When did humans start getting divorced? - Rod Phillips

Prevoditelj: Doroteja Marušić Recezent: Sanja Srbljnović Čuček

The earliest known divorce laws were written

Najstariji zakoni o razvodu zapisani su

on clay tablets in ancient Mesopotamia around 2000 BCE.

na glinenim pločama u drevnoj Mezopotamiji oko 2000 pr.n.e.

Formally or informally, human societies across place and time

Formalno ili neformalno, društva su kroz povijest i regije

have made rules to bind and dissolve couples.

određivala pravila kako spojiti ili razdvojiti parove.

Inca couples, for example, started with a trial partnership,

Parovi u kulturi Inka, na primjer, započeli bi s probnim partnerstvom,

during which a man could send his partner home.

tijekom kojeg je muškarac mogao svog partnera poslati kući.

But once a marriage was formalized, there was no getting out of it.

Ali kad bi jednom brak bio formalan, nije bilo povratka.

Among the Inuit peoples, divorce was discouraged,

Među Eskimima, rastava se obeshrabrivala,

but either spouse could demand one.

no mogao ju je zatražiti bilo koji od supružnika.

or they could exchange partners with a different couple—

Mogli su i zamijeniti partnere s drugim parom -

as long as all four people agreed.

ako su se sve četiri osobe složile.

The stakes of who can obtain a divorce, and why, have always been high.

Ulozi oko toga tko se i zašto može razvesti, oduvijek su bili visoki.

Divorce is a battlefield for some of society's most urgent issues,

Razvod je vječno bojno polje za neke od gorućih pitanja društva,

including the roles of church and state, individual rights, and women’s rights.

uključujući ulogu crkve i države, osobna prava i prava žena.

Religious authorities have often regulated marriage and divorce.

Vjerske vlasti često su regulirale brakove i rastave.

Muslims in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia began using the Quran’s rules

Muslimani u Africi, Bliskom istoku i Aziji počeli su koristiti pravila Kurana

in the 7th century AD—

u 7. stoljeću n.e.

generally, a husband can divorce his wife without cause or agreement,

Općenito, muž se mogao razvesti od žene bez razloga ili pristanka,

while a wife must secure her husband’s agreement to divorce him.

dok je žena morala imati muževljev pristanak za razvod.

In Europe, Christian churches controlled divorce from the 11th century on,

U Europi, kršćanske su crkve kontrolirale razvod od 11. st. nadalje.

with the Catholic Church banning it entirely

Katolička crkva je u potpunosti zabranila razvod,

and Protestant churches allowing it in restricted circumstances,

a protestantske crkve su ga dopuštale u određenim okolnostima,

particularly adultery.

posebno kod preljuba.

In the late 18th century, a series of changes took place

U kasnom 18. stoljeću dogodio se niz promjena

that would eventually shape divorce laws around the world.

koje će na kraju oblikovati zakone o razvodu diljem svijeta.

Following centuries of religious conflict,

Nakon stoljeća vjerskih sukoba,

Europeans pushed for state governance separate from religious control.

Europljani su se zalagali za državnu vlast odvojenu od vjerske kontrole.

Secular courts gradually took over education, welfare, health, marriage—

Svjetovni sudovi postepeno su preuzeli obrazovanje, skrb, zdravstvo, brak -

and divorce.

i razvod.

The French Revolution ushered in the first of the new divorce laws,

Francuska revolucija uvela je prvi među novim zakonima o razvodu,

allowing men and women to divorce for a number of grounds,

dozvoljavajući muškarcima i ženama razvod iz više razloga,

including adultery, violence, and desertion, or simply mutual consent.

uključujući preljub, nasilje i napuštanje, ili obostrani pristanak.

Though progress was uneven, overall this sort of legislation spread in Europe,

Iako neujednačeno, takvo se zakonodavstvo proširilo Europom,

North America and some European colonies in the 19th century.

Sjevernom Amerikom te na neke europske kolonije u 19. stoljeću.

Still, women's access to divorce often remained restricted compared to men.

Ipak, ženama je često pristup razvodu bio ograničen u usporedbi s muškarcima.

Adultery was considered more serious for women—

Preljub se smatrao ozbiljnijim za žene -

a man could divorce his wife for adultery alone,

muškarac se mogao razvesti od žene samo na temelju preljuba,

while a woman would need evidence of adultery,

dok je žena trebala dokaz o preljubu

plus an additional offense to divorce her husband.

i dodatni prekršaj kako bi se razvela od muža.

Sometimes this double standard was written into law;

Ponekad je ovo dvostruko mjerilo bilo zapisano u zakonu,

other times, the courts enforced the laws unequally.

inače su sudovi neravnopravno sprovodili zakone.

Domestic violence by a man against his wife was not widely considered

Obiteljsko nasilje muža nad ženom

nije bio široko prihvaćen razlog za razvod sve do 20. stoljeća.

grounds for divorce until the 20th century.

And though new laws expanded the reasons a couple could divorce,

Usprkos tomu što su zakoni proširili razloge za razvod parova,

they also retained the fundamental ideology of their religious predecessors:

zadržali su i temeljnu ideologiju svojih vjerskih prethodnika:

that a couple could only split if one person wronged the other in specific ways.

da se par može razvesti samo ako je jedna osoba naštetila drugoj.

This state of affairs really overstayed its welcome.

Ovakvo se stanje stvari predugo zadržalo.

Well into the 20th century, couples in the U.S.

Još dobrim dijelom u 20. stoljeću, bračni bi parovi u SAD-u

resorted to hiring actors to jump into bed with one spouse,

zapošljavali glumce da legnu u krevet s jednim supružnikom,

fully clothed, and take photos as evidence of cheating.

potpuno odjevenim, i snimali slike kao dokaz prevare.

Finally, in the 1960s and 70s,

Konačno, 1960-ih i 70-ih,

many countries and states adopted no-fault divorce laws,

mnoge su zemlje i države donijele zakone o razvodu bez krivnje,

where someone could divorce their spouse without proving harm,

gdje se od supružnika moglo razvesti bez dokaza o krivnji,

and importantly, without the other’s consent.

i što je važno, bez pristanka druge osobe.

The transition from cultural and religious rules

Prijelaz s kulturnih i vjerskih pravila

to state sanctioned ones has always been messy and incomplete—

na ona koja je sankcionirala država uvijek je bio kaotičan i nepotpun -

people have often ignored their governments’ laws

ljudi su često ignorirali svoje državne zakone

in favor of other conventions.

u korist drugih konvencija.

Even today, the Catholic Church doesn’t recognize divorces granted by law.

Čak i danas, Katolička crkva ne priznaje rastave dodijeljene zakonom.

In some places, like parts of India,

U nekim područjima, poput dijelova Indije,

Western-style divorce laws have been seen as a colonial influence

zapadnjački tip zakona o razvodu smatra se kolonijalnim utjecajem

and communities practice divorce according to other religious rules.

i zajednice prakticiraju razvod prema drugim vjerskim pravilima.

In others, though the law may allow for equal access to divorce,

Drugdje, iako zakon dopušta jednak pristup razvodu,

bias in the legal system, cultural stigma, or community pressures

pristranost u zakonodavstvu, kulturna stigma ili pritisak društva

can make it far more difficult for certain people, almost always women.

mogu otežati proces nekim ljudima, gotovo uvijek ženama.

And even in the places where women aren’t disadvantaged by law or otherwise,

Čak i tamo gdje žene nisu uskraćene zakonom ili na drugi način,

social and economic conditions often make divorce more difficult for women.

društvene i ekonomske prilike ženama često otežavaju rastavu.

In the United States, for example,

U SAD-u, na primjer,

women experience economic loss far more than men after divorce.

razvedene žene osjećaju materijalni gubitak više od muškaraca.

At its best, modern no-fault divorce allows people to leave marriages

U najboljem slučaju, moderni razvod bez krivnje

omogućuje ljudima da napuste brak koji ih čini nesretnima.

that make them unhappy.

But dissolving a marriage is almost never as simple

Ali raskid braka nije nikada tako jednostavan,

as sending two people their separate ways.

kao poslati dvoje ljudi svakog svojim putem.

What divorcing partners owe each other,

Ono što razvedeni partneri duguju jedan drugom

and how they manage aspects of a once shared life

i kako uspijevaju upravljati aspektima bivšeg zajedničkog života

remain emotionally and philosophically complex issues.

ostaju emocionalno i filozofski kompleksni problemi.