Why incompetent people think they're amazing - David Dunning

11,925,895 views ใƒป 2017-11-09

TED-Ed


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Menna Abdelgawad ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Hani Eldalees
00:07
Are you as good at things as you think you are?
0
7092
3100
ู‡ู„ ุชุฌูŠุฏ ูุนู„ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุจุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุชุฎูŠู„ู‡ุŸ
00:10
How good are you at managing money?
1
10192
3710
ู„ุฃูŠ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุชุฌูŠุฏ ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ุŸ
00:13
What about reading people's emotions?
2
13902
2830
ู…ุงุฐุง ุนู† ู‚ุฑุงุกุฉ ุงู†ูุนุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ู†ุงุณุŸ
00:16
How healthy are you compared to other people you know?
3
16732
3440
ูƒูŠู ู‡ูˆ ู…ุณุชูˆุงูƒ ุงู„ุตุญูŠ ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ุจุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุชุนุฑูู‡ู…ุŸ
00:20
Are you better than average at grammar?
4
20172
2942
ู‡ู„ ุฃู†ุช ุฃูุถู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุท ููŠ ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉุŸ
00:23
Knowing how competent we are
5
23114
1587
ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ู…ุฏูŠ ู†ุญู† ู…ุคู‡ู„ูˆู†
00:24
and how are skill stack up against other people's
6
24701
3292
ูˆูƒูŠู ุชุชุฌู…ุน ู…ู‡ุงุฑุงุชู†ุง ุถุฏ ู…ู‡ุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู†
00:27
is more than a self-esteem boost.
7
27993
2179
ู‡ูˆ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงุญุชุฑุงู… ุงู„ุฐุงุช.
00:30
It helps us figure out when we can forge ahead on our own decisions and instincts
8
30172
4542
ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุณุงุนุฏู†ุง ููŠ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู…ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุถูŠ ู‚ุฏู…ู‹ุง ููŠ ู‚ุฑุงุฑุงุชู†ุง ูˆุบุฑุงุฆุฒู†ุง
00:34
and when we need, instead, to seek out advice.
9
34714
4679
ูˆู…ุชูŠ ู†ุญุชุงุฌุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ุŒ ุฅู„ูŠ ุงู„ุชู…ุงุณ ุงู„ู…ุดูˆุฑุฉ.
00:39
But psychological research suggests that we're not very good
10
39393
3312
ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฃุจุญุงุซ ุงู„ู†ูุณูŠุฉ ุชุดูŠุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ุง ู†ุฌูŠุฏ
00:42
at evaluating ourselves accurately.
11
42705
2959
ุชู‚ูŠูŠู… ุฃู†ูุณู†ุง ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุตุญูŠุญุฉ.
00:45
In fact, we frequently overestimate our own abilities.
12
45664
4337
ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ู†ุญู† ููŠ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู† ู†ุจุงู„ุบ ููŠ ุชู‚ุฏูŠุฑ ุฅู…ูƒุงู†ุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ.
00:50
Researchers have a name for this phenomena,
13
50001
2292
ุงู„ุฃุจุญุงุซ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุงุณู… ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุธุงู‡ุฑุฉุŒ
00:52
the Dunning-Kruger effect.
14
52293
3333
ูˆู‡ูˆ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ "ุฏุงู†ูŠู†ุบ ูƒุฑูˆุฌุฑ".
00:55
This effect explains why more than 100 studies
15
55626
2578
ูŠูุณุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 100 ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ
00:58
have shown that people display illusory superiority.
16
58204
4261
ุชุจูŠู† ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูŠุธู‡ุฑูˆู† ุชููˆู‚ู‹ุง ูˆู‡ู…ูŠู‹ุง.
01:02
We judge ourselves as better than others
17
62465
2079
ู†ุญู† ู†ุญูƒู… ุนู„ูŠ ุฃู†ูุณู†ุง ุฃู†ู†ุง ุฃูุถู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุขุฎุฑูŠู†
01:04
to a degree that violates the laws of math.
18
64544
3590
ุฅู„ู‰ ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุชู†ุชู‡ูƒ ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุช.
01:08
When software engineers at two companies were asked to rate their performance,
19
68134
4531
ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุทูู„ุจ ู…ู† ู…ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠ ุจุฑู…ุฌูŠุงุช ููŠ ุดุฑูƒุชูŠู† ุชู‚ูŠูŠู… ุขุฏุงุฆู‡ู…ุŒ
01:12
32% of the engineers at one company and 42% at the other
20
72665
4972
32% ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠู† ููŠ ุดุฑูƒุฉ ูˆ42% ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰
01:17
put themselves in the top 5%.
21
77637
3587
ูˆุถุนูˆุง ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู… ููŠ ุฃูุถู„ 5%.
01:21
In another study, 88% of American drivers
22
81224
3971
ููŠ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ 88% ู…ู† ุงู„ุณุงุฆู‚ูŠู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠูŠู†
01:25
described themselves as having above average driving skills.
23
85195
4270
ูˆุตููˆุง ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู… ุจุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠู…ุชู„ูƒูˆู† ู…ู‡ุงุฑุงุช ู‚ูŠุงุฏุฉ ููˆู‚ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุท.
01:29
These aren't isolated findings.
24
89465
2141
ู‡ุฐู‡ ู„ูŠุณุช ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ ู…ุนุฒูˆู„ุฉ.
01:31
On average, people tend to rate themselves better than most
25
91606
3339
ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุทุŒ ูŠู…ูŠู„ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ู„ุชู‚ูŠูŠู… ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู… ุจุฃู†ู‡ู… ุฃูุถู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุบู„ุจูŠุฉ
01:34
in disciplines ranging from health, leadership skills, ethics, and beyond.
26
94945
7150
ููŠ ุงู„ุชุฎุตุตุงุช ุจุฏุกู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุญุฉ ูˆู…ู‡ุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุฏุฉุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ุŒ ูˆู…ุง ุฅู„ูŠ ุฐู„ูƒ.
01:42
What's particularly interesting is that those with the least ability
27
102095
3661
ู…ุง ูŠุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ุจุดูƒู„ ุฎุงุต ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ู…ู…ู† ูŠู…ุชู„ูƒูˆู† ุฃู‚ู„ ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ
01:45
are often the most likely to overrate their skills to the greatest extent.
28
105756
4880
ู‡ู… ุน ุงู„ุฃุบู„ุจ ู…ู† ูŠุจุงู„ุบูˆู† ููŠ ุชู‚ุฏูŠุฑ ู…ู‡ุงุฑุงุชู‡ู… ุฅู„ูŠ ุฃู‚ุตูŠ ุญุฏ.
01:50
People measurably poor at logical reasoning,
29
110636
2731
ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูู‚ุฑุงุก ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ู„ุญูˆุธ ููŠ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠุŒ
01:53
grammar,
30
113367
703
ู‚ูˆุงุนุฏ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉุŒ
01:54
financial knowledge,
31
114070
1047
ุงู„ุซู‚ุงูุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงู„ูŠุฉุŒ
01:55
math,
32
115117
866
01:55
emotional intelligence,
33
115983
1378
ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุชุŒ
ุงู„ุฐูƒุงุก ุงู„ุนุงุทููŠุŒ
01:57
running medical lab tests,
34
117361
1996
ุฅุฏุงุฑุฉ ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ุนุงู…ู„ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุฉุŒ
01:59
and chess
35
119357
1280
ูˆุงู„ุดุทุฑู†ุฌุŒ
02:00
all tend to rate their expertise almost as favorably as actual experts do.
36
120637
7601
ูƒู„ู‡ู… ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจู‹ุง ูŠู…ูŠู„ูˆู† ุฅู„ูŠ ุชู‚ูŠูŠู… ุฎุจุฑุงุชู‡ู… ุฅูŠุฌุงุจูŠู‹ุง ูƒู…ุง ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ุฎุจุฑุงุก ุงู„ูุนู„ูŠูˆู†.
02:08
So who's most vulnerable to this delusion?
37
128238
3159
ุฅุฐู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุนุฑุถุฉ ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชูˆู‡ู…ุŸ
02:11
Sadly, all of us because we all have pockets of incompetence
38
131397
4321
ู„ู„ุฃุณูุŒ ูƒู„ู†ุง ู„ุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ูุฌูˆุงุช ู…ู† ุนุฏู… ุงู„ูƒูุงุกุฉ
02:15
we don't recognize.
39
135718
2920
ู„ุง ู†ู„ุงุญุธู‡ุง.
02:18
But why?
40
138638
1182
ู„ูƒู† ู„ู…ุงุฐุงุŸ
02:19
When psychologists Dunning and Kruger first described the effect in 1999,
41
139820
4899
ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูˆุตู ุงู„ุทุจูŠุจุงู† ุงู„ู†ูุณูŠุงู† "ุฏุงู†ูŠู†ุบ" ูˆ"ูƒุฑูˆุฌุฑ" ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ู„ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุฑุฉ ููŠ 1999
02:24
they argued that people lacking knowledge and skill in particular areas
42
144719
4154
ุชู†ุงู‚ุดุง ููŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุนุงู†ูˆู† ู…ู† ู†ู‚ุต ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ู‡ุงุฑุงุช ููŠ ู…ุฌุงู„ุงุช ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ
02:28
suffer a double curse.
43
148873
2456
ูŠุนุงู†ูˆู† ู„ุนู†ุฉ ู…ุถุงุนูุฉ.
02:31
First, they make mistakes and reach poor decisions.
44
151329
3819
ุฃูˆู„ู‹ุงุŒ ูŠุฑุชูƒุจูˆู† ุงู„ุฃุฎุทุงุก ูˆูŠุชูˆุตู„ูˆู† ุฅู„ูŠ ู‚ุฑุงุฑุงุช ุณูŠุฆุฉ.
02:35
But second, those same knowledge gaps also prevent them from catching their errors.
45
155148
5433
ู„ูƒู† ุซุงู†ูŠู‹ุงุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุฌูˆุงุช ุงู„ู…ุนุฑููŠุฉ ุฐุงุชู‡ุง ุชู…ู†ุนู‡ู… ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุฎุทุงุฆู‡ู…
02:40
In other words, poor performers lack the very expertise needed
46
160581
3868
ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃุฎุฑูŠุŒ ุถุนุงู ุงู„ุฃุฏุงุก ูŠูุชู‚ุฏูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎุจุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ุทู„ูˆุจุฉ ุจุนูŠู†ู‡ุง
02:44
to recognize how badly they're doing.
47
164449
2970
ู„ูƒูŠ ูŠุฏุฑูƒูˆุง ู…ุฏู‰ ุณูˆุก ู…ุง ูŠูุนู„ูˆู†.
02:47
For example, when the researchers studied
48
167419
2000
ุนู„ูŠ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุฏุฑุณ ุงู„ุจุงุญุซูˆู†
02:49
participants in a college debate tournament,
49
169419
2560
ู…ุดุงุฑูƒูŠู† ููŠ ู…ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ ุฌุงู…ุนูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู†ู‚ุงุดุŒ
02:51
the bottom 25% of teams in preliminary rounds
50
171979
3590
ุฃู‚ู„ 25% ู…ู† ุงู„ูุฑู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ุฌูˆู„ุงุช ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ูŠุฉ
02:55
lost nearly four out of every five matches.
51
175569
4054
ุฎุณุฑูˆุง ู…ุง ูŠู‚ุฑุจ ู…ู† ุฃุฑุจุน ู…ุจุงุฑูŠุงุช ู…ู† ุฃุตู„ ุฎู…ุณ ู…ุจุงุฑูŠุงุชุŒ
02:59
But they thought they were winning almost 60%.
52
179623
3606
ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุงุนุชู‚ุฏูˆุง ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠููˆุฒูˆู† ุจู†ุณุจุฉ 60%.
03:03
WIthout a strong grasp of the rules of debate,
53
183229
2772
ุฏูˆู† ูู‡ู… ุฌูŠุฏ ู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงุดุŒ
03:06
the students simply couldn't recognize when or how often
54
186001
3549
ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ ู„ู… ูŠุนุฑู ุงู„ุชู„ุงู…ูŠุฐ "ู…ุชู‰ุŸ" ูˆ"ูƒู… ู…ุฑุฉุŸ"
03:09
their arguments broke down.
55
189550
2941
ุงู†ู‡ุงุฑุช ุญุฌุฌู‡ู….
03:12
The Dunning-Kruger effect isn't a question of ego blinding us to our weaknesses.
56
192491
4949
ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ "ุฏุงู†ูŠู†ุบ ูƒุฑูˆุฌุฑ" ู‡ูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ุบุฑูˆุฑ ุชุนู…ูŠู†ุง ุนู† ู†ู‚ุงุท ุถุนูู†ุง.
03:17
People usually do admit their deficits once they can spot them.
57
197440
4101
ุฃุบู„ุจ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู† ูŠุนุชุฑู ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุจุนุฌุฒู‡ู… ุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฃู† ูŠุชู…ูƒู†ูˆุง ู…ู† ุงูƒุชุดุงูู‡.
03:21
In one study, students who had initially done badly on a logic quiz
58
201541
4110
ููŠ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉุŒ ุงู„ุชู„ุงู…ูŠุฐ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุฃุฎูู‚ูˆุง ููŠ ุงู…ุชุญุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚
03:25
and then took a mini course on logic
59
205651
2389
ูˆุจุนุฏู‡ุง ุฃุฎุฐูˆุง ุฏูˆุฑุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚
03:28
were quite willing to label their original performances as awful.
60
208040
6041
ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุนู„ูŠ ุงุณุชุนุฏุงุฏ ุชุงู… ุจุฃู† ูŠุตููˆุง ุฃุฏุงุกู‡ู… ุงู„ุฃุตู„ูŠ ุจุงู„ูุธูŠุน.
03:34
That may be why people with a moderate amount of experience or expertise
61
214081
3990
ู‚ุฏ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุณุจุจ ููŠ ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠู…ู„ูƒูˆู† ูƒู…ูŠุฉ ู…ุนุชุฏู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุจุฑุฉ
03:38
often have less confidence in their abilities.
62
218071
3220
ุบุงู„ุจู‹ุง ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆู† ุฃู‚ู„ ุซู‚ุฉ ููŠ ู‚ุฏุฑุงุชู‡ู…ุŒ
03:41
They know enough to know that there's a lot they don't know.
63
221291
3400
ูู‡ู… ูŠุนุฑููˆู† ูƒูุงูŠุฉ ู„ูƒูŠ ูŠุฏุฑูƒูˆุง ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู…ุง ู„ุง ูŠุนุฑููˆู†ู‡.
03:44
Meanwhile, experts tend to be aware of just how knowledgeable they are.
64
224691
4550
ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู†ูุณู‡ุŒ ูŠู…ูŠู„ ุงู„ุฎุจุฑุงุก ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุนู„ูŠ ุจูŠู†ุฉ ู…ู† ู…ุฏู‰ ู…ุนุฑูุชู‡ู….
03:49
But they often make a different mistake:
65
229241
1960
ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุบุงู„ุจู‹ุง ู…ุง ูŠุฎุทุฆูˆู† ุฎุทุฃ ุขุฎุฑุŒ
03:51
they assume that everyone else is knowledgeable, too.
66
231201
5231
ูู‡ู… ูŠูุชุฑุถูˆู† ุฃู† ูƒู„ ุดุฎุต ุขุฎุฑ ู‡ูˆ ูˆุงุณุน ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฃูŠุถู‹ุง.
03:56
The result is that people, whether they're inept or highly skilled,
67
236432
3651
ูˆุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุคู‡ู„ูŠู† ุฃูˆ ุฐูˆูŠ ูƒูุงุกุฉ ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ
04:00
are often caught in a bubble of inaccurate self-perception.
68
240083
4269
ุฏุงุฆู…ู‹ุง ู…ุง ูŠู‚ุนูˆู† ููŠ ูˆู‡ู… ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู… ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ุตุญูŠุญุฉ.
04:04
When they're unskilled, they can't see their own faults.
69
244352
3321
ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠูุชู‚ุฑูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ู‡ุงุฑุงุช ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุฃุฎุทุงุฆู‡ู….
04:07
When they're exceptionally competent,
70
247673
1788
ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆู† ุฃูƒูุงุก ุนู„ูŠ ู†ุญูˆ ู…ู…ุชุงุฒุŒ
04:09
they don't perceive how unusual their abilities are.
71
249461
4842
ู„ุง ูŠุฏุฑูƒูˆู† ู…ุฏูŠ ุงุณุชุซู†ุงุฆูŠุฉ ู‚ุฏุฑุงุชู‡ู….
04:14
So if the Dunning-Kruger effect is invisible to those experiencing it,
72
254303
4190
ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ "ุฏุงู†ูŠู†ุบ ูƒุฑูˆุฌุฑ" ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุฑุฆูŠ ู„ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุนุงู†ูˆู† ู…ู†ู‡ุŒ
04:18
what can you do to find out how good you actually are at various things?
73
258493
6380
ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ู…ุฏู‰ ุฃู†ุช ุฌูŠุฏ ููŠ ูุนู„ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉุŸ
04:24
First, ask for feedback from other people,
74
264873
2651
ุฃูˆู„ู‹ุงุŒ ุงุทู„ุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุฃู† ูŠู‚ูˆู…ูˆุง ุจุชู‚ูŠูŠู…ูƒุŒ
04:27
and consider it, even if it's hard to hear.
75
267524
3060
ูˆุงู‡ุชู… ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชู‚ูŠูŠู…ุŒ ุญุชูŠ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ูŠุตุนุจ ุณู…ุงุนู‡.
04:30
Second, and more important, keep learning.
76
270584
2651
ุซุงู†ูŠู‹ุงุŒ ูˆุงู„ุฃู‡ู…ุŒ ุงุณุชู…ุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุนู„ู….
04:33
The more knowledgeable we become,
77
273235
1700
ูƒู„ู…ุง ุฒุงุฏุช ู…ุนุฑูุชู†ุงุŒ
04:34
the less likely we are to have invisible holes in our competence.
78
274935
5519
ูƒู„ู…ุง ู‚ู„ุช ุงุญุชู…ุงู„ูŠุฉ ุฃู† ู†ู…ุชู„ูƒ ูุฌูˆุงุช ููŠ ู…ู‡ุงุฑุงุชู†ุงุŒ
04:40
Perhaps it all boils down to that old proverb:
79
280454
2879
ุฑุจู…ุง ูƒู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุชู„ุฎุต ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…:
04:43
When arguing with a fool,
80
283333
1502
ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุชุฌุงุฏู„ ู…ุน ุดุฎุต ุฃุญู…ู‚ุŒ
04:44
first make sure the other person isn't doing the same thing.
81
284835
4280
ุฃูˆู„ู‹ุง ุชุฃูƒุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุงู„ุขุฎุฑ ู„ุง ูŠูุนู„ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ู†ูุณู‡.
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7