When did humans start getting divorced? - Rod Phillips

Translator: Гульноза Одилова Reviewer: Nazarbek Nazarov

The earliest known divorce laws were written

Ajrim haqidagi eng qadimgi qonunlar

on clay tablets in ancient Mesopotamia around 2000 BCE.

miloddan avvalgi 2000-yillarda qadimgi Mesopotamiyada loy lavhalarga yozilgan.

Formally or informally, human societies across place and time

Qonuniy va noqonuniy hollarda, inson jamiyatlari joy va zamonlar osha

have made rules to bind and dissolve couples.

juftliklarni birlashtirish va ajratish bo’yicha qonunlar tuzganlar.

Inca couples, for example, started with a trial partnership,

Ink davlati juftliklari, misol uchun, bir-birini sinashardilar,

during which a man could send his partner home.

bu vaqt davomida erkak o’z juftini uyiga yuborishi mumkin edi.

But once a marriage was formalized, there was no getting out of it.

Ammo nikoh rasmiylashtirilgach, ajralish iloji yo’q edi.

Among the Inuit peoples, divorce was discouraged,

Inuit xalqlari orasida ajralish tavsiya etilmagan, ammo har ikkala

but either spouse could demand one.

taraf buni talab qilishi mumkin edi.

or they could exchange partners with a different couple—

yoki boshqa juftlik bilan sheriklar almashishlari mumkin edi,

as long as all four people agreed.

agar ikkala taraf rozi bo’lsa,

The stakes of who can obtain a divorce, and why, have always been high.

Kim va nima uchun ajrashishi mumkinligi haqidagi sabab har doim ko’p bo’lgan.

Divorce is a battlefield for some of society's most urgent issues,

Ajralish jamiyatning eng dolzarb muammolaridan biri- jumladan cherkov va

including the roles of church and state, individual rights, and women’s rights.

davlatning roli,shaxsiy huquqlar va ayollar huquqlari uchun kurash maydonidir.

Religious authorities have often regulated marriage and divorce.

Diniy idoralar ko’pincha nikoh va ajralishni tartibga solganlar.

Muslims in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia began using the Quran’s rules

Afrika, Yaqin Sharq va Osiyodagi musulmonlar milodiy 7-asrda

in the 7th century AD—

Qur’on qoidalarini qo’llashni boshladilar

generally, a husband can divorce his wife without cause or agreement,

odatda, er hech qanday sababsiz yoki kelishuvsiz xotinini taloq qilishi mumkin

while a wife must secure her husband’s agreement to divorce him.

xotin esa erining taloqiga rozi bo’lishi kerak.

In Europe, Christian churches controlled divorce from the 11th century on,

Evropada xristian cherkovlari 11-asrdan boshlab ajralishni nazorat qilishgan

with the Catholic Church banning it entirely

katolik cherkovi buni butunlay taqiqlagan

and Protestant churches allowing it in restricted circumstances,

va protestant cherkovlari cheklangan sharoitlarda,

particularly adultery.

xususan, zinokorlikda ruxsat bergan.

In the late 18th century, a series of changes took place

18-asr oxirida butun dunyo bo’ylab ajralish qonunlarini

that would eventually shape divorce laws around the world.

shakllantiradigan bir qator o’zgarishlar ro’y berdi.

Following centuries of religious conflict,

Ko’p asrlik diniy ziddiyatlardan so’ng,

Europeans pushed for state governance separate from religious control.

evropaliklar davlat boshqaruvini diniy nazoratdan ajratillar.

Secular courts gradually took over education, welfare, health, marriage—

Dunyoviy sudlar asta-sekin ta’lim, farovonlik,sog’liqni saqlash,

and divorce.

nikoh va ajrimni o’z zimmasiga oldi.

The French Revolution ushered in the first of the new divorce laws,

Frantsuz inqilobi ajrim to’g’risida yangi qonunlarning birinchisini yaratdi,

allowing men and women to divorce for a number of grounds,

bunda erkaklar va ayollarga zino, zo’ravonlik va qochqinlik yoki

including adultery, violence, and desertion, or simply mutual consent.

oddiygina o’zaro rozilik kabi bir qator sabablarga ko’ra ajrimga ruxsat berildi.

Though progress was uneven, overall this sort of legislation spread in Europe,

Taraqqiyot no’tekkis bo’lsa-da, umuman olganda, bu qonunlar 19-asrda

North America and some European colonies in the 19th century.

Evropa, Shimoliy Amerika va ba’zi Evropa koloniyalarida tarqaldi.

Still, women's access to divorce often remained restricted compared to men.

Ammo, ayollarning ajralishi imkoniyati erkaklarnikiga ko’ra cheklangandir.

Adultery was considered more serious for women—

Ayollar uchun zino yanada jiddiyroq hisoblanar edi

a man could divorce his wife for adultery alone,

erkak xotinidan ajralishi uchun zino qilgani ye’tarli edi,

while a woman would need evidence of adultery,

ayol esa eridan ajralishi uchun

plus an additional offense to divorce her husband.

zino isboti va qo’shimcha ayblarni ko’rsatishi kerak edi.

Sometimes this double standard was written into law;

Ba’zan bu ikki tomonlama standart qonunga kiritilgan;

other times, the courts enforced the laws unequally.

boshqa paytlarda sudlar qonunlarni tengsiz qo’llagan.

Domestic violence by a man against his wife was not widely considered

Erkakning o’z xotiniga nisbatan uydagi zo’ravonligi

grounds for divorce until the 20th century.

20-asrgacha ajralish uchun asos bo’lmagan.

And though new laws expanded the reasons a couple could divorce,

Biroq yangi qonunlar erxotinning ajrashish sabablarini kengaytirgan bo’lsa-da

they also retained the fundamental ideology of their religious predecessors:

ular o’zlarining diniy ajdodlarining asosiy mafkurasini ham saqlab qoldilar:

that a couple could only split if one person wronged the other in specific ways.

agar bir kishi boshqasiga zulm qilsa, er-xotin ajralishi mumkin edi.

This state of affairs really overstayed its welcome.

Bu holat haqiqatan ham o’z-o’zidan o’tib ketdi.

Well into the 20th century, couples in the U.S.

20-asrda AQShdagi juftliklar zinosini isbotilash uchun

resorted to hiring actors to jump into bed with one spouse,

to’liq kiyingan holda turmush o’rtog’i bilan birga bo’lib

fully clothed, and take photos as evidence of cheating.

suratga tushish uchun aktyorlarni yollashgan.

Finally, in the 1960s and 70s,

Nihoyat, 1960 va 70-yillarda

many countries and states adopted no-fault divorce laws,

ko’plab mamlakatlar va shtatlar sababsiz ajrim to’g’risidagi qonunni qabul qildilar

where someone could divorce their spouse without proving harm,

bunda kimdir o’z turmush o’rtog’i bilan zinoni isbotlamasdan,

and importantly, without the other’s consent.

eng muhimi, boshqasining roziligisiz ajrashishi mumkin edi.

The transition from cultural and religious rules

Madaniy va diniy qoidalardan davlat tomonidan

to state sanctioned ones has always been messy and incomplete—

tasdiqlangan qoidalarga o’tish har doim tartibsiz va to’liq bo’lmagan - odamlar

people have often ignored their governments’ laws

ko’pincha tashqi hujjarlar foydasiga o’z hukumatlarining

in favor of other conventions.

qonunlarini e’tiborsiz qoldirishgan.

Even today, the Catholic Church doesn’t recognize divorces granted by law.

Hatto bugungi kungacha katolik cherkovi qonuniy ajrimlarni tan olmaydi.

In some places, like parts of India,

Masalan, Hindistonning ba’zi qismlarida,

Western-style divorce laws have been seen as a colonial influence

G’arb uslubidagi ajrimlar mustamlakachilik ta’siri sifatida ko’rib chiqilib,

and communities practice divorce according to other religious rules.

jamoalar o’zlarining diniy qoidalarga ko’ra ajrimlarni amalga oshiradilar.

In others, though the law may allow for equal access to divorce,

Boshqalarida, qonuniy ajrim uchun teng foydalanish imkonini berilsada,

bias in the legal system, cultural stigma, or community pressures

ammo huquqiy tizimdagi tarafkashlik, madaniy stigma yoki jamiyat bosimi

can make it far more difficult for certain people, almost always women.

ba’zi odamlarga, ayniqsa ayollar uchun bu ishlarni ancha qiyinlashtirishi mumkin.

And even in the places where women aren’t disadvantaged by law or otherwise,

Ayollar afzalligi yo’q qonuniy yoki boshqa hollarda bo’lganda ham,

social and economic conditions often make divorce more difficult for women.

ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy sharoitlar ayollar uchun ajrimni qiyinlashtiradi.

In the United States, for example,

Misol uchun, AQSHda ayollar

women experience economic loss far more than men after divorce.

ajrimdan keyin erkaklardan ko’ra jiddiy iqtisodiy qiyinchiliklarga duch kelishadi.

At its best, modern no-fault divorce allows people to leave marriages

Eng yaxshi holatda, baxtsiz bo’lgan nikohni tark etishga zamonaviy

that make them unhappy.

aybdori-yo’q ajrim imkon beradi.

But dissolving a marriage is almost never as simple

Ammo nikohni buzish deyarli hech qachon ikki kishini

as sending two people their separate ways.

o’z hayot yo’lini tanlashga ruxsat berish kabi oson emas

What divorcing partners owe each other,

Ajrashganlar bir-biriga qanday majburiyatlari bor,

and how they manage aspects of a once shared life

ular qachondir birga bo’lishgan hayotini qanday qilib boshqaradilar

remain emotionally and philosophically complex issues.

degan savollar hissiy va falsafiy jihatdan murakkab savollardir.