu,

bias in the legal system, cultural stigma, or community pressures

pristrasnost pravnog sistema, kulturološka stigma ili pritisci zajednice

can make it far more difficult for certain people, almost always women.

mogu mnogo da otežaju razvod nekim ljudima, skoro uvek ženama.

And even in the places where women aren’t disadvantaged by law or otherwise,

Čak i u mestima gde žene nisu ograničene zakonima ili drugačije,

social and economic conditions often make divorce more difficult for women.

društveni i ekonomski uslovi često ženama otežavaju razvod.

In the United States, for example,

Na primer, u Sjedinjenim Državama,

women experience economic loss far more than men after divorce.

žene mnogo češće nego muškarci imaju ekonomski gubitak posle razvoda.

At its best, modern no-fault divorce allows people to leave marriages

U najboljem slučaju, moderni jednostrani razvod

dozvoljava napuštanje braka koji ljude ne čini srećnima.

that make them unhappy.

But dissolving a marriage is almost never as simple

Ali rastavljanje braka skoro nikad nije jednostavno

as sending two people their separate ways.

kao slanje dvoje ljudi na različite strane.

What divorcing partners owe each other,

Šta razdvojeni partneri jedno drugome duguju,

and how they manage aspects of a once shared life

i kako se odnose prema delovima nekadašnjeg zajedničkog života,

remain emotionally and philosophically complex issues.

ostaju emocionalno i filozofski složena pitanja.