When did humans start getting divorced? - Rod Phillips

763,004 views ใƒป 2021-01-28

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jihyeon J. Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Juhyeon Kim
00:08
The earliest known divorce laws were written
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์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ดํ˜ผ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์€
00:11
on clay tablets in ancient Mesopotamia around 2000 BCE.
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๊ธฐ์›์ „ 2000๋…„ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ฉ”์†Œํฌํƒ€๋ฏธ์•„ ์ ํ† ํŒ์— ์“ฐ์—ฌ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
Formally or informally, human societies across place and time
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์‹œ๋Œ€์™€ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๊ณต์‹, ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ
00:22
have made rules to bind and dissolve couples.
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๋ถ€๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋งบ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•ด์ฒดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:26
Inca couples, for example, started with a trial partnership,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ž‰์นด ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋Š” ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:30
during which a man could send his partner home.
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž๋ฅผ ์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
But once a marriage was formalized, there was no getting out of it.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋‹จ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์ด ๊ณต์‹ํ™”๋˜๋ฉด ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
Among the Inuit peoples, divorce was discouraged,
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์ด๋ˆ„์ดํŠธ์กฑ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ดํ˜ผ์„ ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ
00:41
but either spouse could demand one.
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์–ด๋Š ํ•œ ์ชฝ์ด ์š”๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
or they could exchange partners with a different coupleโ€”
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ€์™€ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:47
as long as all four people agreed.
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๋„ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
The stakes of who can obtain a divorce, and why, have always been high.
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€, ์™œ ์ดํ˜ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋Š˜ ์ฒจ์˜ˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
Divorce is a battlefield for some of society's most urgent issues,
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์ดํ˜ผ์€ ๊ตํšŒ๋‚˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์—ญํ• , ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ
01:00
including the roles of church and state, individual rights, and womenโ€™s rights.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธด๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์‹ธ์›€ํ„ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
Religious authorities have often regulated marriage and divorce.
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์ข…๊ต ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์ด ํ”ํžˆ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ๊ณผ ์ดํ˜ผ์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
Muslims in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia began using the Quranโ€™s rules
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด, ์ค‘๋™, ์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ๋ฌด์Šฌ๋ฆผ์€ 7์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฒฝ ๊พธ๋ž€์˜ ๊ทœ์œจ์„
01:15
in the 7th century ADโ€”
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
generally, a husband can divorce his wife without cause or agreement,
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๋ณดํ†ต ๋‚จํŽธ์€ ์ด์œ ๋‚˜ ํ•ฉ์˜ ์—†์ด ์•„๋‚ด์™€ ์ดํ˜ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
01:22
while a wife must secure her husbandโ€™s agreement to divorce him.
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์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ์ดํ˜ผํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋‚จํŽธ์˜ ๋™์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
In Europe, Christian churches controlled divorce from the 11th century on,
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋…๊ตํšŒ๊ฐ€ 11์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ดํ˜ผ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:32
with the Catholic Church banning it entirely
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์นดํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ตํšŒ๋Š” ์ดํ˜ผ์„ ์ „๋ฉด ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
01:35
and Protestant churches allowing it in restricted circumstances,
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๊ฐœ์‹ ๊ตํšŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ†ต๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ
01:39
particularly adultery.
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์ดํ˜ผ์„ ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
In the late 18th century, a series of changes took place
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18์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:44
that would eventually shape divorce laws around the world.
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๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์ดํ˜ผ๋ฒ•์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:48
Following centuries of religious conflict,
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์ˆ˜ ์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ์ข…๊ต ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ํ›„
01:51
Europeans pushed for state governance separate from religious control.
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ข…๊ต์  ํ†ต์ œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
Secular courts gradually took over education, welfare, health, marriageโ€”
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์„ธ์†์˜ ๋ฒ•์ •์ด ์ ์ฐจ ๊ต์œก, ๋ณต์ง€, ๋ณด๊ฑด, ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ,
02:01
and divorce.
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์ดํ˜ผ์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
The French Revolution ushered in the first of the new divorce laws,
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ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํ˜๋ช…์€ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ดํ˜ผ๋ฒ•์„ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•˜์—ฌ
02:08
allowing men and women to divorce for a number of grounds,
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๊ฐ„ํ†ต, ํญ๋ ฅ, ์œ ๊ธฐ, ์ƒํ˜ธ ํ•ฉ์˜ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
02:11
including adultery, violence, and desertion, or simply mutual consent.
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๋‚จ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ดํ˜ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
Though progress was uneven, overall this sort of legislation spread in Europe,
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์ง„ํ–‰์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋‹ค ๊ฐ™์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ž…๋ฒ•์ด
02:23
North America and some European colonies in the 19th century.
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19์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ๋ถ๋ฏธ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์— ํผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
Still, women's access to divorce often remained restricted compared to men.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ดํ˜ผ ๊ถŒํ•œ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
Adultery was considered more serious for womenโ€”
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๊ฐ„ํ†ต์€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ ๋”์šฑ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ ธ์„œ
02:37
a man could divorce his wife for adultery alone,
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๋‚จ์„ฑ์€ ์•„๋‚ด์˜ ๊ฐ„ํ†ต ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ดํ˜ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
02:40
while a woman would need evidence of adultery,
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์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๊ฐ„ํ†ต์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜
02:42
plus an additional offense to divorce her husband.
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๋‚จํŽธ๊ณผ ์ดํ˜ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ฃ„๋ชฉ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
Sometimes this double standard was written into law;
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์ค‘์žฃ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ•์— ๋ช…์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
02:50
other times, the courts enforced the laws unequally.
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์ •์—์„œ ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ถˆ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง‘ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
Domestic violence by a man against his wife was not widely considered
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์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ •ํญ๋ ฅ์€
02:59
grounds for divorce until the 20th century.
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20์„ธ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ์ดํ˜ผ ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
And though new laws expanded the reasons a couple could divorce,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฒ•์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ€์˜ ์ดํ˜ผ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅ์‹œ์ผฐ์ง€๋งŒ
03:07
they also retained the fundamental ideology of their religious predecessors:
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๊ทธ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด์ „ ์ข…๊ต์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
that a couple could only split if one person wronged the other in specific ways.
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ํ•œ ์ชฝ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ชฝ์— ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ž˜๋ชป์„ ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ์ดํ˜ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
This state of affairs really overstayed its welcome.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ‘์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
03:22
Well into the 20th century, couples in the U.S.
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20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋“ค์€
03:26
resorted to hiring actors to jump into bed with one spouse,
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๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž์™€ ์นจ๋Œ€์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•ด
03:30
fully clothed, and take photos as evidence of cheating.
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์˜ท์„ ์ž…์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฅœ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
Finally, in the 1960s and 70s,
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด 1960๋…„๋Œ€์™€ 70๋…„๋Œ€์—
03:38
many countries and states adopted no-fault divorce laws,
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๋ฌด๊ณผ์‹ค ์ดํ˜ผ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
03:42
where someone could divorce their spouse without proving harm,
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ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ์ดํ˜ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
03:46
and importantly, without the otherโ€™s consent.
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž์˜ ๋™์˜ ์—†์ด๋„ ์ดํ˜ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
The transition from cultural and religious rules
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๋ฌธํ™” ์ข…๊ต์  ๊ทœ์œจ์—์„œ
03:53
to state sanctioned ones has always been messy and incompleteโ€”
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๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์Šน์ธ ๊ทœ์œจ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Š˜ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
people have often ignored their governmentsโ€™ laws
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ 
04:00
in favor of other conventions.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€์Šต์„ ๋” ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜์ฃ .
04:02
Even today, the Catholic Church doesnโ€™t recognize divorces granted by law.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์—๋„ ์นดํ†จ๋ฆญ ๊ตํšŒ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์  ์ดํ˜ผ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
In some places, like parts of India,
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์ธ๋„์˜ ์–ด๋Š ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ๋Š”
04:12
Western-style divorce laws have been seen as a colonial influence
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์„œ๊ตฌ์‹ ์ดํ˜ผ๋ฒ•์„ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ 
04:16
and communities practice divorce according to other religious rules.
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๋ณ„๋„ ์ข…๊ต์  ๊ทœ์œจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ดํ˜ผ์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
In others, though the law may allow for equal access to divorce,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ˜ผ ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ๊ณตํ‰ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
04:26
bias in the legal system, cultural stigma, or community pressures
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๋ฒ•์กฐ๊ณ„์˜ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ, ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋‚™์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์••๋ฐ• ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
04:31
can make it far more difficult for certain people, almost always women.
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค, ์ฃผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ์ดํ˜ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
And even in the places where women arenโ€™t disadvantaged by law or otherwise,
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๋ฒ•์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์™ธ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์ฐจ๋ณ„๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋„
04:41
social and economic conditions often make divorce more difficult for women.
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์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ดํ˜ผ์„ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
In the United States, for example,
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์˜ˆ๋“ค ๋“ค์–ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š”
04:48
women experience economic loss far more than men after divorce.
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์ดํ˜ผ ํ›„์— ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฐ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์†์‹ค์„ ์ž…์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
At its best, modern no-fault divorce allows people to leave marriages
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์ตœ์„ ์œผ๋กœ, ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ๋ฌด๊ณผ์‹ค ์ดํ˜ผ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์ƒํ™œ์„
04:58
that make them unhappy.
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๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
But dissolving a marriage is almost never as simple
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํŒŒํ˜ผ์€ ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ๊ธธ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
05:03
as sending two people their separate ways.
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ผ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
What divorcing partners owe each other,
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์ดํ˜ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋Š” ๋นš๊ณผ
05:09
and how they manage aspects of a once shared life
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ํ•œ๋•Œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ผ์€
05:13
remain emotionally and philosophically complex issues.
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๊ฐ์ •์ , ์ฒ ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋‚จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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