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譯者: Joyce Chou
審譯者: Meg Lee
00:15
We do not invest in victims,
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我們不投資受害者
00:18
we invest in survivors.
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我們投資存活下來的人
00:20
And in ways both big and small,
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不論事件是大或小
00:23
the narrative of the victim
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受害者的敘述
00:25
shapes the way we see women.
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塑造了我們看待女性的方式
00:27
You can't count what you don't see.
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你不能指望你看不見的東西
00:30
And we don't invest in what's invisible to us.
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我們也不投資我們看不見的事物
00:33
But this is the face
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但這才是
00:35
of resilience.
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韌性的樣貌
00:38
Six years ago,
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六年前
00:40
I started writing about women entrepreneurs
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我開始書寫關於在衝突爆發個過程中或衝突發生之後
00:42
during and after conflict.
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女性創業者的故事
00:44
I set out to write a compelling economic story,
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我開始寫一則令人注目的經濟故事
00:46
one that had great characters, that no one else was telling,
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故事有著偉大的角色,但沒有被人談論過
00:49
and one that I thought mattered.
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是我覺得重要的故事
00:51
And that turned out to be women.
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那原來是女性的故事
00:54
I had left ABC news and a career I loved at the age of 30
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我離開了ABC新聞台,離開了我三十歲時喜歡的職業
00:57
for business school,
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為了讀商學院
00:59
a path I knew almost nothing about.
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這條我幾乎不了解的路
01:01
None of the women I had grown up with in Maryland
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在馬里蘭州,我沒有認識任何一位女性
01:04
had graduated from college,
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是從大學畢業的
01:06
let alone considered business school.
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更別說要去念商學院
01:08
But they had hustled to feed their kids
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但是他們忙於照顧他們的孩子
01:10
and pay their rent.
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和支付房租
01:12
And I saw from a young age
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我年輕時就看到
01:14
that having a decent job and earning a good living
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有一份好工作和良好的生活
01:16
made the biggest difference
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對那些掙扎著生活的家庭來說
01:18
for families who were struggling.
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是有很大的不同
01:20
So if you're going to talk about jobs,
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如果各位要談論工作
01:22
then you have to talk about entrepreneurs.
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那麼就要談談那些創業者
01:25
And if you're talking about entrepreneurs
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如果要談論那些
01:27
in conflict and post-conflict settings,
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在衝突中或衝突環境下的創業者
01:29
then you must talk about women,
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那一定要談談女性
01:31
because they are the population you have left.
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因為他們是我們遺忘的族群
01:34
Rwanda in the immediate aftermath of the genocide
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盧安達在經歷過大屠殺後
01:38
was 77 percent female.
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有77%的人口是女性
01:41
I want to introduce you
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我想跟各位介紹
01:43
to some of those entrepreneurs I've met
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一些我見過的創業者
01:45
and share with you some of what they've taught me over the years.
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並跟各位分享這些年來他們教導我的事
01:48
I went to Afghanistan in 2005
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2005年時我去了阿富汗
01:51
to work on a Financial Times piece,
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為金融時報工作
01:53
and there I met Kamila,
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在那裡我遇見了Kamila
01:55
a young women who told me she had just turned down
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她是位年輕女性
01:57
a job with the international community
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她告訴我她剛拒絕的一個在國際組織工作的機會
01:59
that would have paid her nearly $2,000 a month --
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這份工作可以給她每個月兩千元的薪水
02:02
an astronomical sum in that context.
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這對她來說是個天文數字
02:05
And she had turned it down, she said,
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但她說,她拒絕了這個機會
02:07
because she was going to start her next business,
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因為她要開始經營她另一項事業
02:10
an entrepreneurship consultancy
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是創業顧問
02:12
that would teach business skills
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要指導阿富汗的男性和女性
02:14
to men and women all around Afghanistan.
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商業技能
02:16
Business, she said,
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她說商業
02:18
was critical to her country's future.
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是影響她國家未來的關鍵
02:20
Because long after this round of internationals left,
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因為在這一波國際關注離開之後
02:23
business would help keep her country
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商業活動能為她的國家
02:25
peaceful and secure.
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帶來安全和和平
02:28
And she said business was even more important for women
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她也說了,商業活動對女性更是重要
02:31
because earning an income earned respect
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因為賺取收入能獲得尊重
02:34
and money was power for women.
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金錢對女性來說是種力量
02:37
So I was amazed.
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我對此感到驚奇
02:39
I mean here was a girl who had never lived in peace time
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那是一個從未在和平的時間生活過的女性
02:42
who somehow had come to sound like a candidate from "The Apprentice."
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卻怎麼的聽起來像是實境電視《誰是接班人》中的參賽者
02:45
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:47
So I asked her, "How in the world do you know this much about business?
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所以我問她「妳是如何如此了解商業活動的?
02:50
Why are you so passionate?"
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你為什麼對此如此熱情?」
02:52
She said, "Oh Gayle, this is actually my third business.
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她說「喔,Gayle,這其實是我第三項事業了
02:56
My first business was a dressmaking business
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我第一份生意是訂製衣服的生意
02:58
I started under the Taliban.
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我在塔利班政權統治下開始做的
03:00
And that was actually an excellent business,
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事實上生意挺好的
03:02
because we provided jobs for women all around our neighborhood.
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因為我們提供了附近的婦女們工作機會
03:05
And that's really how I became an entrepreneur."
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那也是我成為創業家的真正原因」
03:10
Think about this:
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各位想想
03:12
Here were girls who braved danger
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在這裡,女孩們冒著危險
03:14
to become breadwinners
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成為家庭的經濟支柱
03:16
during years in which they couldn't even be on their streets.
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在那些她們甚至無法走上街頭的年代
03:19
And at a time of economic collapse
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在經濟崩盤的時間
03:22
when people sold baby dolls and shoe laces
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當人們出售嬰兒玩偶和鞋帶
03:24
and windows and doors
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還有出售門窗
03:27
just to survive,
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為了生存的時候
03:30
these girls made the difference
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這些女孩們
03:32
between survival and starvation
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在生存和飢餓之間
03:34
for so many.
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做了許多改變
03:36
I couldn't leave the story, and I couldn't leave the topic either,
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我無法停止寫這個故事,也無法拋開這個題目
03:39
because everywhere I went I met more of these women
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因為我不管走到哪,我遇見更多這樣的女性
03:42
who no one seemed to know about,
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她們看似無人認識
03:44
or even wish to.
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也沒有人想認識
03:46
I went on to Bosnia,
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我去波斯尼亞
03:48
and early on in my interviews I met with an IMF official
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在我的採訪初期,我會見了國際貨幣基金組織官員
03:51
who said, "You know, Gayle,
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他告訴我「Gayle,你知道嗎
03:53
I don't think we actually have women in business in Bosnia,
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事實上我不認為在波斯尼亞有女性從事商業活動
03:55
but there is a lady selling cheese nearby
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但這裡有位小姐在附近販售起司
03:57
on the side of the road.
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就在路旁
03:59
So maybe you could interview her."
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所以也許你可以訪問她」
04:02
So I went out reporting
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所以我外出採訪
04:04
and within a day I met Narcisa Kavazovic
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不到一天,我遇見了Narcisa Kavazovic
04:07
who at that point was opening a new factory
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她在當時開了一間新工廠
04:09
on the war's former front lines in Sarajevo.
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就在薩拉熱窩戰爭的前線之前
04:12
She had started her business
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她就在一個
04:14
squatting in an abandoned garage,
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廢棄的車庫裡開始了她的生意
04:16
sewing sheets and pillow cases
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縫製床單和枕頭套
04:18
she would take to markets all around the city
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她會到城裡每一個市場去販售
04:20
so that she could support
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如此她才得以
04:22
the 12 or 13 family members
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支持12至13為家庭成員的生活
04:24
who were counting on her for survival.
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他們都仰賴她生活
04:27
By the time we met, she had 20 employees,
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在我們見面時,她擁有20名員工
04:29
most of them women,
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大部分都是女性
04:31
who were sending their boys and their girls to school.
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她們送她們的兒子女兒們到學校
04:34
And she was just the start.
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她只是一個開始
04:36
I met women running essential oils businesses,
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我遇過女性經營重要的石油生意
04:39
wineries
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酒廠
04:41
and even the country's largest advertising agency.
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甚至是國內最大的廣告公司
04:44
So these stories together
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這些故事綜合在一起
04:46
became the Herald Tribune business cover.
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成為先驅論壇報的商業新聞頭版
04:48
And when this story posted,
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當這則故事被報導出來
04:50
I ran to my computer to send it to the IMF official.
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我奔向我的電腦,立刻寄給了國際貨幣基金總部
04:52
And I said, "Just in case you're looking for entrepreneurs
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說「以防萬一,你們要找創業者
04:55
to feature at your next investment conference,
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作為貴單位下一場投資論壇的主題時,
04:58
here are a couple of women."
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這裡有很多女性。」
05:00
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
05:05
But think about this.
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但是各位想想
05:07
The IMF official is hardly the only person
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國際貨幣基金的這位代表,並非唯一一個
05:10
to automatically file women under micro.
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會自動地對女性如此藐視的人
05:13
The biases, whether intentional or otherwise,
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偏見,不論是有意還無心
05:15
are pervasive,
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都是普遍的
05:17
and so are the misleading mental images.
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更別說是誤導的心理印象
05:20
If you see the word "microfinance,"
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如果你看到「小額信貸」這個詞
05:22
what comes to mind?
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各位心裡會想到什麼?
05:25
Most people say women.
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大部分的人會說女性
05:27
And if you see the word "entrepreneur,"
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但如果各位看到「創業家」這個詞呢?
05:30
most people think men.
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大部分的人會想到男性
05:32
Why is that?
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為什麼會如此?
05:34
Because we aim low and we think small
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因為我們想到女性的時候
05:37
when it comes to women.
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目標不高也不遠大
05:39
Microfinance is an incredibly powerful tool
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小額信貸是種不可思議的有力工具
05:41
that leads to self-sufficiency and self-respect,
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這能帶來自給自足和自我尊重
05:44
but we must move beyond micro-hopes
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但我們必須讓女性超越那些微小的希望
05:46
and micro-ambitions for women,
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和那些微小的企圖心
05:48
because they have so much greater hopes for themselves.
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因為她們給了自己更大的希望
05:51
They want to move from micro to medium and beyond.
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她們想從圍小提升到中階甚至是更高的位置
05:54
And in many places,
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在許多地方
05:56
they're there.
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她們的確在那些高階位子上
05:58
In the U.S., women-owned businesses
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在美國,女性掌管的商業活動
06:00
will create five and a half million new jobs by 2018.
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到2018年將創造550萬新的就業機會
06:03
In South Korea and Indonesia,
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在南韓和印尼
06:06
women own nearly half a million firms.
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婦女擁有近五十萬家公司
06:09
China, women run 20 percent
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在中國,女性主導了
06:11
of all small businesses.
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百分二十的小型企業
06:13
And in the developing world overall,
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在全世界的開發中國家
06:15
That figure is 40 to 50 percent.
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數據更達百分之四十至五十
06:18
Nearly everywhere I go,
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幾乎我所到過的地方
06:20
I meet incredibly interesting entrepreneurs
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我遇見了非常有趣的創業家
06:22
who are seeking access to finance, access to markets
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正在尋求獲得資金,進入市場
06:25
and established business networks.
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建立起商業活動的網絡
06:27
They are often ignored
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她們常被忽視
06:29
because they're harder to help.
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因為她們難以被幫助
06:31
It is much riskier to give a 50,000 dollar loan
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要給予五萬美元的貸款
06:34
than it is to give a 500 dollar loan.
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遠比給予五百美金的貸款風險要高
06:37
And as the World Bank recently noted,
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如同世界銀行最近指出
06:39
women are stuck in a productivity trap.
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婦女被困在生產力的陷阱裡
06:42
Those in small businesses
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那些小型企業
06:44
can't get the capital they need to expand
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無法獲取他們所需的擴展資金
06:46
and those in microbusiness
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那些微型企業
06:48
can't grow out of them.
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無法成長
06:50
Recently I was at the State Department in Washington
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最近我在華盛頓國務院
06:53
and I met an incredibly passionate entrepreneur from Ghana.
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我遇到了一位來自加納極盡熱情的創業家
06:56
She sells chocolates.
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她是賣巧克力的
06:58
And she had come to Washington,
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她來到華盛頓
07:00
not seeking a handout and not seeking a microloan.
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不是來尋求施捨也不是來尋求小額貸款
07:03
She had come seeking serious investment dollars
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她是來尋找強力的投資資金
07:06
so that she could build the factory
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讓她能建立工廠
07:08
and buy the equipment she needs
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購買她所需的設備
07:10
to export her chocolates
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來出口她的巧克力
07:12
to Africa, Europe, the Middle East
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到非洲、歐洲和中東地區
07:14
and far beyond --
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甚至是更遠的地方
07:16
capital that would help her to employ
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資金也能幫助她
07:18
more than the 20 people
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再雇用多一點的員工
07:20
that she already has working for her,
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她現在已經有超過二十名員工為她工作
07:23
and capital that would fuel her own country's
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資金也能幫助她自己的國家
07:25
economic climb.
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有大幅的經濟成長
07:27
The great news is
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好消息是
07:29
we already know what works.
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我們知道確實是如此
07:31
Theory and empirical evidence
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理論和經驗證據
07:33
Have already taught us.
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告訴我們
07:35
We don't need to invent solutions because we have them --
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我們不需要發明解決方案
07:38
cash flow loans
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因為我們有現金流貸款
07:40
based in income rather than assets,
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那是根據收入而非資產做抵押
07:42
loans that use secure contracts rather than collateral,
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貸款使用安全合約而非抵押契約
07:45
because women often don't own land.
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因為女性通常沒有擁有土地
07:48
And Kiva.org, the microlender,
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Kiva.org,一間微型放款公司
07:50
is actually now experimenting with crowdsourcing
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其實正在實驗眾包
07:53
small and medium sized loans.
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一些中小型的貸款的計劃
07:55
And that's just to start.
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而這只是個開端
07:58
Recently it has become very much in fashion
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近來流行稱呼女性
08:01
to call women "the emerging market of the emerging market."
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新興市場中的新興市場
08:05
I think that is terrific.
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我認為這太讚了
08:07
You know why?
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各位知道為什麼嗎?
08:09
Because -- and I say this as somebody who worked in finance --
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因為 - 而我我以一個曾在金融圈打滾的身分這樣說 -
08:13
500 billion dollars at least
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在過去十年裡新興市場中
08:16
has gone into the emerging markets in the past decade.
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至少有五百億美元注入
08:19
Because investors saw the potential for return
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因為投資者看到了潛在的利潤
08:22
at a time of slowing economic growth,
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在經濟成長緩慢的時期
08:24
and so they created financial products
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他們針對了新興市場
08:26
and financial innovation
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創造了金融性商品
08:28
tailored to the emerging markets.
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和金融創新
08:31
How wonderful would it be
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如果我們用我們的荷包
08:34
if we were prepared to replace all of our lofty words
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投資五兆美元
08:36
with our wallets
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來取代那些高尚稱讚的話語
08:38
and invest 500 billion dollars
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幫助啟動女性的經濟潛力
08:40
unleashing women's economic potential?
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這個世界將是多麼美好
08:43
Just think of the benefits
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想想那些優點
08:45
when it comes to jobs, productivity,
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那些帶來的工作機會,生產力
08:47
employment, child nutrition,
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職業,兒童保健
08:49
maternal mortality, literacy
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產婦死亡率、識字率
08:51
and much, much more.
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還有很多很多
08:55
Because, as the World Economic Forum noted,
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因為如同世界經濟論壇指出
08:58
smaller gender gaps are directly correlated
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性別差距越小
09:01
with increased economic competitiveness.
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越能提高經濟競爭力
09:03
And not one country in all the world
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沒有一個國家
09:06
has eliminated its economic participation gap --
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已經填補兩性參與商業活動上的差距
09:09
not one.
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一個都沒有
09:11
So the great news
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所以好消息是
09:13
is this is an incredible opportunity.
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這就是一個大好機會
09:15
We have so much room to grow.
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我們有相當多的成長空間
09:18
So you see,
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所以
09:20
this is not about doing good,
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這不是只為做好事
09:22
this is about global growth
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這是為了全球的發展
09:24
and global employment.
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和就業市場
09:26
It is about how we invest
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這是關於我們如何投資
09:28
and it's about how we see women.
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如何看待女性
09:30
And women can no longer be
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女性已經不只是
09:32
both half the population
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世界上一半的人口
09:34
and a special interest group.
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小眾利益族群而已
09:36
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
09:43
Oftentimes I get into very interesting discussions with reporters
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我經常都和同行討論
09:46
who say to me, "Gayle, these are great stories,
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他們對我說「Gayle,這些故事真棒
09:48
but you're really writing about the exceptions."
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但你都寫的是一些例外。」
09:51
Now that makes me pause for just a couple reasons.
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那讓我停下來,基於幾個原因
09:54
First of all, for exceptions,
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首先,所謂的例外
09:56
there are a lot of them
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有好多
09:58
and they're important.
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而且都是重要的
10:01
Secondly, when we talk about men who are succeeding,
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第二,當我們談論那些成功的男人
10:04
we rightly consider them
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我們直接將他們
10:06
icons or pioneers or innovators
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視為指標、先驅、發明者
10:08
to be emulated.
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要仿效的對象
10:10
And when we talk about women,
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但當我們談論女性時
10:12
they are either exceptions to be dismissed
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就把他們當作是例外
10:15
or aberrations to be ignored.
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或是被忽略的奇人
10:18
And finally,
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最後
10:20
there is no society anywhere in all the world
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這個世界上沒有任何一個國家
10:23
that is not changed
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沒有被那些
10:25
except by its most exceptional.
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最傑出的人事務所改變
10:27
So why wouldn't we celebrate and elevate
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我們為何就不替這些
10:31
these change makers and job creators
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創造就業的人鼓掌抬轎
10:33
rather than overlook them?
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反而要忽略她們呢?
10:36
This topic of resilience is very personal to me
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韌性這對我來說是非常切身的主題
10:39
and in many ways has shaped my life.
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它從很多方面塑造了我的生活
10:42
My mom was a single mom
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我母親是一位單親媽媽
10:44
who worked at the phone company during the day
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她白天在電話公司工作
10:47
and sold Tupperware at night
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晚上在賣廚具用品
10:49
so that I could have every opportunity possible.
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因此我有各種可能的機會
10:52
We shopped double coupons
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我們會盡量使用折價卷買東西
10:54
and layaway and consignment stores,
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或用分期付款或買二手貨
10:56
and when she got sick with stage four breast cancer
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當我母親罹患乳癌末期時
10:59
and could no longer work,
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再也無法工作
11:01
we even applied for food stamps.
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我們甚至申請了食物卷
11:04
And when I would feel sorry for myself
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當時我大概九,十歲
11:06
as nine or 10 year-old girls do,
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我覺得自己好可憐
11:08
she would say to me, "My dear, on a scale of major world tragedies,
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媽媽會對我說「乖女兒,跟世界上
11:11
yours is not a three."
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其他悲慘故事相比,你的算什麼呢?」
11:13
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
11:15
And when I was applying to business school
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當我準備申請商學院
11:17
and felt certain I couldn't do it
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我覺得自己辦不到
11:19
and nobody I knew had done it,
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沒有任何一個我認識的人這樣做過
11:21
I went to my aunt who survived years of beatings at the hand of her husband
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我去找我的阿姨,她被她的丈夫家暴多年
11:24
and escaped a marriage of abuse
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最後只帶著尊嚴
11:26
with only her dignity intact.
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離開了這段暴力的婚姻
11:28
And she told me,
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她告訴了我
11:30
"Never import other people's limitations."
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「不要套用了其他人的限制在自己身上」
11:34
And when I complained to my grandmother,
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當我跟我的祖母抱怨
11:36
a World War II veteran
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她經歷過二戰
11:38
who worked in film for 50 years
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她在電影工業工作了五十年
11:40
and who supported me from the age of 13,
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從十三歲就開始資助我
11:42
that I was terrified
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我當時害怕
11:44
that if I turned down a plum assignment at ABC
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如果我拒絕了ABC給我的優質工作
11:46
for a fellowship overseas,
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只為了一個海外的獎學金
11:48
I would never ever, ever find another job,
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我可能永遠永遠都找不到其他工作
11:51
she said, "Kiddo, I'm going to tell you two things.
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她告訴我「孩子,我要告訴你兩件事:
11:53
First of all, no one turns down a Fulbright,
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第一、沒有人會拒絕Fulbright的獎學金
11:56
and secondly, McDonald's is always hiring."
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第二、麥當勞永遠都在徵人。」
11:59
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
12:01
"You will find a job. Take the leap."
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「你會找到工作的,飛吧。」
12:05
The women in my family
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我的家庭裡的女性
12:07
are not exceptions.
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並不是例外
12:09
The women in this room and watching in L.A.
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在座所有女性和在L.A.收看節目的女性們
12:11
and all around the world
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和全世界其他的女性們
12:13
are not exceptions.
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都不是例外
12:15
We are not a special interest group.
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我們不是小眾利益的族群
12:18
We are the majority.
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我們是大多數的人
12:20
And for far too long,
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有太長久的時間
12:22
we have underestimated ourselves
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我們都低估了自己
12:24
and been undervalued by others.
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或是被其他人給低估了
12:27
It is time for us to aim higher
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現在我們該把目標拉高
12:29
when it comes to women,
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當談論到女性
12:31
to invest more and to deploy our dollars
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我們該投資更多,讓我們的錢變大
12:34
to benefit women all around the world.
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幫助全世界所有的女性
12:37
We can make a difference,
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我們能改變
12:39
and make a difference, not just for women,
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改變,不只是為了女性
12:41
but for a global economy
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而是為了全球的經濟
12:43
that desperately needs their contributions.
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經濟迫切需要她們的貢獻
12:47
Together we can make certain
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大家一起,我們能使
12:49
that the so-called exceptions
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某些所謂的例外
12:51
begin to rule.
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變成一種慣例
12:53
When we change the way we see ourselves,
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當我們改變我們看待自己的方式
12:56
others will follow.
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其他的人會跟隨我們
12:58
And it is time for all of us
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現在對我們大家而言
13:00
to think bigger.
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正是往大方向思考的時候
13:02
Thank you very much.
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非常謝謝各位
13:04
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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