How state budgets are breaking US schools | Bill Gates

170,284 views ・ 2011-03-05

TED


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翻译人员: Lili Liang 校对人员: Angelia King
00:15
Well, this is about state budgets.
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这与州预算有关
00:17
This is probably the most boring topic
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这可能是整个上午
00:20
of the whole morning.
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最无聊的话题
00:22
But I want to tell you, I think it's an important topic
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但是我想告诉你们,我认为这是个重要的话题
00:25
that we need to care about.
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值得我们关注
00:28
State budgets
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州预算
00:30
are big, big money --
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是一大笔钱--
00:33
I'll show you the numbers --
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我给大家看这些数字--
00:35
and they get very little scrutiny.
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而这些数字几乎没有经过审计
00:38
The understanding is very low.
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这令人费解
00:41
Many of the people involved
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许多相关人员
00:43
have special interests or short-term interests
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只看到特殊或短期的利益
00:45
that get them not thinking
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而忽视了
00:47
about what the implications of the trends are.
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这么做在将来会产生什么后果
00:51
And these budgets
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这些预算
00:53
are the key for our future;
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对于我们的未来至关重要
00:55
they're the key for our kids.
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它们是孩子成长的关键
00:57
Most education funding --
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绝大多数教育资金--
00:59
whether it's K through 12,
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不论是幼儿园到高中
01:01
or the great universities or community colleges --
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还是重点大学或社区大学--
01:04
most of the money for those things
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大多数被投入这些方面的资金
01:06
is coming out of these state budgets.
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都是从州预算中拨出
01:09
But we have a problem.
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但这里出了个问题
01:11
Here's the overall picture.
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这是总体的情况
01:13
U.S. economy is big --
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美国的经济非常庞大--
01:16
14.7 trillion.
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十四万七千亿
01:18
Now out of that pie,
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而在这块馅饼中
01:20
the government spends 36 percent.
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政府开支占了36%
01:23
So this is combining the federal level,
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这是联邦政府一级--
01:25
which is the largest,
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也就是最大的这部分--
01:27
the state level and the local level.
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州一级、地方一级的支出总和
01:29
And it's really in this combined way
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只有从整体的角度看
01:31
that you get an overall sense of what's going on,
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你才能大体了解实际的情况
01:33
because there's a lot of complex things
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因为里面有许多复杂的事情
01:35
like Medicaid and research money
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如医疗保障以及研究经费
01:37
that flow across those boundaries.
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在这些分界线之间
01:40
But we're spending 36 percent.
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但我们的支出占了36%
01:42
Well what are we taking in?
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而我们的收入是多少?
01:44
Simple business question.
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简单的商业问题
01:46
Answer is 26 percent.
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答案是26%
01:50
Now this leaves 10 percent deficit,
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那么10%的赤字就产生了
01:55
sort of a mind-blowing number.
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有点骇人听闻
01:58
And some of that, in fact, is due to the fact
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在某种程度上,这是由于
02:01
that we've had an economic recession.
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我们刚遭受了经济衰退的影响
02:03
Receipts go down,
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收入降低
02:05
some spending programs go up,
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而一些支出项目增多
02:07
but most of it is not because of that.
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然而这些并不是主要原因
02:10
Most of it is because of ways
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主要原因在于
02:12
that the liabilities are building up
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负债不断累积
02:14
and the trends,
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后果逐渐暴露
02:16
and that creates a huge challenge.
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因而产生了一个巨大的挑战
02:19
In fact, this is the forecast picture.
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实际上,这就是未来的发展趋势
02:22
There are various things in here:
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这里涉及了不同的内容
02:24
I could say we might raise more revenue,
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可以说我们可能会筹到更多收入
02:26
or medical innovation will make the spending even higher.
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或着说,医疗创新的支出将增大
02:30
It is an increasingly difficult picture,
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事态越来越严重
02:33
even assuming the economy does quite well --
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这还是在经济发展景气下的预期--
02:36
probably better than it will do.
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也许比实际情况要乐观一些
02:39
This is what you see
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这是从总体角度
02:41
at this overall level.
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所看到的情况
02:43
Now how did we get here?
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那么我们是怎么落到这一地步的?
02:45
How could you have a problem like this?
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怎么会出现这样的问题?
02:48
After all, at least on paper,
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毕竟,至少在书面上
02:51
there's this notion that these state budgets are balanced.
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白纸黑字写着这些州政府的预算是收支平衡的
02:54
Only one state says
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只有一个州报告说
02:56
they don't have to balance the budget.
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他们不需要平衡预算
02:58
But what this means actually
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言下之意就是
03:00
is that there's a pretense.
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其中存在猫腻
03:02
There's no real, true balancing going on,
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根本不存在真正意义上的收支平衡
03:05
and in a sense, the games they play to hide that
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但从某种意义上说,他们所玩的把戏
03:09
actually obscure the topic so much
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实际上掩盖了实质问题
03:11
that people don't see things
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模糊了人们的视线
03:13
that are actually pretty straight-forward challenges.
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看不到迫在眉睫的挑战
03:17
When Jerry Brown was elected,
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杰里·布朗当选加州州长后
03:19
this was the challenge that was put to him.
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这些挑战就等着他来应付了
03:21
That is, through various gimmicks and things,
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通过许多不为人知的手段
03:24
a so-called balanced budget
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一份所谓的收支平衡的预算报告出炉了
03:27
had led him to have 25 billion missing
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结果,在他所提议的760亿支出中
03:31
out of the 76 billion in proposed spending.
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有250亿元的空白
03:34
Now he's put together some thoughts:
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现在他整理了一下思路:
03:36
About half of that he'll cut,
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他将要削减一半的支出
03:39
another half,
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而另一半
03:41
perhaps in a very complex set of steps,
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也许可以通过非常繁琐的一系列步骤
03:43
taxes will be approved.
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能够通过收税来弥补
03:45
But even so,
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但即便如此
03:47
as you go out into those future years,
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几年以后
03:50
various pension costs, health costs go up enough,
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各项补贴,医疗成本都会提高
03:53
and the revenue does not go up enough.
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而政府收入提高的幅度不够
03:56
So you get a big squeeze.
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那到时候你就捉襟见肘了
03:58
What were those things that allowed us to hide this?
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我们通过什么样的手段掩盖了这一切?
04:01
Well, some really nice little tricks.
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一些非常高明的把戏
04:04
And these were somewhat noticed.
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这些把戏多少已经露出了马脚
04:06
The paper said, "It's not really balanced.
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报告上说:“收支并未真正平衡。”
04:08
It's got holes.
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“其中有猫腻。”
04:10
It perpetuates deficit spending.
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“这使得赤字不断扩大。”
04:12
It's riddled with gimmicks."
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“其中充满了骗人的把戏。”
04:15
And really when you get down to it,
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如果你仔细进行调查
04:18
the guys at Enron never would have done this.
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安然公司的那帮人绝对不会得逞
04:21
This is so blatant,
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这太明目张胆了
04:23
so extreme.
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太极端了
04:26
Is anyone paying attention
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难道没有人注意到
04:28
to some of the things these guys do?
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这些人的所做所为吗?
04:31
They borrow money.
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他们借东家补西家
04:33
They're not supposed to, but they figure out a way.
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他们本不应这么做,但他们还是想出了对策
04:35
They make you pay more in withholding
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他们让你缴纳更多税钱
04:37
just to help their cash flow out.
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帮助他们周转资金
04:39
They sell off the assets.
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他们变卖资产
04:41
They defer the payments.
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他们赊账
04:44
They sell off the revenues from tobacco.
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他们变卖烟草的收入
04:46
And California's not unique.
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加利福尼亚州不是唯一的案例
04:48
In fact, there's about five states that are worse
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实际上,约有五个州的情况比加州更严重
04:50
and only really four states
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只有四个州
04:52
that don't face this big challenge.
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不存在这样巨大的挑战
04:54
So it's systemic across the entire country.
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这在整个国家已形成了体系
04:57
It really comes from the fact
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挑战来自于
04:59
that certain long-term obligations --
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某些长期的支出项目--
05:01
health care, where innovation makes it more expensive,
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医学创新需要花更多的钱
05:04
early retirement and pension, where the age structure gets worse for you,
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提早退休与养老金等问题让你对年龄结构更加头疼
05:07
and just generosity --
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还有公益事业--
05:09
that these mis-accounting things
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这些方面的假帐
05:11
allow to develop over time,
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如果持续发展下去
05:13
that you've got a problem.
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就会出现问题
05:16
This is the retiree health care benefits.
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这是退休人员的医疗福利
05:18
Three million set aside, 62 billion dollar liability --
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预算拨款为三百万美元,而实际负债为620亿美元--
05:21
much worse than the car companies.
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这比汽车公司的情况遭多了
05:23
And everybody looked at that
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不管是谁看了
05:25
and knew that that was headed toward a huge problem.
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都知道这最终会产生巨大的问题
05:28
The forecast for the medical piece alone
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医疗预算的走势
05:30
is to go from 26 percent of the budget
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将从预算的26%
05:32
to 42 percent.
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增加到42%
05:34
Well what's going to give?
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钱从哪里来?
05:36
Well in order to accommodate that,
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为了照顾这一块
05:38
you would have to cut education spending in half.
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你不得不将教育开支削减一半
05:42
It really is this young versus the old
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从某种角度来看
05:44
to some degree.
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这还真是青年人与老年人之间的利益之争
05:46
If you don't change that revenue picture,
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如果你不改变收入状况
05:49
if you don't solve what you're doing in health care,
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不解决医疗保障问题
05:51
you're going to be deinvesting in the young.
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你就只能减少对年轻一代的投资
05:54
The great University of California university system,
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宏伟的加利福尼亚高校体系
05:57
the great things that have gone on,
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正在进行的各项伟大事业
05:59
won't happen.
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都将不复存在了
06:01
So far it's meant layoffs,
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现在,这意味着失业
06:03
increased class sizes.
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以及课堂规模的增大
06:05
Within the education community there's this discussion of,
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在教育界,人们在讨论
06:08
"Should it just be the young teachers who get laid off,
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“究竟应该让年轻教师下岗
06:10
or the less good teachers who get laid off?"
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还是让不合格教师下岗?”
06:12
And there's a discussion: if you're going to increase class sizes,
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还有一个讨论:如果要增大课堂规模
06:15
where do you do that? How much effect does that have?
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你从何入手?这会产生多大的影响?
06:18
And unfortunately, as you get into that, people get confused and think,
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不幸的是,你问得越多,人们就越迷惑,他们会想:
06:21
well maybe you think that's okay.
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“这么说,你觉得这没问题。”
06:23
In fact, no, education spending should not be cut.
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实际上,教育支出不应被削减
06:26
There's ways, if it's temporary,
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如果教育支出的削减只是暂时的
06:28
to minimize the impact,
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那么总有办法把影响减小到最低
06:30
but it's a problem.
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但这是个大问题
06:32
It's also really a problem for where we need to go.
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另一个大问题是我们应从哪里入手
06:34
Technology has a role to play.
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技术这方面的作用非常重要
06:36
Well we need money to experiment with that,
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而我们需要资金来进行实验
06:39
to get those tools in there.
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才能引入那些技术
06:41
There's the idea of paying teachers for effectiveness,
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我们建议根据教师的教学成效来对其支付工资
06:43
measuring them, giving them feedback,
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对其工作进行衡量,给他们反馈
06:45
taking videos in the classroom.
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为课堂录像
06:47
That's something I think is very, very important.
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我认为这么做非常非常重要
06:49
Well you have to allocate dollars
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你必须为这个制度
06:51
for that system
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以及激励性薪资
06:53
and for that incentive pay.
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分配资金
06:55
In a situation where you have growth,
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在你的资金有所增长的情况下
06:57
you put the new money into this.
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你把新增资金投入这一方面--
06:59
Or even if you're flat, you might shift money into it.
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即使你的资金没有增长,你也应该从别处筹钱投入进去
07:01
But with the type of cuts we're talking about,
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然而这种教育支出的削减
07:03
it will be far, far harder
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会让我们更加难以
07:05
to get these incentives for excellence,
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提供激励薪资
07:07
or to move over
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或进一步
07:09
to use technology in the new way.
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以新的方式利用技术
07:12
So what's going on?
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那么情况到底怎么样?
07:14
Where's the brain trust
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究竟是哪个幕后智囊团
07:16
that's in error here?
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出了错误
07:18
Well there really is no brain trust.
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其实,这里根本就不存在智囊团
07:21
(Laughter)
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(众人笑)
07:23
It's sort of the voters. It's sort of us showing up.
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这只是我们这些选民,站出来指出问题
07:27
Just look at this spending.
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看看这些支出
07:29
California will spend over 100 billion,
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加州将支出1000多亿美元
07:31
Microsoft, 38,
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微软公司380亿
07:33
Google, about 19.
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谷歌公司约为190亿
07:35
The amount of IQ in good numeric analysis,
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谷歌与微软
07:38
both inside Google and Microsoft
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内部与外部都有善于进行数据分析的
07:40
and outside, with analysts and people of various opinions --
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这些众多分析师与相关人员--
07:43
should they have spent on that?
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他们应该把钱花在那方面吗?
07:45
No, they wasted their money on this. What about this thing? --
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不,他们把钱浪费在这里了。这个怎么样?
07:47
it really is quite phenomenal.
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真是太复杂了
07:50
Everybody has an opinion.
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每个人都各抒己见
07:52
There's great feedback.
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得到的反馈巨大
07:55
And the numbers are used to make decisions.
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而这些数据对我们做出决策很有帮助
07:58
If you go over the education spending and the health care spending --
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如果你浏览教育支出和医疗保障支出--
08:01
particularly these long-term trends --
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尤其是这些长期的项目--
08:04
you don't have that type of involvement
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你会发现,在平等与教育
08:06
on a number that's more important
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这些更为重要的方面
08:08
in terms of equity, in terms of learning.
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资金投入不足
08:11
So what do we need to do?
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我们该怎么做呢?
08:13
We need better tools.
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我们需要更好的工具
08:15
We can get some things out on the Internet.
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我们可以求助于互联网
08:17
I'm going to use my website
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我将利用我的网站
08:19
to put up some things that will give the basic picture.
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来展示基本的情况
08:21
We need lots more.
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我们还需要做更多工作
08:23
There's a few good books,
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这里有一些很有用的书
08:25
one about school spending and where the money comes from --
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其中有一本与教育支出和教育资金的来源有关--
08:27
how that's changed over time, and the challenge.
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随时间的发展,它如何变化,以及所面临的挑战
08:30
We need better accounting.
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我们需要更好地完成会计工作
08:32
We need to take the fact
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我们必须认识到
08:34
that the current employees, the future liabilities they create,
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我们应在当前的预算中
08:36
that should come out of the current budget.
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涵盖未来将用于目前在职员工身上的支出
08:39
We need to understand why they've done the pension accounting
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我们必须明白他们为何以现在这样方式
08:41
the way they have.
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计算养老金
08:43
It should be more like private accounting.
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这应该更像是私人会计服务
08:45
It's the gold standard.
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这是黄金法则
08:47
And finally, we need to really reward politicians.
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最后,我们需要好好奖励政治家
08:50
Whenever they say there's these long-term problems,
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如果他们说存在长期性问题
08:52
we can't say, "Oh, you're the messenger with bad news?
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我们不能说:“你是乌鸦嘴吗?
08:54
We just shot you."
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我们一枪毙了你。”
08:57
In fact, there are some like these:
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事实上,下面这几位:
08:59
Erskine Bowles, Alan Simpson and others,
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厄斯金·鲍尔斯,阿兰·辛普森以及其他几位
09:01
who have gone through and given proposals
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他们都为州一级的
09:04
for this overall federal health-spending state-level problem.
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联邦医疗总支出出谋划策
09:08
But in fact, their work was sort of pushed off.
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而实际上,他们的工作并没有取得成效
09:10
In fact, the week afterwards,
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事实上,就在上一周
09:13
some tax cuts were done
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他们削减了税收
09:15
that made the situation even worse
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让情况更加恶化
09:17
than their assumptions.
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这超出了他们的预期
09:19
So we need these pieces.
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我们需要继续做这些工作
09:21
Now I think this is a solvable problem.
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我认为这是可以得到解决的
09:24
It's a great country with lots of people.
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这是一个人口众多的大国
09:27
But we have to draw those people in,
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我们必须吸引人们的注意力
09:31
because this is about education.
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因为这事关教育大计
09:33
And just look at what happened with the tuitions
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看看加利福尼亚大学
09:35
with the University of California
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学费的变化
09:37
and project that out for another three, four, five years --
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以及未来三年,四年,五年里将进行的项目
09:40
it's unaffordable.
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我们没有足够的资金
09:43
And that's the kind of thing --
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这可是
09:45
the investment in the young --
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对年轻一代的投资--
09:47
that makes us great, allows us to contribute.
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这是一项伟大的事业,也是我们贡献力量的机会
09:49
It allows us to do the art,
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这让我们能够成就艺术
09:51
the biotechnology, the software
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生物技术,软件技术
09:54
and all those magic things.
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以及其它妙不可言的事业
09:57
And so the bottom line is
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因此,最重要的是
09:59
we need to care about state budgets
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我们必须关注州预算
10:02
because they're critical for our kids and our future.
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因为这对我们的孩子,我们的未来至关重要
10:04
Thank you.
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感谢各位
10:06
(Applause)
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(众人鼓掌)
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