Why incompetent people think they're amazing - David Dunning

11,686,107 views ใƒป 2017-11-09

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Roni Ravia
00:07
Are you as good at things as you think you are?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืชื?
00:10
How good are you at managing money?
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ื›ืžื” ืืชื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื›ืกืคื™ื?
00:13
What about reading people's emotions?
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ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืงืจื™ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื?
00:16
How healthy are you compared to other people you know?
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ื›ืžื” ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืืชื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื?
00:20
Are you better than average at grammar?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ื“ืงื“ื•ืง?
00:23
Knowing how competent we are
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ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
00:24
and how are skill stack up against other people's
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ื•ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชื•ื•ื™ื ืœืืœื• ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
00:27
is more than a self-esteem boost.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช.
00:30
It helps us figure out when we can forge ahead on our own decisions and instincts
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
00:34
and when we need, instead, to seek out advice.
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ื•ืžืชื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืขืฆื”.
00:39
But psychological research suggests that we're not very good
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
00:42
at evaluating ourselves accurately.
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ื‘ื ืชื™ื ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•.
00:45
In fact, we frequently overestimate our own abilities.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”.
00:50
Researchers have a name for this phenomena,
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ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ื•,
00:52
the Dunning-Kruger effect.
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ืืคืงื˜ ื“ืื ื™ื ื’ ืงืจื•ื’ืจ.
00:55
This effect explains why more than 100 studies
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ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 100 ืžื—ืงืจื™ื
00:58
have shown that people display illusory superiority.
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ื”ืจืื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ืช.
01:02
We judge ourselves as better than others
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื
01:04
to a degree that violates the laws of math.
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืžืคืจื” ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
01:08
When software engineers at two companies were asked to rate their performance,
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ื›ืฉืžืชื›ื ืชื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื“ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
01:12
32% of the engineers at one company and 42% at the other
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32% ืžื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืช ื• 42% ื‘ืื—ืจืช
01:17
put themselves in the top 5%.
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ืฉืžื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ 5% ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื.
01:21
In another study, 88% of American drivers
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ืจ, 88% ืžื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
01:25
described themselves as having above average driving skills.
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ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
01:29
These aren't isolated findings.
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ืืœื• ืื™ื ื ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
01:31
On average, people tend to rate themselves better than most
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื“ืจื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืจื•ื‘
01:34
in disciplines ranging from health, leadership skills, ethics, and beyond.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช, ืืชื™ืงื” ื•ืขื•ื“.
01:42
What's particularly interesting is that those with the least ability
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ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื–ื” ืฉืืœื” ืขื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:45
are often the most likely to overrate their skills to the greatest extent.
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ื”ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืืœื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื ืคื—ื• ืืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื”ื ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”.
01:50
People measurably poor at logical reasoning,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืžืฉ ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื•ื’ื™,
01:53
grammar,
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ื“ืงื“ื•ืง,
01:54
financial knowledge,
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ื™ื“ืข ืคื™ื ื ืกื™,
01:55
math,
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01:55
emotional intelligence,
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ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช,
01:57
running medical lab tests,
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ืขืจื™ื›ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื,
01:59
and chess
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ื•ืฉื—ืžื˜
02:00
all tend to rate their expertise almost as favorably as actual experts do.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื“ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžื“ืจื’ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื.
02:08
So who's most vulnerable to this delusion?
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ืื– ืžื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืคื•ืœ ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœืืฉืœื™ื” ื–ื•?
02:11
Sadly, all of us because we all have pockets of incompetence
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
02:15
we don't recognize.
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื.
02:18
But why?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื”?
02:19
When psychologists Dunning and Kruger first described the effect in 1999,
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ื›ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื“ืื ื™ื ื’ ื•ืงืจื•ื’ืจ ืชืืจื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื‘1999,
02:24
they argued that people lacking knowledge and skill in particular areas
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ื”ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ืกืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื“ืข ื•ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื
02:28
suffer a double curse.
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ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืงืœืœื” ื›ืคื•ืœื”.
02:31
First, they make mistakes and reach poor decisions.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช.
02:35
But second, those same knowledge gaps also prevent them from catching their errors.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ืช, ืื•ืชื ืคืขืจื™ ื™ื“ืข ื’ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:40
In other words, poor performers lack the very expertise needed
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื—ืกืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื”
02:44
to recognize how badly they're doing.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื.
02:47
For example, when the researchers studied
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืฉื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื•
02:49
participants in a college debate tournament,
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ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื•ืช,
02:51
the bottom 25% of teams in preliminary rounds
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืจื’ื• ื‘ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื
02:55
lost nearly four out of every five matches.
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ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื.
02:59
But they thought they were winning almost 60%.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ 60% ืžื”ื.
03:03
WIthout a strong grasp of the rules of debate,
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ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™,
03:06
the students simply couldn't recognize when or how often
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ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžืชื™ ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืชื›ื™ืคื•ืช
03:09
their arguments broke down.
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ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืชืคื•ืจืจื•.
03:12
The Dunning-Kruger effect isn't a question of ego blinding us to our weaknesses.
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ืืคืงื˜ ื“ืื ื™ื ื’ ืงืจื•ื’ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ืื’ื• ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
03:17
People usually do admit their deficits once they can spot them.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื.
03:21
In one study, students who had initially done badly on a logic quiz
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“, ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื”
03:25
and then took a mini course on logic
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ื•ืื– ืœืงื—ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืงื•ืจืก ืงืฆืจ
03:28
were quite willing to label their original performances as awful.
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ื”ื™ื• ื“ื™ ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื“ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื.
03:34
That may be why people with a moderate amount of experience or expertise
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช
03:38
often have less confidence in their abilities.
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ื™ืฉ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
03:41
They know enough to know that there's a lot they don't know.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
03:44
Meanwhile, experts tend to be aware of just how knowledgeable they are.
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ืžื ื’ื“, ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื“ืข ื ืจื—ื‘.
03:49
But they often make a different mistake:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจืช:
03:51
they assume that everyone else is knowledgeable, too.
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ื”ื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื“ืข.
03:56
The result is that people, whether they're inept or highly skilled,
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
04:00
are often caught in a bubble of inaccurate self-perception.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื ืชืคืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช.
04:04
When they're unskilled, they can't see their own faults.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžื ื•ืกื™ื, ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื.
04:07
When they're exceptionally competent,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช,
04:09
they don't perceive how unusual their abilities are.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
04:14
So if the Dunning-Kruger effect is invisible to those experiencing it,
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ืื– ืื ืืคืงื˜ ื“ืื ื™ื ื’ ืงืจื•ื’ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื” ืœืืœื” ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื•,
04:18
what can you do to find out how good you actually are at various things?
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ืžื” ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื›ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื?
04:24
First, ask for feedback from other people,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืงืฉื• ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
04:27
and consider it, even if it's hard to hear.
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ื•ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœื”ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข.
04:30
Second, and more important, keep learning.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“.
04:33
The more knowledgeable we become,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื“ืข,
04:34
the less likely we are to have invisible holes in our competence.
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ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื•.
04:40
Perhaps it all boils down to that old proverb:
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ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืชืžืฆื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื”ื”ื•ื:
04:43
When arguing with a fool,
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ื›ืฉืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืขื ื˜ื™ืคืฉ,
04:44
first make sure the other person isn't doing the same thing.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ื•ื•ื“ืื• ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ืื—ืจ ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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