What makes a language... a language? - Martin Hilpert

751,014 views ・ 2021-09-09

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Sohee Park κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:07
The distinct forms of speech heard
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λ…νŠΉν•œ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ 말이
00:09
around Bremen, Germany and Interlaken, Switzerland
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λ…μΌμ˜ 브레멘과 μŠ€μœ„μŠ€μ˜ 인터라켄 κ·Όλ°©μ—μ„œ λ“€λ¦¬λŠ”λ°
00:12
are considered regional dialects of the German language.
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이듀은 λ…μΌμ–΄μ˜ 지역 λ°©μ–ΈμœΌλ‘œ λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:15
And yet, when someone from Bremen is visiting the Swiss Alps,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 브레멘 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μŠ€μœ„μŠ€ μ•Œν”„μŠ€μ— κ°€λ©΄
00:19
the conversations they hear between locals will likely be incomprehensible to them.
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그곳의 지역 μ£Όλ―Όλ“€κ°„μ˜ λŒ€ν™”λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ €μšΈ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:24
Similarly, outside of China,
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이와 λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ, 쀑ꡭ λ°–μ—μ„œλŠ”
00:26
Mandarin and Cantonese are often referred to as Chinese dialects.
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뢁경어와 κ΄‘λ‘₯μ–΄ λͺ¨λ‘ μ€‘κ΅­μ–΄μ˜ 방언이라고 ν•˜μ£ .
00:31
But they’re even more dissimilar than Spanish and Italian.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이 λ‘˜μ€ μŠ€νŽ˜μΈμ–΄μ™€ μ΄νƒˆλ¦¬μ•„μ–΄λ³΄λ‹€λ„ 더 λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:35
On the other hand, speakers of Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish,
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ν•œνŽΈ λ΄λ§ˆν¬μ–΄, λ…Έλ₯΄μ›¨μ΄μ–΄μ™€ μŠ€μ›¨λ΄μ–΄λŠ”
00:38
which are recognized as three distinct languages,
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각기 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œ μ—¬κ²¨μ§€λŠ”λ°
00:41
can usually communicate in their native tongues with little difficulty.
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μ•½κ°„μ˜ 어렀움은 μžˆμ–΄λ„ 각자의 λͺ¨κ΅­μ–΄λ‘œ μ†Œν†΅μ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
And Turkish language soap operas, broadcast without dubbing or subtitles,
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또 λ”λΉ™μ΄λ‚˜ μžλ§‰μ—†μ΄ λ°©μ†‘λ˜λŠ” ν„°ν‚€μ–΄ λ“œλΌλ§ˆλŠ”
00:49
are some of the most popular shows in Azeri-speaking Azerbaijan.
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μ•„μ œλ₯΄λ°”μ΄μž”μ–΄λ₯Ό μ“°λŠ” μ•„μ œλ₯΄λ°”μ΄μž”μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μΈκΈ°μžˆλŠ” 방솑 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ£ .
00:54
So, when is a form of speech considered a dialect versus a language?
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κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄, 말은 μ–Έμ œ λ°©μ–ΈμœΌλ‘œ, 또 μ–Έμ œ μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œ κ°„μ£Όλ κΉŒμš”?
00:58
It seems reasonable that the degree of mutual intelligibility would determine
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λ‘˜μ„ λ³„κ°œμ˜ μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œ λΆ„λ₯˜ν• μ§€
01:02
whether two ways of speaking are classified as separate languages
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 같은 μ–Έμ–΄μ˜ λ°©μ–ΈμœΌλ‘œ λΆ„λ₯˜ν• μ§€λ₯Ό
μƒν˜Έ 이해 정도에 따라 κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ” 것이 합리적인 방법 κ°™μ§€λ§Œ,
01:06
or as dialects of the same language.
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01:08
But as we've seen, there are many occasions where this is not the case.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ³Έ κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ, 그렇지 μ•Šμ€ κ²½μš°κ°€ λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
Perhaps surprisingly, the distinction between a language and a dialect
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λ†€λžκ²Œλ„, 언어와 λ°©μ–Έμ˜ ꡬ별은
01:16
usually has nothing to do with pronunciation, vocabulary,
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λŒ€κ°œ 발음, μ–΄νœ˜ λ˜λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 언어적 νŠΉμ§•κ³ΌλŠ”
01:20
or any other linguistic features.
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아무 관련이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:22
However, it’s not coincidental, either.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°μ—°ν•œ 것도 μ•„λ‹ˆμ£ .
01:25
It’s a matter of politics.
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μ •μΉ˜μ  λ¬Έμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:27
The basis for what’s officially deemed a language
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κ³΅μ‹μ μœΌλ‘œ 언어라고 μ—¬κ²¨μ§€λŠ” κ²ƒμ˜ ν† λŒ€λŠ”
01:30
was shaped by the emergence of a European nation states beginning around the 1500s.
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1500λ…„λŒ€ 경에 유럽 λ―Όμ‘± κ΅­κ°€λ“€μ˜ μΆœν˜„κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ ν˜•μ„±λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
In order to establish and maintain centralized governments,
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μ€‘μ•™μ§‘κΆŒν™”λœ μ •λΆ€,
01:38
clear territorial boundaries, and state-sponsored education systems,
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λͺ…ν™•ν•œ μ˜ν†  경계와 κ΅­κ°€κ°€ μ§€μ›ν•˜λŠ” ꡐ윑 체계λ₯Ό μˆ˜λ¦½ν•˜κ³  μœ μ§€ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
01:43
many nation states promoted a standardized language.
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λ§Žμ€ λ―Όμ‘± ꡭ가듀이 ν‘œμ€€ν™”λœ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μž₯λ €ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:46
Which form of speech was chosen to be the standard language
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μ–΄λ–€ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ 말투λ₯Ό ν‘œμ€€μ–΄λ‘œ μ„ νƒν• μ§€λŠ”
01:49
was usually based on what people spoke in the capital.
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λŒ€κ°œ μˆ˜λ„ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λ§ν•˜λŠ” 것에 λ”°λžμ£ .
01:52
And while other forms of speech persisted, they were often treated as inferior.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ 말도 μ‘΄μž¬ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ μ—΄λ“±ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ·¨κΈ‰λ˜κΈ° μΌμ‘€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
This tradition extended across the globe with European colonization
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 전톡은 유럽의 식민 지배와 ν•¨κ»˜ μ „ μ„Έκ³„λ‘œ νΌμ Έλ‚˜κ°”κ³ ,
02:01
and into modern times.
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ν˜„λŒ€κΉŒμ§€ μ΄μ–΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
Italy, for example, has at least 15 of what might be called regional dialects.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μ΄νƒˆλ¦¬μ•„μ—λŠ” 15개 μ΄μƒμ˜ 지역 방언이 μžˆλŠ”λ°
02:09
One of them, the Florentine dialect,
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그쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μΈ ν”Όλ Œμ²΄ 방언은
02:11
became known as Standard Italian when the country politically unified in 1861.
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1861λ…„ μ΄νƒˆλ¦¬μ•„κ°€ μ •μΉ˜μ μœΌλ‘œ ν†΅μΌλ˜μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ, ν‘œμ€€μ–΄κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:17
It was selected because legendary authors like Dante and Machiavelli
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μ΄λŠ” λ‹¨ν…Œμ™€ λ§ˆν‚€μ•„λ²¨λ¦¬μ™€ 같은 전섀적인 μž‘κ°€λ“€μ΄
02:21
used it in their original works,
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이 μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μž‘ν’ˆμ— μ‚¬μš©ν•œ λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
02:23
And it came to represent an image of Italian national identity
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이 말은 μ΄νƒˆλ¦¬μ•„ κ΅­κ°€ 정체성과 같은 이미지λ₯Ό κ°–κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆκ³ ,
02:27
that some found particularly desirable.
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λͺ‡λͺ‡ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ νŠΉνžˆλ‚˜ 이λ₯Ό λ°”λžŒμ§ν•˜κ²Œ μ—¬κ²Όμ£ .
02:30
Later on, in his attempt to establish a unified, fascist state,
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후에 ν†΅μΌλœ νŒŒμ‹œμŠ€νŠΈ κ΅­κ°€λ₯Ό μ„Έμš°λ €ν•œ
02:34
Italian dictator Benito Mussolini saw language standardization
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μ΄νƒˆλ¦¬μ•„ λ…μž¬μž λ² λ‹ˆν†  λ¬΄μ†”λ¦¬λ‹ˆλŠ”
μ–Έμ–΄ ν‘œμ€€ν™”λ₯Ό μ€‘μš”ν•œ λͺ©ν‘œλ‘œ μ‚Όμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
as an important objective.
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02:41
His government promoted standard Italian while prohibiting other forms of speech
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그의 μ •λΆ€λŠ” ν‘œμ€€ μ΄νƒˆλ¦¬μ•„μ–΄ μ‚¬μš©μ„ μž₯λ €ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ,
곡적인 μžλ¦¬μ—μ„œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 말을 κΈˆμ§€ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
02:45
from the public sphere,
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02:46
framing them as backward and unsophisticated.
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λ‚™ν›„λ˜κ³  μ„Έλ ¨λ˜μ§€ μ•Šλ‹€λŠ” μ΄μœ μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:51
In everything from job applications to court testimonies,
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ꡬ직뢀터 법정 μ¦μ–ΈκΉŒμ§€ λͺ¨λ“  것듀에
02:54
standard languages act as gatekeepers around the world.
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μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œμ€€μ–΄κ°€ 문지기 역할을 ν–ˆμ£ .
02:58
For instance, one 1999 study showed that landlords responded to apartment inquiries
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ν•œ 예둜 1999λ…„ μ‹œν–‰λœ 연ꡬ에 μ˜ν•˜λ©΄,
집주인듀이 μ•„νŒŒνŠΈ λ¬Έμ˜μ— λŒ€λ‹΅ν•˜λŠ” 것이
03:05
based on what form of speech their prospective tenants used.
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미래의 μ„Έμž…μžλ“€μ΄ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 말에 따라 λ‹€λ₯΄λ‹€κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
When callers spoke African-American Vernacular English, or AAVE,
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μ „ν™”λ₯Ό 건 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 아프리카계 미ꡭ인 μ‚¬νˆ¬λ¦¬, 즉 AAVE둜 λ§ν•˜λ©΄
03:14
landlords were more likely to reject their inquiries.
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집주인듀이 μš”μ²­μ„ κ±°μ ˆν•  ν™•λ₯ μ΄ λ†’μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
When they spoke so-called Standard American English,
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μ „ν™”λ₯Ό 건 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ λŒ€κ°œ 백인과 μ—°κ΄€λ˜μ–΄μžˆλŠ”
03:21
which is often associated with whiteness,
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이λ₯Έλ°” ν‘œμ€€ λ―Έκ΅­ μ˜μ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ©΄
03:23
landlords responded more positively.
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집주인듀은 보닀 κΈμ •μ μœΌλ‘œ λ‹΅ν•˜κ³€ ν–ˆμ£ .
03:26
Both of these forms of speech are considered English dialects.
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두 ν˜•νƒœ λͺ¨λ‘ μ˜μ–΄μ˜ 방언인데 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
In the United States, some people have cast AAVE
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λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–€ 이듀은 AAVEλ₯Ό
03:33
as an incorrect or simplified version of mainstream US English.
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λ―Έκ΅­ μ£Όλ₯˜ μ˜μ–΄μ˜ 잘λͺ»λœ, ν˜Ήμ€ λ‹¨μˆœν™”λœ ν˜•νƒœλΌκ³  λΉ„ν•˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
But AAVE follows consistent grammatical rules
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ AAVEλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ μ˜μ–΄λ§ŒνΌ
03:42
every bit as sophisticated as other forms of English.
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μ„Έλ ¨λ˜κ³  μΌκ΄€λœ 문법 κ·œμΉ™μ„ λ”°λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
Linguists tend to avoid the term dialect altogether.
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μ–Έμ–΄ν•™μžλ“€μ€ λ°©μ–Έμ΄λΌλŠ” μš©μ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ € ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
Instead, many opt to call different forms of speech β€œvarieties.”
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κ·Έ λŒ€μ‹ , λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ 말투λ₯Ό β€œμ’…λ₯˜β€λΌ λΆ€λ₯΄λ € ν•˜μ£ .
03:53
This way, languages are seen as groups of varieties.
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그러면 μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ—¬λŸ¬ μ’…λ₯˜λ₯Ό 가진 μ§‘λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
So the English language is made up of varieties
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λ”°λΌμ„œ μ˜μ–΄μ— μžˆλŠ” μ’…λ₯˜λŠ”
03:59
including Standard British and American English, AAVE,
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ν‘œμ€€ 영ꡭ μ˜μ–΄μ™€ ν‘œμ€€ λ―Έκ΅­ μ˜μ–΄, AAVE,
04:03
Nigerian English, Malaysian English, and many others.
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λ‚˜μ΄μ§€λ¦¬μ•„ μ˜μ–΄, λ§λ ˆμ΄μ‹œμ•„ μ˜μ–΄, κ·Έ μ™Έ μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지이죠.
04:06
Each has its own unique history and characteristic pronunciation,
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이듀은 각자 λ…νŠΉν•œ 역사와 νŠΉμ§•μ μΈ 발음,
04:10
vocabulary, and grammatical structures.
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μ–΄νœ˜, 문법 ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:13
But the dividing line between varieties is murky.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ’…λ₯˜λ“€μ„ κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜λŠ” 경계선이 λͺ¨ν˜Έν•œλ°,
04:16
Human language, in all its cross-pollinating, ever-evolving glory,
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ꡐ차 μˆ˜λΆ„λ˜κ³  λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ μ§„ν™”ν•˜λŠ” μ˜κ΄‘ μ†μ—μ„œ
04:20
naturally resists the impulse to sort it into neat buckets.
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μ–Έμ–΄λŠ” μžμ‹ μ„ κΉ”λ”ν•˜κ²Œ λΆ„λ₯˜ν•˜λ €λŠ” μš•κ΅¬μ— μžμ—°νžˆ μ €ν•­ν•˜μ£ .
04:25
Oftentimes, forms of speech exist on a kind of linguistic continuum
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λ§νˆ¬λŠ” 언어적 μ—°μ†μ²΄μ˜ μΌμ’…μœΌλ‘œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” λ•Œκ°€ λ§Žμ€λ°,
04:29
where they overlap with others,
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그듀은 μ„œλ‘œ κ²ΉμΉ  뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
04:31
and the differences between them are gradualβ€”
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차이가 점진적이고 λ”± λ‚˜λ‰˜μ§€ μ•Šμ£ .
04:34
not clear cut.
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04:35
And that’s the confounding beauty of the dynamic, diverse,
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이것이 λ°”λ‘œ 인간 μ†Œν†΅μ˜ 역동적이고, λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜κ³ ,
04:39
and dazzling universe of human communication.
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λˆˆλΆ€μ‹  우주의 ν˜Όλž€μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ μ•„λ¦„λ‹€μ›€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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