Gayle Tzemach Lemmon: Women entrepreneurs, example not exception

81,410 views ・ 2012-01-27

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:15
We do not invest in victims,
0
15260
3000
00:18
we invest in survivors.
1
18260
2000
00:20
And in ways both big and small,
2
20260
3000
00:23
the narrative of the victim
3
23260
2000
00:25
shapes the way we see women.
4
25260
2000
00:27
You can't count what you don't see.
5
27260
3000
00:30
And we don't invest in what's invisible to us.
6
30260
3000
00:33
But this is the face
7
33260
2000
00:35
of resilience.
8
35260
3000
00:38
Six years ago,
9
38260
2000
00:40
I started writing about women entrepreneurs
10
40260
2000
00:42
during and after conflict.
11
42260
2000
00:44
I set out to write a compelling economic story,
12
44260
2000
00:46
one that had great characters, that no one else was telling,
13
46260
3000
00:49
and one that I thought mattered.
14
49260
2000
00:51
And that turned out to be women.
15
51260
3000
00:54
I had left ABC news and a career I loved at the age of 30
16
54260
3000
00:57
for business school,
17
57260
2000
00:59
a path I knew almost nothing about.
18
59260
2000
01:01
None of the women I had grown up with in Maryland
19
61260
3000
01:04
had graduated from college,
20
64260
2000
01:06
let alone considered business school.
21
66260
2000
01:08
But they had hustled to feed their kids
22
68260
2000
01:10
and pay their rent.
23
70260
2000
01:12
And I saw from a young age
24
72260
2000
01:14
that having a decent job and earning a good living
25
74260
2000
01:16
made the biggest difference
26
76260
2000
01:18
for families who were struggling.
27
78260
2000
01:20
So if you're going to talk about jobs,
28
80260
2000
01:22
then you have to talk about entrepreneurs.
29
82260
3000
01:25
And if you're talking about entrepreneurs
30
85260
2000
01:27
in conflict and post-conflict settings,
31
87260
2000
01:29
then you must talk about women,
32
89260
2000
01:31
because they are the population you have left.
33
91260
3000
01:34
Rwanda in the immediate aftermath of the genocide
34
94260
4000
01:38
was 77 percent female.
35
98260
3000
01:41
I want to introduce you
36
101260
2000
01:43
to some of those entrepreneurs I've met
37
103260
2000
01:45
and share with you some of what they've taught me over the years.
38
105260
3000
01:48
I went to Afghanistan in 2005
39
108260
3000
01:51
to work on a Financial Times piece,
40
111260
2000
01:53
and there I met Kamila,
41
113260
2000
01:55
a young women who told me she had just turned down
42
115260
2000
01:57
a job with the international community
43
117260
2000
01:59
that would have paid her nearly $2,000 a month --
44
119260
3000
02:02
an astronomical sum in that context.
45
122260
3000
02:05
And she had turned it down, she said,
46
125260
2000
02:07
because she was going to start her next business,
47
127260
3000
02:10
an entrepreneurship consultancy
48
130260
2000
02:12
that would teach business skills
49
132260
2000
02:14
to men and women all around Afghanistan.
50
134260
2000
02:16
Business, she said,
51
136260
2000
02:18
was critical to her country's future.
52
138260
2000
02:20
Because long after this round of internationals left,
53
140260
3000
02:23
business would help keep her country
54
143260
2000
02:25
peaceful and secure.
55
145260
3000
02:28
And she said business was even more important for women
56
148260
3000
02:31
because earning an income earned respect
57
151260
3000
02:34
and money was power for women.
58
154260
3000
02:37
So I was amazed.
59
157260
2000
02:39
I mean here was a girl who had never lived in peace time
60
159260
3000
02:42
who somehow had come to sound like a candidate from "The Apprentice."
61
162260
3000
02:45
(Laughter)
62
165260
2000
02:47
So I asked her, "How in the world do you know this much about business?
63
167260
3000
02:50
Why are you so passionate?"
64
170260
2000
02:52
She said, "Oh Gayle, this is actually my third business.
65
172260
4000
02:56
My first business was a dressmaking business
66
176260
2000
02:58
I started under the Taliban.
67
178260
2000
03:00
And that was actually an excellent business,
68
180260
2000
03:02
because we provided jobs for women all around our neighborhood.
69
182260
3000
03:05
And that's really how I became an entrepreneur."
70
185260
3000
03:10
Think about this:
71
190260
2000
03:12
Here were girls who braved danger
72
192260
2000
03:14
to become breadwinners
73
194260
2000
03:16
during years in which they couldn't even be on their streets.
74
196260
3000
03:19
And at a time of economic collapse
75
199260
3000
03:22
when people sold baby dolls and shoe laces
76
202260
2000
03:24
and windows and doors
77
204260
3000
03:27
just to survive,
78
207260
3000
03:30
these girls made the difference
79
210260
2000
03:32
between survival and starvation
80
212260
2000
03:34
for so many.
81
214260
2000
03:36
I couldn't leave the story, and I couldn't leave the topic either,
82
216260
3000
03:39
because everywhere I went I met more of these women
83
219260
3000
03:42
who no one seemed to know about,
84
222260
2000
03:44
or even wish to.
85
224260
2000
03:46
I went on to Bosnia,
86
226260
2000
03:48
and early on in my interviews I met with an IMF official
87
228260
3000
03:51
who said, "You know, Gayle,
88
231260
2000
03:53
I don't think we actually have women in business in Bosnia,
89
233260
2000
03:55
but there is a lady selling cheese nearby
90
235260
2000
03:57
on the side of the road.
91
237260
2000
03:59
So maybe you could interview her."
92
239260
3000
04:02
So I went out reporting
93
242260
2000
04:04
and within a day I met Narcisa Kavazovic
94
244260
3000
04:07
who at that point was opening a new factory
95
247260
2000
04:09
on the war's former front lines in Sarajevo.
96
249260
3000
04:12
She had started her business
97
252260
2000
04:14
squatting in an abandoned garage,
98
254260
2000
04:16
sewing sheets and pillow cases
99
256260
2000
04:18
she would take to markets all around the city
100
258260
2000
04:20
so that she could support
101
260260
2000
04:22
the 12 or 13 family members
102
262260
2000
04:24
who were counting on her for survival.
103
264260
3000
04:27
By the time we met, she had 20 employees,
104
267260
2000
04:29
most of them women,
105
269260
2000
04:31
who were sending their boys and their girls to school.
106
271260
3000
04:34
And she was just the start.
107
274260
2000
04:36
I met women running essential oils businesses,
108
276260
3000
04:39
wineries
109
279260
2000
04:41
and even the country's largest advertising agency.
110
281260
3000
04:44
So these stories together
111
284260
2000
04:46
became the Herald Tribune business cover.
112
286260
2000
04:48
And when this story posted,
113
288260
2000
04:50
I ran to my computer to send it to the IMF official.
114
290260
2000
04:52
And I said, "Just in case you're looking for entrepreneurs
115
292260
3000
04:55
to feature at your next investment conference,
116
295260
3000
04:58
here are a couple of women."
117
298260
2000
05:00
(Applause)
118
300260
5000
05:05
But think about this.
119
305260
2000
05:07
The IMF official is hardly the only person
120
307260
3000
05:10
to automatically file women under micro.
121
310260
3000
05:13
The biases, whether intentional or otherwise,
122
313260
2000
05:15
are pervasive,
123
315260
2000
05:17
and so are the misleading mental images.
124
317260
3000
05:20
If you see the word "microfinance,"
125
320260
2000
05:22
what comes to mind?
126
322260
3000
05:25
Most people say women.
127
325260
2000
05:27
And if you see the word "entrepreneur,"
128
327260
3000
05:30
most people think men.
129
330260
2000
05:32
Why is that?
130
332260
2000
05:34
Because we aim low and we think small
131
334260
3000
05:37
when it comes to women.
132
337260
2000
05:39
Microfinance is an incredibly powerful tool
133
339260
2000
05:41
that leads to self-sufficiency and self-respect,
134
341260
3000
05:44
but we must move beyond micro-hopes
135
344260
2000
05:46
and micro-ambitions for women,
136
346260
2000
05:48
because they have so much greater hopes for themselves.
137
348260
3000
05:51
They want to move from micro to medium and beyond.
138
351260
3000
05:54
And in many places,
139
354260
2000
05:56
they're there.
140
356260
2000
05:58
In the U.S., women-owned businesses
141
358260
2000
06:00
will create five and a half million new jobs by 2018.
142
360260
3000
06:03
In South Korea and Indonesia,
143
363260
3000
06:06
women own nearly half a million firms.
144
366260
3000
06:09
China, women run 20 percent
145
369260
2000
06:11
of all small businesses.
146
371260
2000
06:13
And in the developing world overall,
147
373260
2000
06:15
That figure is 40 to 50 percent.
148
375260
3000
06:18
Nearly everywhere I go,
149
378260
2000
06:20
I meet incredibly interesting entrepreneurs
150
380260
2000
06:22
who are seeking access to finance, access to markets
151
382260
3000
06:25
and established business networks.
152
385260
2000
06:27
They are often ignored
153
387260
2000
06:29
because they're harder to help.
154
389260
2000
06:31
It is much riskier to give a 50,000 dollar loan
155
391260
3000
06:34
than it is to give a 500 dollar loan.
156
394260
3000
06:37
And as the World Bank recently noted,
157
397260
2000
06:39
women are stuck in a productivity trap.
158
399260
3000
06:42
Those in small businesses
159
402260
2000
06:44
can't get the capital they need to expand
160
404260
2000
06:46
and those in microbusiness
161
406260
2000
06:48
can't grow out of them.
162
408260
2000
06:50
Recently I was at the State Department in Washington
163
410260
3000
06:53
and I met an incredibly passionate entrepreneur from Ghana.
164
413260
3000
06:56
She sells chocolates.
165
416260
2000
06:58
And she had come to Washington,
166
418260
2000
07:00
not seeking a handout and not seeking a microloan.
167
420260
3000
07:03
She had come seeking serious investment dollars
168
423260
3000
07:06
so that she could build the factory
169
426260
2000
07:08
and buy the equipment she needs
170
428260
2000
07:10
to export her chocolates
171
430260
2000
07:12
to Africa, Europe, the Middle East
172
432260
2000
07:14
and far beyond --
173
434260
2000
07:16
capital that would help her to employ
174
436260
2000
07:18
more than the 20 people
175
438260
2000
07:20
that she already has working for her,
176
440260
3000
07:23
and capital that would fuel her own country's
177
443260
2000
07:25
economic climb.
178
445260
2000
07:27
The great news is
179
447260
2000
07:29
we already know what works.
180
449260
2000
07:31
Theory and empirical evidence
181
451260
2000
07:33
Have already taught us.
182
453260
2000
07:35
We don't need to invent solutions because we have them --
183
455260
3000
07:38
cash flow loans
184
458260
2000
07:40
based in income rather than assets,
185
460260
2000
07:42
loans that use secure contracts rather than collateral,
186
462260
3000
07:45
because women often don't own land.
187
465260
3000
07:48
And Kiva.org, the microlender,
188
468260
2000
07:50
is actually now experimenting with crowdsourcing
189
470260
3000
07:53
small and medium sized loans.
190
473260
2000
07:55
And that's just to start.
191
475260
3000
07:58
Recently it has become very much in fashion
192
478260
3000
08:01
to call women "the emerging market of the emerging market."
193
481260
4000
08:05
I think that is terrific.
194
485260
2000
08:07
You know why?
195
487260
2000
08:09
Because -- and I say this as somebody who worked in finance --
196
489260
4000
08:13
500 billion dollars at least
197
493260
3000
08:16
has gone into the emerging markets in the past decade.
198
496260
3000
08:19
Because investors saw the potential for return
199
499260
3000
08:22
at a time of slowing economic growth,
200
502260
2000
08:24
and so they created financial products
201
504260
2000
08:26
and financial innovation
202
506260
2000
08:28
tailored to the emerging markets.
203
508260
3000
08:31
How wonderful would it be
204
511260
3000
08:34
if we were prepared to replace all of our lofty words
205
514260
2000
08:36
with our wallets
206
516260
2000
08:38
and invest 500 billion dollars
207
518260
2000
08:40
unleashing women's economic potential?
208
520260
3000
08:43
Just think of the benefits
209
523260
2000
08:45
when it comes to jobs, productivity,
210
525260
2000
08:47
employment, child nutrition,
211
527260
2000
08:49
maternal mortality, literacy
212
529260
2000
08:51
and much, much more.
213
531260
4000
08:55
Because, as the World Economic Forum noted,
214
535260
3000
08:58
smaller gender gaps are directly correlated
215
538260
3000
09:01
with increased economic competitiveness.
216
541260
2000
09:03
And not one country in all the world
217
543260
3000
09:06
has eliminated its economic participation gap --
218
546260
3000
09:09
not one.
219
549260
2000
09:11
So the great news
220
551260
2000
09:13
is this is an incredible opportunity.
221
553260
2000
09:15
We have so much room to grow.
222
555260
3000
09:18
So you see,
223
558260
2000
09:20
this is not about doing good,
224
560260
2000
09:22
this is about global growth
225
562260
2000
09:24
and global employment.
226
564260
2000
09:26
It is about how we invest
227
566260
2000
09:28
and it's about how we see women.
228
568260
2000
09:30
And women can no longer be
229
570260
2000
09:32
both half the population
230
572260
2000
09:34
and a special interest group.
231
574260
2000
09:36
(Applause)
232
576260
7000
09:43
Oftentimes I get into very interesting discussions with reporters
233
583260
3000
09:46
who say to me, "Gayle, these are great stories,
234
586260
2000
09:48
but you're really writing about the exceptions."
235
588260
3000
09:51
Now that makes me pause for just a couple reasons.
236
591260
3000
09:54
First of all, for exceptions,
237
594260
2000
09:56
there are a lot of them
238
596260
2000
09:58
and they're important.
239
598260
3000
10:01
Secondly, when we talk about men who are succeeding,
240
601260
3000
10:04
we rightly consider them
241
604260
2000
10:06
icons or pioneers or innovators
242
606260
2000
10:08
to be emulated.
243
608260
2000
10:10
And when we talk about women,
244
610260
2000
10:12
they are either exceptions to be dismissed
245
612260
3000
10:15
or aberrations to be ignored.
246
615260
3000
10:18
And finally,
247
618260
2000
10:20
there is no society anywhere in all the world
248
620260
3000
10:23
that is not changed
249
623260
2000
10:25
except by its most exceptional.
250
625260
2000
10:27
So why wouldn't we celebrate and elevate
251
627260
4000
10:31
these change makers and job creators
252
631260
2000
10:33
rather than overlook them?
253
633260
3000
10:36
This topic of resilience is very personal to me
254
636260
3000
10:39
and in many ways has shaped my life.
255
639260
3000
10:42
My mom was a single mom
256
642260
2000
10:44
who worked at the phone company during the day
257
644260
3000
10:47
and sold Tupperware at night
258
647260
2000
10:49
so that I could have every opportunity possible.
259
649260
3000
10:52
We shopped double coupons
260
652260
2000
10:54
and layaway and consignment stores,
261
654260
2000
10:56
and when she got sick with stage four breast cancer
262
656260
3000
10:59
and could no longer work,
263
659260
2000
11:01
we even applied for food stamps.
264
661260
3000
11:04
And when I would feel sorry for myself
265
664260
2000
11:06
as nine or 10 year-old girls do,
266
666260
2000
11:08
she would say to me, "My dear, on a scale of major world tragedies,
267
668260
3000
11:11
yours is not a three."
268
671260
2000
11:13
(Laughter)
269
673260
2000
11:15
And when I was applying to business school
270
675260
2000
11:17
and felt certain I couldn't do it
271
677260
2000
11:19
and nobody I knew had done it,
272
679260
2000
11:21
I went to my aunt who survived years of beatings at the hand of her husband
273
681260
3000
11:24
and escaped a marriage of abuse
274
684260
2000
11:26
with only her dignity intact.
275
686260
2000
11:28
And she told me,
276
688260
2000
11:30
"Never import other people's limitations."
277
690260
3000
11:34
And when I complained to my grandmother,
278
694260
2000
11:36
a World War II veteran
279
696260
2000
11:38
who worked in film for 50 years
280
698260
2000
11:40
and who supported me from the age of 13,
281
700260
2000
11:42
that I was terrified
282
702260
2000
11:44
that if I turned down a plum assignment at ABC
283
704260
2000
11:46
for a fellowship overseas,
284
706260
2000
11:48
I would never ever, ever find another job,
285
708260
3000
11:51
she said, "Kiddo, I'm going to tell you two things.
286
711260
2000
11:53
First of all, no one turns down a Fulbright,
287
713260
3000
11:56
and secondly, McDonald's is always hiring."
288
716260
3000
11:59
(Laughter)
289
719260
2000
12:01
"You will find a job. Take the leap."
290
721260
3000
12:05
The women in my family
291
725260
2000
12:07
are not exceptions.
292
727260
2000
12:09
The women in this room and watching in L.A.
293
729260
2000
12:11
and all around the world
294
731260
2000
12:13
are not exceptions.
295
733260
2000
12:15
We are not a special interest group.
296
735260
3000
12:18
We are the majority.
297
738260
2000
12:20
And for far too long,
298
740260
2000
12:22
we have underestimated ourselves
299
742260
2000
12:24
and been undervalued by others.
300
744260
3000
12:27
It is time for us to aim higher
301
747260
2000
12:29
when it comes to women,
302
749260
2000
12:31
to invest more and to deploy our dollars
303
751260
3000
12:34
to benefit women all around the world.
304
754260
3000
12:37
We can make a difference,
305
757260
2000
12:39
and make a difference, not just for women,
306
759260
2000
12:41
but for a global economy
307
761260
2000
12:43
that desperately needs their contributions.
308
763260
4000
12:47
Together we can make certain
309
767260
2000
12:49
that the so-called exceptions
310
769260
2000
12:51
begin to rule.
311
771260
2000
12:53
When we change the way we see ourselves,
312
773260
3000
12:56
others will follow.
313
776260
2000
12:58
And it is time for all of us
314
778260
2000
13:00
to think bigger.
315
780260
2000
13:02
Thank you very much.
316
782260
2000
13:04
(Applause)
317
784260
5000
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7