Gayle Tzemach Lemmon: Women entrepreneurs, example not exception

翻译人员: Lili Liang 校对人员: Emma Zhao

We do not invest in victims,

我们不对弱者投资

we invest in survivors.

我们投资的是求生者

And in ways both big and small,

弱者的故事，

the narrative of the victim

从各个方面

shapes the way we see women.

促成了我们对女性的看法。

You can't count what you don't see.

眼见为实。

And we don't invest in what's invisible to us.

我们不会投资我们看不见的东西。

But this is the face

而这张面孔上

of resilience.

写着坚韧不拔。

Six years ago,

六年前，

I started writing about women entrepreneurs

我开始写女性企业家

during and after conflict.

有冲突中和冲突后的故事。

I set out to write a compelling economic story,

我开始着手撰写一个吸引人的经济故事，

one that had great characters, that no one else was telling,

这个故事的主角都了不起，没被别人讲过，

and one that I thought mattered.

而且在我看了这故事意义重大。

And that turned out to be women.

结果我选择了女性为故事主题。

I had left ABC news and a career I loved at the age of 30

当时我离开了ABC新闻台，离开了我热爱的事业，我当时正值而立之年

for business school,

我去读了商学，

a path I knew almost nothing about.

这是个我几乎一无所知的领域。

None of the women I had grown up with in Maryland

与我一同在马里兰州长大的女性朋友

had graduated from college,

没有一人大学毕业，

let alone considered business school.

更不用说去念商学院了。

But they had hustled to feed their kids

她们为喂养孩子

and pay their rent.

交房租而忙碌着。

And I saw from a young age

我很小的时候

that having a decent job and earning a good living

就认为拥有一份体面的工作，挣得一份不错的工资

made the biggest difference

最能帮助

for families who were struggling.

那些勉强度日的家庭。

So if you're going to talk about jobs,

如果要讲就业，

then you have to talk about entrepreneurs.

那就不能不提企业家。

And if you're talking about entrepreneurs

讲到企业家

in conflict and post-conflict settings,

在冲突中和后冲突时期，

then you must talk about women,

那就不得不提女性，

because they are the population you have left.

因为她们是冲突后剩下来的人口。

Rwanda in the immediate aftermath of the genocide

卢旺达在大屠杀之后

was 77 percent female.

剩下人口的百分之七十七为女性。

I want to introduce you

我想把我认识的几位企业家

to some of those entrepreneurs I've met

介绍给你们

and share with you some of what they've taught me over the years.

并与你们分享这些年我从她们身上学到的东西。

I went to Afghanistan in 2005

我2005年去到阿富汗

to work on a Financial Times piece,

做财经时报的一篇报道，

and there I met Kamila,

我遇到了一位年轻的女性卡米拉，

a young women who told me she had just turned down

她告诉我， 她才谢绝了

a job with the international community

一份与国际社会相关的工作

that would have paid her nearly $2,000 a month --

这份工作给她开出了2000美元的月薪

an astronomical sum in that context.

这在当地可是个天文数字。

And she had turned it down, she said,

她谢绝了这份工作，

because she was going to start her next business,

是因为她即将开始她下一项事业，

an entrepreneurship consultancy

一个创业咨询公司

that would teach business skills

在阿富汗各地

to men and women all around Afghanistan.

教授人们各种创业技能。

Business, she said,

她说：创业

was critical to her country's future.

关乎她祖国的未来。

Because long after this round of internationals left,

因为在国际组织离开之后，

business would help keep her country

创业能够帮助她的祖国

peaceful and secure.

维持和平与安全。

And she said business was even more important for women

她说 创业对于女性而言更为重要

because earning an income earned respect

能挣钱就能赢得尊重

and money was power for women.

对于女性金钱就意味着力量。

So I was amazed.

我非常佩服她。

I mean here was a girl who had never lived in peace time

这个女孩儿从未经历和平时期

who somehow had come to sound like a candidate from "The Apprentice."

说话的口气却好比真人秀“飞黄腾达”中的竞技者。

(Laughter)

（众人笑）

So I asked her, "How in the world do you know this much about business?

我问她：“ 你怎么会对创业这么了解？

Why are you so passionate?"

你哪来这么大的热情？”

She said, "Oh Gayle, this is actually my third business.

她说：“ 哦，盖尔，这都是我第三次创业了。

My first business was a dressmaking business

我第一次创业是做服装。

I started under the Taliban.

当时还是在塔利班的统治下。

And that was actually an excellent business,

我们做的很不错，

because we provided jobs for women all around our neighborhood.

因为给周围的女性提供了就业。

And that's really how I became an entrepreneur."

我就是这样成为一名企业家的。”

Think about this:

我们想想：

Here were girls who braved danger

在连门都出不了的动荡年月里

to become breadwinners

有这样一些女孩子

during years in which they couldn't even be on their streets.

不惧危险 自力更生。

And at a time of economic collapse

当经济陷入瘫痪

when people sold baby dolls and shoe laces

当人们卖洋娃娃 卖鞋带

and windows and doors

卖门窗

just to survive,

只为能生存下去时，

these girls made the difference

这些女孩子起了重要的作用

between survival and starvation

帮助许多人解决了温饱

for so many.

重拾了生计。

I couldn't leave the story, and I couldn't leave the topic either,

我不能不与人分享这个故事，也不能不关注这个主题，

because everywhere I went I met more of these women

因为 不管我走到哪里 都能碰到更多这样的女性

who no one seemed to know about,

而外界对她们似乎一无所知，

or even wish to.

甚至不屑于了解她们的事迹。

I went on to Bosnia,

我接着去了波斯尼亚，

and early on in my interviews I met with an IMF official

在采访之初 我去见了一位国际货币基金组织的官员

who said, "You know, Gayle,

那位官员说：“ 盖尔，

I don't think we actually have women in business in Bosnia,

我认为波斯尼亚没有任何女性企业家。

but there is a lady selling cheese nearby

不过，马路对面

on the side of the road.

有一个卖奶酪的妇女。

So maybe you could interview her."

或许你可以去采访她。”

So I went out reporting

于是 我就做报道去了

and within a day I met Narcisa Kavazovic

一天不到 我见到了纳尔希萨.卡瓦索维克

who at that point was opening a new factory

她当时正好在萨拉热窝战时的前线

on the war's former front lines in Sarajevo.

开办一家新的工厂。

She had started her business

在一个废弃的狭小车库里

squatting in an abandoned garage,

她开始了她的事业，

sewing sheets and pillow cases

缝制床单和枕套

she would take to markets all around the city

她把床单枕套拿到全城各个市场上去卖

so that she could support

以此来供养

the 12 or 13 family members

12到13个家庭成员

who were counting on her for survival.

他们都依靠她谋生。

By the time we met, she had 20 employees,

我和她见面时， 她有20名员工，

most of them women,

主要是女性，

who were sending their boys and their girls to school.

她们都在供儿女上学。

And she was just the start.

她的事业才刚起步。

I met women running essential oils businesses,

我还见过负责重要石油公司，

wineries

经营酒庄

and even the country's largest advertising agency.

甚至经营该国最大广告公司的女性。

So these stories together

这些事迹

became the Herald Tribune business cover.

一同登上了前驱论坛报商业版封面。

And when this story posted,

文章一经出版，

I ran to my computer to send it to the IMF official.

我立刻跑到电脑前 把它发给那位国际货币基金组织的官员。

And I said, "Just in case you're looking for entrepreneurs

我说：“ 要是您在找企业家

to feature at your next investment conference,

参加你们下一届投资大会，

here are a couple of women."

这里有几位女性人选。”

(Applause)

（众人鼓掌）

But think about this.

但话说回来，

The IMF official is hardly the only person

这位国际货币基金组织的官员

to automatically file women under micro.

并不是唯一个小瞧女性的人。

The biases, whether intentional or otherwise,

这些偏见，不论在国际上还是其他地方，

are pervasive,

都普遍存在，

and so are the misleading mental images.

对女性错误的印象是存在的。

If you see the word "microfinance,"

看到“小额信贷”一词，

what comes to mind?

你们会想到什么？

Most people say women.

许多人会说 女性。

And if you see the word "entrepreneur,"

而看到“企业家”一词，

most people think men.

人们往往会马上想到男性。

Why is that?

为什么？

Because we aim low and we think small

因为我们对女性的期望低

when it comes to women.

小看她们，

Microfinance is an incredibly powerful tool

小额信贷是一个相当有力的工具

that leads to self-sufficiency and self-respect,

帮助人们自给自足 提升自尊，

but we must move beyond micro-hopes

但我们对女性不能只抱微小的希望

and micro-ambitions for women,

和微小的期许，

because they have so much greater hopes for themselves.

因为她们对自身怀抱的是更宏伟的希望。

They want to move from micro to medium and beyond.

她们想从微小晋升到中等再晋升到更高水平。

And in many places,

在许多地方，

they're there.

她们已经处于更高水平了。

In the U.S., women-owned businesses

在美国，女性经营的企业

will create five and a half million new jobs by 2018.

到2018年将创造550万新增工作岗位。

In South Korea and Indonesia,

在韩国和印度尼西亚，

women own nearly half a million firms.

女性经营的公司将近有五十多万家。

China, women run 20 percent

在中国，百分之二十的小型企业经营者

of all small businesses.

为女性。

And in the developing world overall,

而在发展中国家，

That figure is 40 to 50 percent.

女性经营着百分之四十到五十的企业。

Nearly everywhere I go,

我所到之处，

I meet incredibly interesting entrepreneurs

我几乎都能见到非常有能力的企业家

who are seeking access to finance, access to markets

正四处寻求资金，进入市场

and established business networks.

并加入已有的商业网络。

They are often ignored

但她们常不受到重视

because they're harder to help.

因为帮助她们难度较大。

It is much riskier to give a 50,000 dollar loan

贷出50000美元的风险

than it is to give a 500 dollar loan.

比贷出500美元要高得多。

And as the World Bank recently noted,

根据世界银行最近公布的情况，

women are stuck in a productivity trap.

女性被困入了生产力的陷阱中。

Those in small businesses

小企业的经营者

can't get the capital they need to expand

无法得到所需的资金扩大企业规模

and those in microbusiness

那些微型企业

can't grow out of them.

无法进一步壮大。

Recently I was at the State Department in Washington

最近 我去了位于华盛顿的国务院

and I met an incredibly passionate entrepreneur from Ghana.

见到了来自加纳的一位充满朝气的企业家。

She sells chocolates.

她卖巧克力。

And she had come to Washington,

她去到华盛顿，

not seeking a handout and not seeking a microloan.

为的不是寻求施舍或小额贷款。

She had come seeking serious investment dollars

她寻求的是大笔的投资

so that she could build the factory

这样她才能建工厂

and buy the equipment she needs

和购买所需的设施

to export her chocolates

将巧克力

to Africa, Europe, the Middle East

出口到非洲，欧洲，中东

and far beyond --

以及世界各地-

capital that would help her to employ

她寻求资金来聘请更多员工

more than the 20 people

现在为她工作的员工

that she already has working for her,

只有20名，

and capital that would fuel her own country's

她寻求资金来推动祖国的

economic climb.

经济一步步往上爬。

The great news is

好在

we already know what works.

我们知道哪些做法是有效的。

Theory and empirical evidence

理论与实证

Have already taught us.

都教会了我们怎么做。

We don't need to invent solutions because we have them --

我们不用想办法 因为我们已经有办法了--

cash flow loans

根据收入而非资产

based in income rather than assets,

来发放现金流贷款，

loans that use secure contracts rather than collateral,

以可靠的合同而不是抵押的方式来发放贷款，

because women often don't own land.

因为女性通常没有土地。

And Kiva.org, the microlender,

小额信贷机构Kiva.org，

is actually now experimenting with crowdsourcing

正在尝试众包

small and medium sized loans.

中小额贷款。

And that's just to start.

这还只是一个开始。

Recently it has become very much in fashion

现在时下流行的一句话是

to call women "the emerging market of the emerging market."

“女性是新兴市场的新兴市场”。

I think that is terrific.

这妙极了。

You know why?

知道为什么吗？

Because -- and I say this as somebody who worked in finance --

因为--我是作为一个曾经涉足金融业的人才这么说的--

500 billion dollars at least

至少有5000亿美元

has gone into the emerging markets in the past decade.

在过去十年中进入了新兴市场。

Because investors saw the potential for return

因为投资者在经济增长缓慢的时期中

at a time of slowing economic growth,

看到了资金回报的潜力，

and so they created financial products

于是他们推出了

and financial innovation

为新兴市场量身打造的

tailored to the emerging markets.

金融产品。

How wonderful would it be

如果我们用腰包里的钱

if we were prepared to replace all of our lofty words

替换我们高尚的口号

with our wallets

把5000亿美元

and invest 500 billion dollars

投资给女性

unleashing women's economic potential?

释放她们的经济潜力 这难道不是绝妙的做法吗？

Just think of the benefits

想想这能带来多少好处

when it comes to jobs, productivity,

工作岗位，生产力，

employment, child nutrition,

就业，儿童营养，

maternal mortality, literacy

婴儿出生率，文化程度

and much, much more.

还有很多很多。

Because, as the World Economic Forum noted,

正如世界经济论坛提出的，

smaller gender gaps are directly correlated

这是由于 经济竞争力的提升

with increased economic competitiveness.

直接影响了性别差距的缩短。

And not one country in all the world

而世界上没有一个国家

has eliminated its economic participation gap --

消除了经济参与差距--

not one.

一个国家都没有。

So the great news

所幸的是

is this is an incredible opportunity.

这是一个绝好的机会。

We have so much room to grow.

我们有着极大的成长空间。

So you see,

所以，

this is not about doing good,

这不是在做慈善事业，

this is about global growth

而是事关全球增长

and global employment.

和全球就业。

It is about how we invest

事关我们如何投资

and it's about how we see women.

如何看待女性。

And women can no longer be

作为世界一半的人口

both half the population

女性不能再继续

and a special interest group.

被视为一个特殊利益群体了。

(Applause)

（众人鼓掌）

Oftentimes I get into very interesting discussions with reporters

我常常跟记者们进行非常有趣的讨论

who say to me, "Gayle, these are great stories,

他们对我说：“ 盖尔，这些事迹都很了不起，

but you're really writing about the exceptions."

但是你写的都只是特例。”

Now that makes me pause for just a couple reasons.

听到这话 我停下来想了想。

First of all, for exceptions,

第一，如果这些是特例的话

there are a lot of them

那也太多了吧

and they're important.

而且都那么重要。

Secondly, when we talk about men who are succeeding,

第二，当谈到成功的男性时，

we rightly consider them

我们顺理成章地

icons or pioneers or innovators

把他们当做偶像，先锋 或创新家

to be emulated.

来效仿。

And when we talk about women,

而谈到成功的女性，

they are either exceptions to be dismissed

就说她们是特例

or aberrations to be ignored.

或特殊情况 可以忽略不计。

And finally,

最后，

there is no society anywhere in all the world

世界上任何一个社会

that is not changed

无一不受

except by its most exceptional.

这一最特殊群体的影响而被改变。

So why wouldn't we celebrate and elevate

我们为什么不称赞并鼓励

these change makers and job creators

这些变革者 这些创造就业者

rather than overlook them?

而是忽视她们呢

This topic of resilience is very personal to me

对坚韧不拔这一主题我有切身体会

and in many ways has shaped my life.

从很多方面塑造了我的人生。

My mom was a single mom

我妈妈是个单身母亲

who worked at the phone company during the day

过去 她白天在电话公司上班

and sold Tupperware at night

晚上销售塑料制品

so that I could have every opportunity possible.

好让我能够享受各种机会。

We shopped double coupons

我们买东西都用双重优惠券

and layaway and consignment stores,

分期累积预付 去二手商店，

and when she got sick with stage four breast cancer

当她患了晚期乳癌 身体虚弱

and could no longer work,

不能继续工作的时候，

we even applied for food stamps.

我们甚至使用了粮票

And when I would feel sorry for myself

正如每个九岁或十岁的孩子

as nine or 10 year-old girls do,

我觉得自己命很苦

she would say to me, "My dear, on a scale of major world tragedies,

这时她就会对我说：“ 宝贝，你受的这点苦，

yours is not a three."

还不到国际水平呢。”

(Laughter)

（众人笑）

And when I was applying to business school

当我申请商学院时

and felt certain I couldn't do it

我认为自己肯定上不了

and nobody I knew had done it,

我认识的人中没有人上过，

I went to my aunt who survived years of beatings at the hand of her husband

我去找我阿姨， 她多年遭受丈夫的殴打

and escaped a marriage of abuse

最后她逃出了这段充满暴力的婚姻

with only her dignity intact.

保全了自己的尊严。

And she told me,

她对我说，

"Never import other people's limitations."

“ 别人做不到，决不代表你也做不到。”

And when I complained to my grandmother,

我的祖母，

a World War II veteran

参加过二战

who worked in film for 50 years

在电影界工作了50年

and who supported me from the age of 13,

从我13岁起开始抚养我，

that I was terrified

我向她抱怨说 我很害怕

that if I turned down a plum assignment at ABC

如果我拒绝了ABC电视台的美差

for a fellowship overseas,

而加入一个海外的奖学金项目，

I would never ever, ever find another job,

我可能再也找不到另一份工作了，

she said, "Kiddo, I'm going to tell you two things.

她对我说：“ 丫头，两句话，

First of all, no one turns down a Fulbright,

第一，谁都不会拒绝福布莱特奖学金。

and secondly, McDonald's is always hiring."

第二，麦当劳一直在招人。”

(Laughter)

（众人笑）

"You will find a job. Take the leap."

“ 你会找到工作的，放心去飞吧。”

The women in my family

我家族中的女性

are not exceptions.

绝非特例。

The women in this room and watching in L.A.

在座的女性 在洛杉矶收看直播的女性

and all around the world

世界各个角落的女性

are not exceptions.

都不是特例。

We are not a special interest group.

我们不是一个特殊利益群体。

We are the majority.

我们是多数。

And for far too long,

长久以来，

we have underestimated ourselves

我们低估了自己

and been undervalued by others.

也被其他人瞧不起。

It is time for us to aim higher

现在 看待女性时

when it comes to women,

我们要抱以更高的期许，

to invest more and to deploy our dollars

为她们提供更多投资

to benefit women all around the world.

用我们的钱造福世界各地的女性。

We can make a difference,

我们能够做出重大贡献，

and make a difference, not just for women,

不仅只为女性，

but for a global economy

更是为了全球经济

that desperately needs their contributions.

它急切需要女性的贡献。

Together we can make certain

我们携手并进

that the so-called exceptions

能够让所谓的特例人群

begin to rule.

发挥力量

When we change the way we see ourselves,

只要我们改变了对自己的看法，

others will follow.

其他人也会对我们另眼相看

And it is time for all of us

我们从现在开始

to think bigger.

高瞻远瞩吧

Thank you very much.

非常感谢大家。

(Applause)

（众人鼓掌）