When did humans start getting divorced? - Rod Phillips

750,155 views ใƒป 2021-01-28

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:08
The earliest known divorce laws were written
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ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื ื›ืชื‘ื•
00:11
on clay tablets in ancient Mesopotamia around 2000 BCE.
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ืขืœ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ืจืก ื‘ืžืกื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ 2000 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”.
00:17
Formally or informally, human societies across place and time
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ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ื•ืœื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ
00:22
have made rules to bind and dissolve couples.
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ื™ืฆืจื• ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ื•ืœืคืจืง ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช.
00:26
Inca couples, for example, started with a trial partnership,
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ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืื™ื ืงื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืขื ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ,
00:30
during which a man could send his partner home.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื” ืื™ืฉ ื™ื›ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
00:33
But once a marriage was formalized, there was no getting out of it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื, ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื–ื”.
00:38
Among the Inuit peoples, divorce was discouraged,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืื™ื ื•ืื™ื˜, ื”ื ื™ืื• ืžื’ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ,
00:41
but either spouse could demand one.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื.
00:44
or they could exchange partners with a different coupleโ€”
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ืื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืขื ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื --
00:47
as long as all four people agreed.
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ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจื‘ืขื” ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื•.
00:51
The stakes of who can obtain a divorce, and why, have always been high.
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ื•ืœืžื”, ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื• ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื.
00:55
Divorce is a battlefield for some of society's most urgent issues,
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ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื“ื” ืงืจื‘ ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื“ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”,
01:00
including the roles of church and state, individual rights, and womenโ€™s rights.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืช ื•ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื˜, ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื.
01:06
Religious authorities have often regulated marriage and divorce.
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ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ืกื“ื™ืจื• ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ.
01:10
Muslims in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia began using the Quranโ€™s rules
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ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืืกื™ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืงื•ืจืืŸ
01:15
in the 7th century ADโ€”
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ื‘ืžืื” ื” 7 ืœืกืคื™ืจื” --
01:17
generally, a husband can divorce his wife without cause or agreement,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ืืฉืชื• ื‘ืœื™ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื• ื”ืกื›ืžื”,
01:22
while a wife must secure her husbandโ€™s agreement to divorce him.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื‘ืขืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ืจืฉ ืžืžื ื•.
01:27
In Europe, Christian churches controlled divorce from the 11th century on,
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ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื”ืžืื” ื” 11 ื•ื”ืœืื”,
01:32
with the Catholic Church banning it entirely
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ืขื ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืื•ืกืจืช ืื•ืชื ืœื’ืžืจื™
01:35
and Protestant churches allowing it in restricted circumstances,
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ื•ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื,
01:39
particularly adultery.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”.
01:40
In the late 18th century, a series of changes took place
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ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื” 18, ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•
01:44
that would eventually shape divorce laws around the world.
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ืฉื™ืขืฆื‘ื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:48
Following centuries of religious conflict,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื“ืชื™,
01:51
Europeans pushed for state governance separate from religious control.
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ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ื ื“ื—ืคื• ืœืžืžืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™ ืžื•ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื“ืชื™ืช.
01:56
Secular courts gradually took over education, welfare, health, marriageโ€”
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ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื• ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ --
02:01
and divorce.
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ื•ื”ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ.
02:04
The French Revolution ushered in the first of the new divorce laws,
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ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื,
02:08
allowing men and women to divorce for a number of grounds,
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ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ืจืฉ ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืขื™ืœื•ืช,
02:11
including adultery, violence, and desertion, or simply mutual consent.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”, ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉื”, ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช.
02:18
Though progress was uneven, overall this sort of legislation spread in Europe,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืฆื™ืคื”, ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
02:23
North America and some European colonies in the 19th century.
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ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืื” ื” 19.
02:28
Still, women's access to divorce often remained restricted compared to men.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื ืฉืืจื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:34
Adultery was considered more serious for womenโ€”
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ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื --
02:37
a man could divorce his wife for adultery alone,
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ื’ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ืจืฉ ืžืืฉืชื• ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”,
02:40
while a woman would need evidence of adultery,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”,
02:42
plus an additional offense to divorce her husband.
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ืคืœื•ืก ืขื‘ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ืจืฉ ืžื‘ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.
02:46
Sometimes this double standard was written into law;
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืง;
02:50
other times, the courts enforced the laws unequally.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™.
02:54
Domestic violence by a man against his wife was not widely considered
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ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ืืฉืชื• ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™
02:59
grounds for divorce until the 20th century.
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ืขื™ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื” 20.
03:02
And though new laws expanded the reasons a couple could divorce,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื’ืจืฉ,
03:07
they also retained the fundamental ideology of their religious predecessors:
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ื”ื ื’ื ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื”ื ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื:
03:11
that a couple could only split if one person wronged the other in specific ways.
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ืฉื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ืจืฉ ืจืง ืื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืคื’ืข ื‘ืื—ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
03:18
This state of affairs really overstayed its welcome.
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ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ืฉืืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื–ืžืŸ.
03:22
Well into the 20th century, couples in the U.S.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืื” ื”20, ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
03:26
resorted to hiring actors to jump into bed with one spouse,
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ืคื ื• ืœืฉื›ื™ืจืช ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืœืžื™ื˜ื” ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ ืื—ื“,
03:30
fully clothed, and take photos as evidence of cheating.
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ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื•ืœืฆืœื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื’ื™ื“ื”.
03:35
Finally, in the 1960s and 70s,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ , ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 60 ื•ื” 70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 20,
03:38
many countries and states adopted no-fault divorce laws,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืจืฆื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœืœื ืืฉืžื”,
03:42
where someone could divorce their spouse without proving harm,
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ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ืจืฉ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืคื’ื™ืขื”,
03:46
and importantly, without the otherโ€™s consent.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื.
03:50
The transition from cultural and religious rules
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ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื—ื•ืงื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•ื“ืชื™ื™ื
03:53
to state sanctioned ones has always been messy and incompleteโ€”
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ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ืฉืœืžื™ื --
03:57
people have often ignored their governmentsโ€™ laws
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืชืขืœืžื• ืžื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœื”ื
04:00
in favor of other conventions.
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ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช.
04:02
Even today, the Catholic Church doesnโ€™t recognize divorces granted by law.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืง.
04:09
In some places, like parts of India,
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
04:12
Western-style divorce laws have been seen as a colonial influence
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ื—ื•ืงื™ ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื ืจืื• ื›ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ืช
04:16
and communities practice divorce according to other religious rules.
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ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
04:22
In others, though the law may allow for equal access to divorce,
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ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ื•ืง ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ืคืฉืจ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื’ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ,
04:26
bias in the legal system, cultural stigma, or community pressures
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ื”ื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช, ืกื˜ื™ื’ืžื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืื• ืœื—ืฅ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™
04:31
can make it far more difficult for certain people, almost always women.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืฉื™ื.
04:36
And even in the places where women arenโ€™t disadvantaged by law or otherwise,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžืงื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืง ืื• ืื—ืจืช,
04:41
social and economic conditions often make divorce more difficult for women.
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ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืื• ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื.
04:46
In the United States, for example,
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
04:48
women experience economic loss far more than men after divorce.
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ื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ื•ืช ืื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ.
04:54
At its best, modern no-fault divorce allows people to leave marriages
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื ืœืœื ืืฉืžื” ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ
04:58
that make them unhappy.
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ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื.
05:00
But dissolving a marriage is almost never as simple
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืจืง ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜
05:03
as sending two people their separate ways.
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ื›ืžื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื“ืจื›ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช.
05:07
What divorcing partners owe each other,
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ืžืชื’ืจืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™,
05:09
and how they manage aspects of a once shared life
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืคืขื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื
05:13
remain emotionally and philosophically complex issues.
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ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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