Joe Landolina: This gel can make you stop bleeding instantly

譯者: William Choi 審譯者: Sherry Chen

I want you guys to imagine that you're a soldier

大家想像一下：你是一名士兵，

running through the battlefield.

正在戰場上奔跑。

Now, you're shot in the leg with a bullet,

現在你的腿被一顆子彈射中，

which severs your femoral artery.

使你的股動脈撕裂，

Now, this bleed is extremely traumatic

現在，血流如注

and can kill you in less than three minutes.

三分鐘之內就可致命。

Unfortunately, by the time that a medic

不幸的是，等到救護兵

actually gets to you,

總算來到你身邊時，

what the medic has on his or her belt

拿出他或她腰間的醫用設備，

can take five minutes or more,

可要花上五分鐘以上的時間，

with the application of pressure, to stop that type of bleed.

通過施壓來止住出血。

Now, this problem is not only a huge problem

現在，這個問題不止是軍隊的大問題，

for the military, but it's also a huge problem

同樣也是涉及到

that's epidemic throughout the entire medical field,

整個醫學界的大問題，

which is how do we actually look at wounds

我們究竟該如何看待傷口，

and how do we stop them quickly

怎樣通過一種 符合身體運行機制的方法

in a way that can work with the body?

盡快止血？

So now, what I've been working on for the last four years

所以，我在過去四年一直致力於

is to develop smart biomaterials,

開發智慧生物材料，

which are actually materials that will work

這些生物材料可以

with the body, helping it to heal

很好地在身體上作用，幫助治癒

and helping it to allow the wounds to heal normally.

且幫助傷口正常癒合。

So now, before we do this, we have to take a much closer look

所以在提及這些前， 我們要仔細研究一下

at actually how does the body work.

身體究竟是怎樣運作的。

So now, everybody here knows

在座大家都應知道

that the body is made up of cells.

身體是由細胞所構成的，

So the cell is the most basic unit of life.

細胞是構成生命的最基本單位。

But not many people know what else.

但是大多數人對其他單位 卻甚少了解。

But it actually turns out that your cells

事實上，你的細胞

sit in this mesh of complicated fibers,

散落在錯綜複雜的纖維、

proteins and sugars

蛋白質和糖之間，

known as the extracellular matrix.

稱為細胞外基質 (ECM)。

So now, the ECM

細胞外基質

is actually this mesh that holds the cells in place,

實際是一個可以固定細胞的網架結搆，

provides structure for your tissues,

給你的組織提供支撐，

but it also gives the cells a home.

同樣也為細胞提供容身之所。

It allows them to feel what they're doing,

細胞外基質可以使細胞 了解它們正在做什麼，

where they are, and tells them

它們在哪裡，並且告訴它們

how to act and how to behave.

該怎樣運作，怎樣表現。

And it actually turns out that the extracellular matrix

此外，細胞外基質事實上

is different from every single part of the body.

在身體不同部位都不一樣的，

So the ECM in my skin

就是說，皮膚細胞外基質

is different than the ECM in my liver,

與肝臟細胞外基質是不同的，

and the ECM in different parts of the same organ

而且在同一器官中的細胞外基質

actually vary, so it's very difficult

實際上也會有不同，所以很難實現

to be able to have a product

生產一種產品

that will react to the local extracellular matrix,

可以跟不同部位的 細胞外基質產生反應，

which is exactly what we're trying to do.

而這正是我們要嘗試去做的事。

So now, for example, think of the rainforest.

舉一個例子，想像一片熱帶雨林。

You have the canopy, you have the understory,

有樹冠層、有灌木層、

and you have the forest floor.

還有地面層。

Now, all of these parts of the forest

現在，森林裡所有這些組成部分

are made up of different plants,

都孕育著不同的植物，

and different animals call them home.

而不同動物稱之為家。

So just like that, the extracellular matrix

所以就像這樣，細胞外基質

is incredibly diverse in three dimensions.

在三維空間內存在 令人難以置信的多樣性。

On top of that, the extracellular matrix

另外，細胞外基質

is responsible for all wound healing,

負責所有傷口癒合的工作，

so if you imagine cutting the body,

如果你想像一下割破了身體，

you actually have to rebuild

實際上是要重建

this very complex ECM

這個非常複雜的細胞外基質，

in order to get it to form again,

以便讓傷口重新癒合，

and a scar, in fact, is actually

而傷疤事實上是

poorly formed extracellular matrix.

勉強重新組合的細胞外基質。

So now, behind me is an animation

現在，在我的身後面是一個

of the extracellular matrix.

關於細胞外基質的動畫。

So as you see, your cells sit in this complicated mesh

你可以看到，細胞坐落在 這個複雜的網絡中，

and as you move throughout the tissue,

並且隨著你在組織中移動，

the extracellular matrix changes.

細胞外基質也在變化著。

So now every other piece of technology on the market

所以現在市場上任何技術產品

can only manage a two- dimensional approximation

都只能夠管理一個二維的

of the extracellular matrix,

細胞外基質，

which means that it doesn't fit in

這就意味著它不能被

with the tissue itself.

置於組織當中。

So when I was a freshman at NYU,

所以當我還是紐約大學 的一年級新生時，

what I discovered was you could actually take

我發現實際上可以

small pieces of plant-derived polymers

提取小片由植物衍生的聚合物，

and reassemble them onto the wound.

然後放在傷口上面，使它們重新聚合。

So if you have a bleeding wound like the one behind me,

所以如果你有一個類似 我身後正在流血的傷口，

you can actually put our material onto this,

你可以把我們的材料塗抹在上面，

and just like Lego blocks,

就像樂高磚一樣，

it'll reassemble into the local tissue.

它將會跟部位的組織重新聚合。

So that means if you put it onto liver,

這意味著如果你把它塗在肝臟上，

it turns into something that looks like liver,

它會轉化成一些像肝組織的東西，

and if you put it onto skin,

如果你把它塗在皮膚上，

it turns into something that looks just like skin.

它會變成一些像皮膚組織的東西。

So when you put the gel on,

所以當你塗上這種凝膠，

it actually reassembles into this local tissue.

它會和相應部位的組織重新聚合。

So now, this has a whole bunch of applications,

因此這個材料有很多用途，

but basically the idea is, wherever you put this product,

但是最基本的思路就是， 不管你把這個產品塗在哪裡，

you're able to reassemble into it immediately.

它都可以立刻重新聚合。

Now, this is a simulated arterial bleed —

這是一個模擬動脈出血 —

blood warning —

出血警告 —

at twice human artery pressure.

是人類動脈壓的兩倍。

So now, this type of bleed is incredibly traumatic,

這種出血狀況是非常嚴峻的，

and like I said before, would actually take

且就像我之前說過的那樣，

five minutes or more with pressure

需要花五分鐘以上的時間，

to be able to stop.

通過施壓才能夠止血。

Now, in the time that it takes me to introduce the bleed itself,

現在，就在我介紹這個傷口時，

our material is able to stop that bleed,

我們的材料已經可以止住出血，

and it's because it actually goes on and works

這是因為它可以在

with the body to heal,

身體上起作用來癒合傷口，

so it reassembles into this piece of meat,

與這塊肉聚合在一起，

and then the blood actually recognizes

然後血流可以辨別

that that's happening, and produces fibrin,

它正在起作用，並且產生出纖維蛋白，

producing a very fast clot in less than 10 seconds.

然後在十秒鐘內很快就封堵傷口。

So now this technology — Thank you.

所以現在這項技術 — 謝謝

(Applause)

(掌聲)

So now this technology, by January, will be in the hands of veterinarians,

所以這項技術，在一月份前， 會先交到獸醫手裡，

and we're working very diligently to try to get it into the hands of doctors,

並且我們會努力實現 讓醫生掌握這種技術，

hopefully within the next year.

希望在接下來的一年中實現。

But really, once again, I want you guys to imagine

但是，我希望你們可以再想一次，

that you are a soldier running through a battlefield.

你是一個在戰場上奔跑的士兵。

Now, you get hit in the leg with a bullet,

現在，你腿上中槍，

and instead of bleeding out in three minutes,

無需面臨三分鐘內流盡血的命運， 取而代之的是，

you pull a small pack of gel out of your belt,

你從腰帶拿出一小盒凝膠，

and with the press of a button,

按下按鈕，

you're able to stop your own bleed

就可以為自己止血，

and you're on your way to recovery.

而傷情就會開始恢復。

Thank you very much.

謝謝大家

(Applause)

(掌聲)