How state budgets are breaking US schools | Bill Gates

170,367 views ・ 2011-03-05

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Lili Liang 校对人员: Angelia King
00:15
Well, this is about state budgets.
0
15260
2000
这与州预算有关
00:17
This is probably the most boring topic
1
17260
3000
这可能是整个上午
00:20
of the whole morning.
2
20260
2000
最无聊的话题
00:22
But I want to tell you, I think it's an important topic
3
22260
3000
但是我想告诉你们,我认为这是个重要的话题
00:25
that we need to care about.
4
25260
3000
值得我们关注
00:28
State budgets
5
28260
2000
州预算
00:30
are big, big money --
6
30260
3000
是一大笔钱--
00:33
I'll show you the numbers --
7
33260
2000
我给大家看这些数字--
00:35
and they get very little scrutiny.
8
35260
3000
而这些数字几乎没有经过审计
00:38
The understanding is very low.
9
38260
3000
这令人费解
00:41
Many of the people involved
10
41260
2000
许多相关人员
00:43
have special interests or short-term interests
11
43260
2000
只看到特殊或短期的利益
00:45
that get them not thinking
12
45260
2000
而忽视了
00:47
about what the implications of the trends are.
13
47260
3000
这么做在将来会产生什么后果
00:51
And these budgets
14
51260
2000
这些预算
00:53
are the key for our future;
15
53260
2000
对于我们的未来至关重要
00:55
they're the key for our kids.
16
55260
2000
它们是孩子成长的关键
00:57
Most education funding --
17
57260
2000
绝大多数教育资金--
00:59
whether it's K through 12,
18
59260
2000
不论是幼儿园到高中
01:01
or the great universities or community colleges --
19
61260
3000
还是重点大学或社区大学--
01:04
most of the money for those things
20
64260
2000
大多数被投入这些方面的资金
01:06
is coming out of these state budgets.
21
66260
3000
都是从州预算中拨出
01:09
But we have a problem.
22
69260
2000
但这里出了个问题
01:11
Here's the overall picture.
23
71260
2000
这是总体的情况
01:13
U.S. economy is big --
24
73260
3000
美国的经济非常庞大--
01:16
14.7 trillion.
25
76260
2000
十四万七千亿
01:18
Now out of that pie,
26
78260
2000
而在这块馅饼中
01:20
the government spends 36 percent.
27
80260
3000
政府开支占了36%
01:23
So this is combining the federal level,
28
83260
2000
这是联邦政府一级--
01:25
which is the largest,
29
85260
2000
也就是最大的这部分--
01:27
the state level and the local level.
30
87260
2000
州一级、地方一级的支出总和
01:29
And it's really in this combined way
31
89260
2000
只有从整体的角度看
01:31
that you get an overall sense of what's going on,
32
91260
2000
你才能大体了解实际的情况
01:33
because there's a lot of complex things
33
93260
2000
因为里面有许多复杂的事情
01:35
like Medicaid and research money
34
95260
2000
如医疗保障以及研究经费
01:37
that flow across those boundaries.
35
97260
3000
在这些分界线之间
01:40
But we're spending 36 percent.
36
100260
2000
但我们的支出占了36%
01:42
Well what are we taking in?
37
102260
2000
而我们的收入是多少?
01:44
Simple business question.
38
104260
2000
简单的商业问题
01:46
Answer is 26 percent.
39
106260
3000
答案是26%
01:50
Now this leaves 10 percent deficit,
40
110260
5000
那么10%的赤字就产生了
01:55
sort of a mind-blowing number.
41
115260
3000
有点骇人听闻
01:58
And some of that, in fact, is due to the fact
42
118260
3000
在某种程度上,这是由于
02:01
that we've had an economic recession.
43
121260
2000
我们刚遭受了经济衰退的影响
02:03
Receipts go down,
44
123260
2000
收入降低
02:05
some spending programs go up,
45
125260
2000
而一些支出项目增多
02:07
but most of it is not because of that.
46
127260
3000
然而这些并不是主要原因
02:10
Most of it is because of ways
47
130260
2000
主要原因在于
02:12
that the liabilities are building up
48
132260
2000
负债不断累积
02:14
and the trends,
49
134260
2000
后果逐渐暴露
02:16
and that creates a huge challenge.
50
136260
3000
因而产生了一个巨大的挑战
02:19
In fact, this is the forecast picture.
51
139260
3000
实际上,这就是未来的发展趋势
02:22
There are various things in here:
52
142260
2000
这里涉及了不同的内容
02:24
I could say we might raise more revenue,
53
144260
2000
可以说我们可能会筹到更多收入
02:26
or medical innovation will make the spending even higher.
54
146260
4000
或着说,医疗创新的支出将增大
02:30
It is an increasingly difficult picture,
55
150260
3000
事态越来越严重
02:33
even assuming the economy does quite well --
56
153260
3000
这还是在经济发展景气下的预期--
02:36
probably better than it will do.
57
156260
3000
也许比实际情况要乐观一些
02:39
This is what you see
58
159260
2000
这是从总体角度
02:41
at this overall level.
59
161260
2000
所看到的情况
02:43
Now how did we get here?
60
163260
2000
那么我们是怎么落到这一地步的?
02:45
How could you have a problem like this?
61
165260
3000
怎么会出现这样的问题?
02:48
After all, at least on paper,
62
168260
3000
毕竟,至少在书面上
02:51
there's this notion that these state budgets are balanced.
63
171260
3000
白纸黑字写着这些州政府的预算是收支平衡的
02:54
Only one state says
64
174260
2000
只有一个州报告说
02:56
they don't have to balance the budget.
65
176260
2000
他们不需要平衡预算
02:58
But what this means actually
66
178260
2000
言下之意就是
03:00
is that there's a pretense.
67
180260
2000
其中存在猫腻
03:02
There's no real, true balancing going on,
68
182260
3000
根本不存在真正意义上的收支平衡
03:05
and in a sense, the games they play to hide that
69
185260
4000
但从某种意义上说,他们所玩的把戏
03:09
actually obscure the topic so much
70
189260
2000
实际上掩盖了实质问题
03:11
that people don't see things
71
191260
2000
模糊了人们的视线
03:13
that are actually pretty straight-forward challenges.
72
193260
4000
看不到迫在眉睫的挑战
03:17
When Jerry Brown was elected,
73
197260
2000
杰里·布朗当选加州州长后
03:19
this was the challenge that was put to him.
74
199260
2000
这些挑战就等着他来应付了
03:21
That is, through various gimmicks and things,
75
201260
3000
通过许多不为人知的手段
03:24
a so-called balanced budget
76
204260
3000
一份所谓的收支平衡的预算报告出炉了
03:27
had led him to have 25 billion missing
77
207260
4000
结果,在他所提议的760亿支出中
03:31
out of the 76 billion in proposed spending.
78
211260
3000
有250亿元的空白
03:34
Now he's put together some thoughts:
79
214260
2000
现在他整理了一下思路:
03:36
About half of that he'll cut,
80
216260
3000
他将要削减一半的支出
03:39
another half,
81
219260
2000
而另一半
03:41
perhaps in a very complex set of steps,
82
221260
2000
也许可以通过非常繁琐的一系列步骤
03:43
taxes will be approved.
83
223260
2000
能够通过收税来弥补
03:45
But even so,
84
225260
2000
但即便如此
03:47
as you go out into those future years,
85
227260
3000
几年以后
03:50
various pension costs, health costs go up enough,
86
230260
3000
各项补贴,医疗成本都会提高
03:53
and the revenue does not go up enough.
87
233260
3000
而政府收入提高的幅度不够
03:56
So you get a big squeeze.
88
236260
2000
那到时候你就捉襟见肘了
03:58
What were those things that allowed us to hide this?
89
238260
3000
我们通过什么样的手段掩盖了这一切?
04:01
Well, some really nice little tricks.
90
241260
3000
一些非常高明的把戏
04:04
And these were somewhat noticed.
91
244260
2000
这些把戏多少已经露出了马脚
04:06
The paper said, "It's not really balanced.
92
246260
2000
报告上说:“收支并未真正平衡。”
04:08
It's got holes.
93
248260
2000
“其中有猫腻。”
04:10
It perpetuates deficit spending.
94
250260
2000
“这使得赤字不断扩大。”
04:12
It's riddled with gimmicks."
95
252260
3000
“其中充满了骗人的把戏。”
04:15
And really when you get down to it,
96
255260
3000
如果你仔细进行调查
04:18
the guys at Enron never would have done this.
97
258260
3000
安然公司的那帮人绝对不会得逞
04:21
This is so blatant,
98
261260
2000
这太明目张胆了
04:23
so extreme.
99
263260
3000
太极端了
04:26
Is anyone paying attention
100
266260
2000
难道没有人注意到
04:28
to some of the things these guys do?
101
268260
3000
这些人的所做所为吗?
04:31
They borrow money.
102
271260
2000
他们借东家补西家
04:33
They're not supposed to, but they figure out a way.
103
273260
2000
他们本不应这么做,但他们还是想出了对策
04:35
They make you pay more in withholding
104
275260
2000
他们让你缴纳更多税钱
04:37
just to help their cash flow out.
105
277260
2000
帮助他们周转资金
04:39
They sell off the assets.
106
279260
2000
他们变卖资产
04:41
They defer the payments.
107
281260
3000
他们赊账
04:44
They sell off the revenues from tobacco.
108
284260
2000
他们变卖烟草的收入
04:46
And California's not unique.
109
286260
2000
加利福尼亚州不是唯一的案例
04:48
In fact, there's about five states that are worse
110
288260
2000
实际上,约有五个州的情况比加州更严重
04:50
and only really four states
111
290260
2000
只有四个州
04:52
that don't face this big challenge.
112
292260
2000
不存在这样巨大的挑战
04:54
So it's systemic across the entire country.
113
294260
3000
这在整个国家已形成了体系
04:57
It really comes from the fact
114
297260
2000
挑战来自于
04:59
that certain long-term obligations --
115
299260
2000
某些长期的支出项目--
05:01
health care, where innovation makes it more expensive,
116
301260
3000
医学创新需要花更多的钱
05:04
early retirement and pension, where the age structure gets worse for you,
117
304260
3000
提早退休与养老金等问题让你对年龄结构更加头疼
05:07
and just generosity --
118
307260
2000
还有公益事业--
05:09
that these mis-accounting things
119
309260
2000
这些方面的假帐
05:11
allow to develop over time,
120
311260
2000
如果持续发展下去
05:13
that you've got a problem.
121
313260
3000
就会出现问题
05:16
This is the retiree health care benefits.
122
316260
2000
这是退休人员的医疗福利
05:18
Three million set aside, 62 billion dollar liability --
123
318260
3000
预算拨款为三百万美元,而实际负债为620亿美元--
05:21
much worse than the car companies.
124
321260
2000
这比汽车公司的情况遭多了
05:23
And everybody looked at that
125
323260
2000
不管是谁看了
05:25
and knew that that was headed toward a huge problem.
126
325260
3000
都知道这最终会产生巨大的问题
05:28
The forecast for the medical piece alone
127
328260
2000
医疗预算的走势
05:30
is to go from 26 percent of the budget
128
330260
2000
将从预算的26%
05:32
to 42 percent.
129
332260
2000
增加到42%
05:34
Well what's going to give?
130
334260
2000
钱从哪里来?
05:36
Well in order to accommodate that,
131
336260
2000
为了照顾这一块
05:38
you would have to cut education spending in half.
132
338260
4000
你不得不将教育开支削减一半
05:42
It really is this young versus the old
133
342260
2000
从某种角度来看
05:44
to some degree.
134
344260
2000
这还真是青年人与老年人之间的利益之争
05:46
If you don't change that revenue picture,
135
346260
3000
如果你不改变收入状况
05:49
if you don't solve what you're doing in health care,
136
349260
2000
不解决医疗保障问题
05:51
you're going to be deinvesting in the young.
137
351260
3000
你就只能减少对年轻一代的投资
05:54
The great University of California university system,
138
354260
3000
宏伟的加利福尼亚高校体系
05:57
the great things that have gone on,
139
357260
2000
正在进行的各项伟大事业
05:59
won't happen.
140
359260
2000
都将不复存在了
06:01
So far it's meant layoffs,
141
361260
2000
现在,这意味着失业
06:03
increased class sizes.
142
363260
2000
以及课堂规模的增大
06:05
Within the education community there's this discussion of,
143
365260
3000
在教育界,人们在讨论
06:08
"Should it just be the young teachers who get laid off,
144
368260
2000
“究竟应该让年轻教师下岗
06:10
or the less good teachers who get laid off?"
145
370260
2000
还是让不合格教师下岗?”
06:12
And there's a discussion: if you're going to increase class sizes,
146
372260
3000
还有一个讨论:如果要增大课堂规模
06:15
where do you do that? How much effect does that have?
147
375260
3000
你从何入手?这会产生多大的影响?
06:18
And unfortunately, as you get into that, people get confused and think,
148
378260
3000
不幸的是,你问得越多,人们就越迷惑,他们会想:
06:21
well maybe you think that's okay.
149
381260
2000
“这么说,你觉得这没问题。”
06:23
In fact, no, education spending should not be cut.
150
383260
3000
实际上,教育支出不应被削减
06:26
There's ways, if it's temporary,
151
386260
2000
如果教育支出的削减只是暂时的
06:28
to minimize the impact,
152
388260
2000
那么总有办法把影响减小到最低
06:30
but it's a problem.
153
390260
2000
但这是个大问题
06:32
It's also really a problem for where we need to go.
154
392260
2000
另一个大问题是我们应从哪里入手
06:34
Technology has a role to play.
155
394260
2000
技术这方面的作用非常重要
06:36
Well we need money to experiment with that,
156
396260
3000
而我们需要资金来进行实验
06:39
to get those tools in there.
157
399260
2000
才能引入那些技术
06:41
There's the idea of paying teachers for effectiveness,
158
401260
2000
我们建议根据教师的教学成效来对其支付工资
06:43
measuring them, giving them feedback,
159
403260
2000
对其工作进行衡量,给他们反馈
06:45
taking videos in the classroom.
160
405260
2000
为课堂录像
06:47
That's something I think is very, very important.
161
407260
2000
我认为这么做非常非常重要
06:49
Well you have to allocate dollars
162
409260
2000
你必须为这个制度
06:51
for that system
163
411260
2000
以及激励性薪资
06:53
and for that incentive pay.
164
413260
2000
分配资金
06:55
In a situation where you have growth,
165
415260
2000
在你的资金有所增长的情况下
06:57
you put the new money into this.
166
417260
2000
你把新增资金投入这一方面--
06:59
Or even if you're flat, you might shift money into it.
167
419260
2000
即使你的资金没有增长,你也应该从别处筹钱投入进去
07:01
But with the type of cuts we're talking about,
168
421260
2000
然而这种教育支出的削减
07:03
it will be far, far harder
169
423260
2000
会让我们更加难以
07:05
to get these incentives for excellence,
170
425260
2000
提供激励薪资
07:07
or to move over
171
427260
2000
或进一步
07:09
to use technology in the new way.
172
429260
3000
以新的方式利用技术
07:12
So what's going on?
173
432260
2000
那么情况到底怎么样?
07:14
Where's the brain trust
174
434260
2000
究竟是哪个幕后智囊团
07:16
that's in error here?
175
436260
2000
出了错误
07:18
Well there really is no brain trust.
176
438260
3000
其实,这里根本就不存在智囊团
07:21
(Laughter)
177
441260
2000
(众人笑)
07:23
It's sort of the voters. It's sort of us showing up.
178
443260
4000
这只是我们这些选民,站出来指出问题
07:27
Just look at this spending.
179
447260
2000
看看这些支出
07:29
California will spend over 100 billion,
180
449260
2000
加州将支出1000多亿美元
07:31
Microsoft, 38,
181
451260
2000
微软公司380亿
07:33
Google, about 19.
182
453260
2000
谷歌公司约为190亿
07:35
The amount of IQ in good numeric analysis,
183
455260
3000
谷歌与微软
07:38
both inside Google and Microsoft
184
458260
2000
内部与外部都有善于进行数据分析的
07:40
and outside, with analysts and people of various opinions --
185
460260
3000
这些众多分析师与相关人员--
07:43
should they have spent on that?
186
463260
2000
他们应该把钱花在那方面吗?
07:45
No, they wasted their money on this. What about this thing? --
187
465260
2000
不,他们把钱浪费在这里了。这个怎么样?
07:47
it really is quite phenomenal.
188
467260
3000
真是太复杂了
07:50
Everybody has an opinion.
189
470260
2000
每个人都各抒己见
07:52
There's great feedback.
190
472260
3000
得到的反馈巨大
07:55
And the numbers are used to make decisions.
191
475260
3000
而这些数据对我们做出决策很有帮助
07:58
If you go over the education spending and the health care spending --
192
478260
3000
如果你浏览教育支出和医疗保障支出--
08:01
particularly these long-term trends --
193
481260
3000
尤其是这些长期的项目--
08:04
you don't have that type of involvement
194
484260
2000
你会发现,在平等与教育
08:06
on a number that's more important
195
486260
2000
这些更为重要的方面
08:08
in terms of equity, in terms of learning.
196
488260
3000
资金投入不足
08:11
So what do we need to do?
197
491260
2000
我们该怎么做呢?
08:13
We need better tools.
198
493260
2000
我们需要更好的工具
08:15
We can get some things out on the Internet.
199
495260
2000
我们可以求助于互联网
08:17
I'm going to use my website
200
497260
2000
我将利用我的网站
08:19
to put up some things that will give the basic picture.
201
499260
2000
来展示基本的情况
08:21
We need lots more.
202
501260
2000
我们还需要做更多工作
08:23
There's a few good books,
203
503260
2000
这里有一些很有用的书
08:25
one about school spending and where the money comes from --
204
505260
2000
其中有一本与教育支出和教育资金的来源有关--
08:27
how that's changed over time, and the challenge.
205
507260
3000
随时间的发展,它如何变化,以及所面临的挑战
08:30
We need better accounting.
206
510260
2000
我们需要更好地完成会计工作
08:32
We need to take the fact
207
512260
2000
我们必须认识到
08:34
that the current employees, the future liabilities they create,
208
514260
2000
我们应在当前的预算中
08:36
that should come out of the current budget.
209
516260
3000
涵盖未来将用于目前在职员工身上的支出
08:39
We need to understand why they've done the pension accounting
210
519260
2000
我们必须明白他们为何以现在这样方式
08:41
the way they have.
211
521260
2000
计算养老金
08:43
It should be more like private accounting.
212
523260
2000
这应该更像是私人会计服务
08:45
It's the gold standard.
213
525260
2000
这是黄金法则
08:47
And finally, we need to really reward politicians.
214
527260
3000
最后,我们需要好好奖励政治家
08:50
Whenever they say there's these long-term problems,
215
530260
2000
如果他们说存在长期性问题
08:52
we can't say, "Oh, you're the messenger with bad news?
216
532260
2000
我们不能说:“你是乌鸦嘴吗?
08:54
We just shot you."
217
534260
3000
我们一枪毙了你。”
08:57
In fact, there are some like these:
218
537260
2000
事实上,下面这几位:
08:59
Erskine Bowles, Alan Simpson and others,
219
539260
2000
厄斯金·鲍尔斯,阿兰·辛普森以及其他几位
09:01
who have gone through and given proposals
220
541260
3000
他们都为州一级的
09:04
for this overall federal health-spending state-level problem.
221
544260
4000
联邦医疗总支出出谋划策
09:08
But in fact, their work was sort of pushed off.
222
548260
2000
而实际上,他们的工作并没有取得成效
09:10
In fact, the week afterwards,
223
550260
3000
事实上,就在上一周
09:13
some tax cuts were done
224
553260
2000
他们削减了税收
09:15
that made the situation even worse
225
555260
2000
让情况更加恶化
09:17
than their assumptions.
226
557260
2000
这超出了他们的预期
09:19
So we need these pieces.
227
559260
2000
我们需要继续做这些工作
09:21
Now I think this is a solvable problem.
228
561260
3000
我认为这是可以得到解决的
09:24
It's a great country with lots of people.
229
564260
3000
这是一个人口众多的大国
09:27
But we have to draw those people in,
230
567260
4000
我们必须吸引人们的注意力
09:31
because this is about education.
231
571260
2000
因为这事关教育大计
09:33
And just look at what happened with the tuitions
232
573260
2000
看看加利福尼亚大学
09:35
with the University of California
233
575260
2000
学费的变化
09:37
and project that out for another three, four, five years --
234
577260
3000
以及未来三年,四年,五年里将进行的项目
09:40
it's unaffordable.
235
580260
3000
我们没有足够的资金
09:43
And that's the kind of thing --
236
583260
2000
这可是
09:45
the investment in the young --
237
585260
2000
对年轻一代的投资--
09:47
that makes us great, allows us to contribute.
238
587260
2000
这是一项伟大的事业,也是我们贡献力量的机会
09:49
It allows us to do the art,
239
589260
2000
这让我们能够成就艺术
09:51
the biotechnology, the software
240
591260
3000
生物技术,软件技术
09:54
and all those magic things.
241
594260
3000
以及其它妙不可言的事业
09:57
And so the bottom line is
242
597260
2000
因此,最重要的是
09:59
we need to care about state budgets
243
599260
3000
我们必须关注州预算
10:02
because they're critical for our kids and our future.
244
602260
2000
因为这对我们的孩子,我们的未来至关重要
10:04
Thank you.
245
604260
2000
感谢各位
10:06
(Applause)
246
606260
3000
(众人鼓掌)
关于本网站

这个网站将向你介绍对学习英语有用的YouTube视频。你将看到来自世界各地的一流教师教授的英语课程。双击每个视频页面上显示的英文字幕,即可从那里播放视频。字幕会随着视频的播放而同步滚动。如果你有任何意见或要求,请使用此联系表与我们联系。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7