What makes a language... a language? - Martin Hilpert

808,302 views ใƒป 2021-09-09

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sohee Park ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:07
The distinct forms of speech heard
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๋…ํŠนํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ง์ด
00:09
around Bremen, Germany and Interlaken, Switzerland
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๋…์ผ์˜ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ๋ฉ˜๊ณผ ์Šค์œ„์Šค์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ผ์ผ„ ๊ทผ๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ
00:12
are considered regional dialects of the German language.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๋…์ผ์–ด์˜ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
And yet, when someone from Bremen is visiting the Swiss Alps,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ธŒ๋ ˆ๋ฉ˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์Šค์œ„์Šค ์•Œํ”„์Šค์— ๊ฐ€๋ฉด
00:19
the conversations they hear between locals will likely be incomprehensible to them.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค๊ฐ„์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:24
Similarly, outside of China,
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์ด์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ๋Š”
00:26
Mandarin and Cantonese are often referred to as Chinese dialects.
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๋ถ๊ฒฝ์–ด์™€ ๊ด‘๋‘ฅ์–ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ค‘๊ตญ์–ด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:31
But theyโ€™re even more dissimilar than Spanish and Italian.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๋‘˜์€ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์–ด์™€ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์–ด๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๋” ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
On the other hand, speakers of Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish,
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ํ•œํŽธ ๋ด๋งˆํฌ์–ด, ๋…ธ๋ฅด์›จ์ด์–ด์™€ ์Šค์›จ๋ด์–ด๋Š”
00:38
which are recognized as three distinct languages,
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๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ
00:41
can usually communicate in their native tongues with little difficulty.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์€ ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ๋ชจ๊ตญ์–ด๋กœ ์†Œํ†ต์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
And Turkish language soap operas, broadcast without dubbing or subtitles,
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๋˜ ๋”๋น™์ด๋‚˜ ์ž๋ง‰์—†์ด ๋ฐฉ์†ก๋˜๋Š” ํ„ฐํ‚ค์–ด ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋Š”
00:49
are some of the most popular shows in Azeri-speaking Azerbaijan.
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์•„์ œ๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ด์ž”์–ด๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์•„์ œ๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ด์ž”์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ธ๊ธฐ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ฃ .
00:54
So, when is a form of speech considered a dialect versus a language?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋ง์€ ์–ธ์ œ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์œผ๋กœ, ๋˜ ์–ธ์ œ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
00:58
It seems reasonable that the degree of mutual intelligibility would determine
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๋‘˜์„ ๋ณ„๊ฐœ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ• ์ง€
01:02
whether two ways of speaking are classified as separate languages
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ฐ™์€ ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ• ์ง€๋ฅผ
์ƒํ˜ธ ์ดํ•ด ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๊ฐ™์ง€๋งŒ,
01:06
or as dialects of the same language.
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01:08
But as we've seen, there are many occasions where this is not the case.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
Perhaps surprisingly, the distinction between a language and a dialect
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๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„, ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„์€
01:16
usually has nothing to do with pronunciation, vocabulary,
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๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๋ฐœ์Œ, ์–ดํœ˜ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด์  ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ๋Š”
01:20
or any other linguistic features.
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์•„๋ฌด ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
However, itโ€™s not coincidental, either.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
01:25
Itโ€™s a matter of politics.
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์ •์น˜์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
The basis for whatโ€™s officially deemed a language
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๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ธ์–ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ํ† ๋Œ€๋Š”
01:30
was shaped by the emergence of a European nation states beginning around the 1500s.
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1500๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ฒฝ์— ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์ถœํ˜„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
In order to establish and maintain centralized governments,
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์ค‘์•™์ง‘๊ถŒํ™”๋œ ์ •๋ถ€,
01:38
clear territorial boundaries, and state-sponsored education systems,
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๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์˜ํ†  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ต์œก ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
01:43
many nation states promoted a standardized language.
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๋งŽ์€ ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋œ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์žฅ๋ คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
Which form of speech was chosen to be the standard language
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์–ด๋–ค ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋งํˆฌ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ค€์–ด๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ• ์ง€๋Š”
01:49
was usually based on what people spoke in the capital.
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๋Œ€๊ฐœ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ž์ฃ .
01:52
And while other forms of speech persisted, they were often treated as inferior.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ง๋„ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ด๋“ฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ๊ธ‰๋˜๊ธฐ ์ผ์‘ค์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
This tradition extended across the globe with European colonization
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „ํ†ต์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ์‹๋ฏผ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๊ณ ,
02:01
and into modern times.
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ํ˜„๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
Italy, for example, has at least 15 of what might be called regional dialects.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์—๋Š” 15๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:09
One of them, the Florentine dialect,
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๊ทธ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ํ”ผ๋ Œ์ฒด ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์€
02:11
became known as Standard Italian when the country politically unified in 1861.
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1861๋…„ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์ผ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ํ‘œ์ค€์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:17
It was selected because legendary authors like Dante and Machiavelli
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์ด๋Š” ๋‹จํ…Œ์™€ ๋งˆํ‚ค์•„๋ฒจ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „์„ค์ ์ธ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด
02:21
used it in their original works,
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์ด ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:23
And it came to represent an image of Italian national identity
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์ด ๋ง์€ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
02:27
that some found particularly desirable.
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํŠนํžˆ๋‚˜ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ์ฃ .
02:30
Later on, in his attempt to establish a unified, fascist state,
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ํ›„์— ํ†ต์ผ๋œ ํŒŒ์‹œ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๋ คํ•œ
02:34
Italian dictator Benito Mussolini saw language standardization
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์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋…์žฌ์ž ๋ฒ ๋‹ˆํ†  ๋ฌด์†”๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ๋Š”
์–ธ์–ด ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
as an important objective.
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02:41
His government promoted standard Italian while prohibiting other forms of speech
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๊ทธ์˜ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์žฅ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ,
๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ง์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:45
from the public sphere,
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02:46
framing them as backward and unsophisticated.
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๋‚™ํ›„๋˜๊ณ  ์„ธ๋ จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
In everything from job applications to court testimonies,
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๊ตฌ์ง๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ•์ • ์ฆ์–ธ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์—
02:54
standard languages act as gatekeepers around the world.
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ค€์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ง€๊ธฐ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:58
For instance, one 1999 study showed that landlords responded to apartment inquiries
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ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋กœ 1999๋…„ ์‹œํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด,
์ง‘์ฃผ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ ๋ฌธ์˜์— ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
03:05
based on what form of speech their prospective tenants used.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์„ธ์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
When callers spoke African-American Vernacular English, or AAVE,
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์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด๊ณ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ ์‚ฌํˆฌ๋ฆฌ, ์ฆ‰ AAVE๋กœ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด
03:14
landlords were more likely to reject their inquiries.
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์ง‘์ฃผ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์š”์ฒญ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
When they spoke so-called Standard American English,
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์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๊ฐœ ๋ฐฑ์ธ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š”
03:21
which is often associated with whiteness,
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์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด
03:23
landlords responded more positively.
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์ง‘์ฃผ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
03:26
Both of these forms of speech are considered English dialects.
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๋‘ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์˜์–ด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์ธ๋ฐ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
In the United States, some people have cast AAVE
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋“ค์€ AAVE๋ฅผ
03:33
as an incorrect or simplified version of mainstream US English.
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ์˜์–ด์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ, ํ˜น์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋น„ํ•˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
But AAVE follows consistent grammatical rules
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ AAVE๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์˜์–ด๋งŒํผ
03:42
every bit as sophisticated as other forms of English.
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์„ธ๋ จ๋˜๊ณ  ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ๊ทœ์น™์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
Linguists tend to avoid the term dialect altogether.
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์–ธ์–ดํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
Instead, many opt to call different forms of speech โ€œvarieties.โ€
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€์‹ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋งํˆฌ๋ฅผ โ€œ์ข…๋ฅ˜โ€๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ ค ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:53
This way, languages are seen as groups of varieties.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
So the English language is made up of varieties
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์˜์–ด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋Š”
03:59
including Standard British and American English, AAVE,
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ํ‘œ์ค€ ์˜๊ตญ ์˜์–ด์™€ ํ‘œ์ค€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์˜์–ด, AAVE,
04:03
Nigerian English, Malaysian English, and many others.
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๋‚˜์ด์ง€๋ฆฌ์•„ ์˜์–ด, ๋ง๋ ˆ์ด์‹œ์•„ ์˜์–ด, ๊ทธ ์™ธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ด์ฃ .
04:06
Each has its own unique history and characteristic pronunciation,
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ์ž ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ํŠน์ง•์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์Œ,
04:10
vocabulary, and grammatical structures.
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์–ดํœ˜, ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:13
But the dividing line between varieties is murky.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋“ค์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์„ ์ด ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ๋ฐ,
04:16
Human language, in all its cross-pollinating, ever-evolving glory,
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๊ต์ฐจ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„๋˜๊ณ  ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๊ด‘ ์†์—์„œ
04:20
naturally resists the impulse to sort it into neat buckets.
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์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์„ ๊น”๋”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์š•๊ตฌ์— ์ž์—ฐํžˆ ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜์ฃ .
04:25
Oftentimes, forms of speech exist on a kind of linguistic continuum
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๋งํˆฌ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด์  ์—ฐ์†์ฒด์˜ ์ผ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€๋ฐ,
04:29
where they overlap with others,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ฒน์น  ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:31
and the differences between them are gradualโ€”
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์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ ์ง„์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋”ฑ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
04:34
not clear cut.
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04:35
And thatโ€™s the confounding beauty of the dynamic, diverse,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์†Œํ†ต์˜ ์—ญ๋™์ ์ด๊ณ , ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ ,
04:39
and dazzling universe of human communication.
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๋ˆˆ๋ถ€์‹  ์šฐ์ฃผ์˜ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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