Aaron Huey: America's native prisoners of war

翻译人员: Lili Liang 校对人员: Jenny Yang

今天，我给大家展示我拍摄的拉科塔人照片。

I'm here today to show my photographs of the Lakota.

Many of you may have heard of the Lakota,

拉科塔人对于在座的许多人应该不陌生了，

or at least the larger group of tribes,

至少也听说过他们所属的部落

called the Sioux.

苏族。

The Lakota are one of many tribes that were moved off their land

拉科塔人是众多被迫离开家园的一支印第安人。

他们沦为战俘，被驱赶到集中营里，

to prisoner-of-war camps,

now called reservations.

也就是所谓的保留地。

The Pine Ridge Reservation,

松岭印地安人保留地，

the subject of today's slide show,

就是今天图片展的主题，

它位于南达科他州黑岗

is located about 75 miles southeast of the Black Hills in South Dakota.

东南方向75英里处。

它的别名是

It is sometimes referred to as Prisoner of War Camp Number 334,

334号战俘集中营。

这里就是现在拉科塔人的居住地。

and it is where the Lakota now live.

Now, if any of you have ever heard of AIM,

如果你们有人听说过AIM，

the American Indian Movement,

也就是美国印第安人运动(American Indian Movement),

or of Russell Means,

或者拉塞尔. 米恩斯，

or Leonard Peltier,

里奥纳德. 皮尔帝尔，

or of the standoff at Oglala,

奥加拉拉对峙事件，

then you know Pine Ridge is ground zero for Native issues in the US.

那么你肯定知道，在美国，松岭保留地

就是印第安人问题集中地带。

So I've been asked to talk a little bit today

今天，我应邀在此简单介绍

about my relationship with the Lakota,

我和拉科塔人之间的不解之缘，

and that's a very difficult one for me,

对于我而言，这相当难能可贵。

because, if you haven't noticed from my skin color,

因为，你们如果注意到我的肤色，

就知道我是白人，

I'm white,

and that is a huge barrier on a Native reservation.

这在印第安人保留地是一大禁忌。

You'll see a lot of people in my photographs today.

今天展示的照片中有形形色色的人，

I've become very close with them, and they've welcomed me like family.

我有幸成为他们的朋友，他们待我如亲人一般。

他们亲切地和我以兄弟叔父相称，

They've called me "brother" and "uncle,"

在过去的五年里一次又一次请我上门作客。

and invited me again and again over five years.

尽管如此，在松岭，

But on Pine Ridge,

I will always be what is called "wasichu."

我永远被视为“wasichu”,

"Wasichu" is a Lakota word

“wasichu”是拉科塔语，

that means "non-Indian,"

意思是非印第安人，

but another version of this word

而这个词还有另一个含义，

意思是“抢走上等好肉的人”。

means "the one who takes the best meat for himself."

And that's what I want to focus on --

这就是我今天的主题 --

the one who takes the best part of the meat.

抢走上等好肉的人。

这意味着贪婪。

It means "greedy."

So take a look around this auditorium today.

大家四下看看。

我们身处美国西部一所私立学校里，

We are at a private school in the American West,

坐在红色丝绒的椅子上，

sitting in red velvet chairs

with money in our pockets.

荷包鼓鼓。

And if we look at our lives,

如果我们反恭自省，

we have indeed taken the best part of the meat.

就不难发现，

我们的确抢走了上等好肉。

So let's look today at a set of photographs

我们来好好看看这些图片，

of a people who lost

看看我们如何夺走了

so that we could gain,

本属于另外一群人的生活。

and know that when you see these people's faces,

不仅如此，当看到这些人的脸时，

that these are not just images of the Lakota;

你知道他们不仅代表了拉科塔人。

they stand for all indigenous people.

还代表了所有印第安土著人。

On this piece of paper

这张纸上，

is the history the way I learned it from my Lakota friends and family.

记录着我从拉科塔朋友和家人那里

学到的历史。

The following is a time line of treaties made, treaties broken

下面是一组大事年表，

记录了那些被撕毁了的协约

and massacres disguised as battles.

和一些看似战斗实为屠杀的事件。

I'll begin in 1824.

我从1824年讲起。

“印第安事务管理局

What is known as the Bureau of Indian Affairs

实为美国陆军部下属部门

was created within the War Department,

一开始就在对待美国原驻民事务上

setting an early tone of aggression

in our dealings with the Native Americans.

充满敌意。

1851:

1851年：

The first treaty of Fort Laramie was made,

第一次《拉勒米堡条约》，

clearly marking the boundaries of the Lakota Nation.

明确划定了拉科塔人的领土分界线。

根据条约，

According to the treaty, those lands are a sovereign nation.

分界线以内的土地构成一个主权国家。

If the boundaries of this treaty had held --

如果遵照法律，

and there is a legal basis that they should --

条约保留至今，

then this is what the US would look like today.

那么这才是美国今天的模样。

十年以后，

Ten years later.

The Homestead Act, signed by President Lincoln,

由林肯总统亲自签署的《公地放领法》

unleashed a flood of white settlers into Native lands.

放任白人殖民者蜂拥闯入原驻民领地。

1863:

1863年：

An uprising of Santee Sioux in Minnesota

明尼苏达州发生苏族的支部桑蒂人起义，

ends with the hanging of 38 Sioux men,

结果38名苏人被绞死，

the largest mass execution in US history.

这成为美国历史上最大规模的绞刑。

The execution was ordered by President Lincoln,

下令行刑的正是林肯总统，

only two days after he signed the Emancipation Proclamation.

而就在两天前，

他刚刚签署了《解放奴隶宣言》。

1866: The beginning of the Transcontinental Railroad --

1866年，跨大陆铁路开始动工 --

新时代开始了。

a new era.

为了优化铁路路线，

We appropriated land for trails and trains

我们抄捷径直穿拉科塔腹地。

to shortcut through the heart of the Lakota Nation.

The treaties were out the window.

所有条约都被束之高阁。

In response, three tribes led by the Lakota chief Red Cloud

拉科达酋长红云率领的三个部落进行反击，

attacked and defeated the US army,

他们攻打并屡次战胜了美国军队。

many times over.

I want to repeat that part:

我想再强调一遍。

The Lakota defeat the US army.

拉科塔人战胜了美国军队。

1868年：第二次《拉勒米堡条约》

1868: The second Fort Laramie Treaty clearly guarantees

清清楚楚地承诺保证苏族的主权地位

the sovereignty of the Great Sioux Nation

and the Lakotas' ownership of the sacred Black Hills.

并承认神圣的黑岗为拉科塔所有。

政府另外还承诺他们在其领地周围各州

The government also promises land and hunting rights

享有土地和狩猎权。

in the surrounding states.

We promise that the Powder River country

我们承诺白人一律不许踏入

属于印第安人的粉河地带。

will henceforth be closed to all whites.

The treaty seemed to be a complete victory

这个条约表面上是红云酋长

for Red Cloud and the Sioux.

以及苏人的完胜。

In fact, this is the only war in American history

而实质上，这是美国历史上

政府唯一一次为了停战

in which the government negotiated a peace

by conceding everything demanded by the enemy.

而完全屈从于敌人的要求。

1869年：

1869: The Transcontinental Railroad was completed.

跨大陆铁路竣工。

It began carrying, among other things, large numbers of hunters,

成千上万的猎户搭着火车来到苏人的领地，

他们开始成批地捕杀野牛,

who began the wholesale killing of buffalo,

eliminating a source of food, clothing and shelter for the Sioux.

使得苏人赖以生存的生活资料来源濒临灭绝。

1871年：

1871:

The Indian Appropriation Act

印第安人拨款法案

makes all Indians wards of the federal government.

让所有印第安人都受到联邦政府的管辖。

In addition, the military issued orders

不仅如此，美国军队下令

forbidding western Indians from leaving reservations.

禁止西部的印第安人离开保留地。

All western Indians at that point in time were now prisoners of war.

从此以后，所有西部印第安人

都成为了战后囚徒。

另外，1871年，

Also in 1871,

we ended the time of treaty-making.

我们停止制定条约。

The problem with treaties is they allow tribes to exist as sovereign nations,

条约只会允许印第安部落享有主权，

但我们不能接受。

and we can't have that.

We had plans.

我们自有对策。

1874:

1874年：

General George Custer announced the discovery of gold in Lakota territory,

乔治. 卡斯特将军宣布在拉科塔地区发现了金矿，

specifically the Black Hills.

具体位置就在黑岗。

The news of gold creates a massive influx of white settlers

这一消息引得白人移民者蜂拥

闯入拉科塔领地。

into Lakota Nation.

Custer recommends that Congress find a way

卡斯特向国会提议

尽快解除

to end the treaties with the Lakota as soon as possible.

与拉科塔人定下的条约。

1875: The Lakota war begins

1875年：美国撕毁《拉勒米堡条约》，

over the violation of the Fort Laramie Treaty.

拉科达战争爆发。

1876:

1876年：

On July 26th,

7月26日

on its way to attack a Lakota village,

卡斯特将军率领的第七骑兵

Custer's 7th Cavalry was crushed

在攻打一个拉科塔村庄时全军覆没，

at the battle of Little Big Horn.

这就是著名的小盘羊战役。

1877年：

1877:

The great Lakota warrior and chief named Crazy Horse

伟大的拉科达勇士疯马酋长

surrendered at Fort Robinson.

于罗宾逊堡投降。

他之后在关押期间被杀害。

He was later killed while in custody.

1877年，我们成功地

1877 is also the year we found a way to get around the Fort Laramie Treaties.

解除了所有《拉勒米堡条约》。

A new agreement was presented to Sioux chiefs and their leading men,

一项新协议摆在了苏人各部酋长以及他们副手的面前，

这次运动被称为“不卖地就饿死”。

under a campaign known as "Sell or Starve" --

sign the paper, or no food for your tribe.

要么在协议上签字，要么你的部落就等着挨饿。

Only 10 percent of the adult male population signed.

只有百分之十的成年男子签了字。

The Fort Laramie Treaty called for at least three-quarters of the tribe

《拉勒米堡条约》

要求一个部落中至少四分之三的人签字同意

to sign away land.

才能出让土地。

That clause was obviously ignored.

这一条款很显然已经被忽略不计了。

1887: The Dawes Act.

1887：《道斯法案》。

保留地公有的时代就此终结。

Communal ownership of reservation lands ends.

Reservations are cut up into 160-acre sections,

保留地被分割成块，每块地为160英亩，

and distributed to individual Indians

分配给每个印第安人

with the surplus disposed of.

剩余的部分则被割走。

Tribes lost millions of acres.

印第安部落损失了上百万英亩土地。

The American dream of individual land ownership

美国人为了实现

turned out to be a very clever way

就不择手段

to divide the reservation until nothing was left.

将保留地瓜分待尽。

保留地遭到毁灭性打击，

The move destroyed the reservations,

变得更容易让下一代人

making it easier to further subdivide and to sell

进一步瓜分。

with every passing generation.

Most of the surplus land

那些瓜分剩下的土地

and many of the plots within reservation boundaries

以及许多保留地内的地块

are now in the hands of white ranchers.

现在都成了白人农场主的囊中之物。

Once again, the fat of the land goes to wasichu.

最肥沃的土地在一次落到了wasichu（抢走上等好肉之人）。

1890: A date I believe to be the most important in this slide show.

1890年，我认为是幻灯片上

最重要的一个日期。

This is the year of the Wounded Knee Massacre.

就在这一年，“伤膝河惨案”发生了。

12月29日，

On December 29,

US troops surrounded a Sioux encampment at Wounded Knee Creek,

美国军队包围了苏人驻扎在伤膝河的营地，

并在那里屠杀了“大脚”酋长

and massacred Chief Big Foot and 300 prisoners of war,

以及其他300多名战俘，

他们使用的是一种能够进行扫射的

using a new rapid-fire weapon that fired exploding shells,

新式武器 －

called a Hotchkiss gun.

机关枪。

For this so-called "battle,"

为了这场所谓的战役，

20 Congressional Medals of Honor for Valor

国会将20枚荣誉勋章

were given to the 7th Cavalry.

授予了第七骑兵团以表彰他们的骁勇善战。

To this day,

直到今天，

这是历史上国会授予最多荣誉勋章的

this is the most Medals of Honor ever awarded for a single battle.

单次战役。

More Medals of Honor were given

这一次对无辜妇女儿童的残酷屠杀

for the indiscriminate slaughter of women and children

所获得的荣誉勋章

than for any battle in World War One,

多于第一次世界大战，

第二次世界大战，

World War Two,

Korea, Vietnam,

朝鲜战争，越南战争，

伊拉克战争或阿富汗战争中的任何一次战役。

Iraq or Afghanistan.

“伤膝河惨案”

The Wounded Knee Massacre is considered the end of the Indian wars.

标志了印第安战争的结束。

每一次

Whenever I visit the site of the mass grave at Wounded Knee,

去伤膝河公墓，

I see it not just as a grave for the Lakota or for the Sioux,

我看到的

不仅仅是拉科塔人或苏人的坟墓，

而是所有原住民的坟墓。

but as a grave for all indigenous peoples.

The holy man Black Elk, said,

印第安圣人黑麋鹿曾说：

“我不知道当时

"I did not know then how much was ended.

死了多少人。

When I look back now from this high hill of my old age,

每当回首

那座饱经沧桑的高山，

I can still see the butchered women and children

沿着那条蜿蜒的小河

我依然能看见那些妇女儿童,

lying heaped and scattered all along the crooked gulch,

尸横遍地，

这和我年轻时亲见的场景

as plain as when I saw them

with eyes still young.

一般清晰。

And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud

我能看到在那鲜血染红的泥土中还有另一样东西也被扼杀了，

最后被暴风雪所埋葬。

and was buried in the blizzard.

A people's dream died there.

一个民族的梦想在那里破灭了，

And it was a beautiful dream."

那曾是个多么美好的梦想。”

事件发生以后，

With this event,

a new era in Native American history began.

美国原驻民的历史进入了新的篇章。

Everything can be measured before Wounded Knee and after,

“伤膝河惨案” 发生之前，

一切都是可以衡量的。

because it was in this moment,

因为现在美国政府

with the fingers on the triggers of the Hotchkiss guns,

一边做出扣动扳机的姿态，

that the US government openly declared its position on Native rights.

一边吆喝着原住民的基本权利掌握在政府手里。

他们厌倦了条约。

They were tired of treaties.

厌倦了圣山。

They were tired of sacred hills.

厌倦了鬼舞。

They were tired of ghost dances.

And they were tired of all the inconveniences of the Sioux.

他们厌倦了苏人给他们带来的种种不便。

于是他们搬出了大炮。

So they brought out their cannons.

"You want to be an Indian now?" they said,

要挟着：“你们还做印第安人是吗？”

finger on the trigger.

接着扣动扳机。

1900:

1900年：

the US Indian population reached its low point --

美国原驻民人口跌至历史最低点 －

less than 250,000,

不足二十五万人，

compared to an estimated eight million in 1492.

远远少于1492年的

八百万人。

Fast-forward.

时光飞逝。

1980:

1980年：

The longest-running court case in US history,

美国历史上耗时最长的官司

在苏族和美国政府之间展开，

the Sioux Nation versus the United States,

was ruled upon by the US Supreme Court.

然而美国最高法院操控了案件的审判。

The court determined that when the Sioux were resettled onto reservations

法院决定，苏人重整保留地，

允许将七百万英亩土地

and seven million acres of their land were opened up

开放给探矿者和自耕农。

to prospectors and homesteaders,

the terms of the second Fort Laramie Treaty

这些决议违反了

had been violated.

第二次《拉勒米堡条约》。

The court stated that the Black Hills were illegally taken,

法院陈述说

黑岗是被非法占有的，

and that the initial offering price, plus interest,

政府应当连本带息

向苏族买下黑岗。

should be paid to the Sioux Nation.

为买下黑岗，

As payment for the Black Hills,

法院只承诺给苏族

the court awarded only 106 million dollars to the Sioux Nation.

区区一亿零六百万美元。

The Sioux refused the money with the rallying cry,

苏人集体抗议，拒绝收钱，

"The Black Hills are not for sale."

他们呐喊，“决不卖黑岗”。

2010:

2010年：

Statistics about Native population today,

今天关于原住民的数据显示，

more than a century after the massacre at Wounded Knee,

伤膝河惨案过了一个多世纪之后，

reveal the legacy of colonization,

殖民地化，强制搬迁，

违反条约等活动所产生的后遗症

forced migration

and treaty violations.

逐渐暴露。

松岭印第安人保留地的失业率

Unemployment on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation

fluctuates between 85 and 90 percent.

一直高达百分之八十五甚至百分之九十。

The housing office is unable to build new structures,

房屋事务管理部门无力建设新的基础设施，

and existing structures are falling apart.

而现存的设施却在渐渐崩塌。

不少人流离失所，

Many are homeless,

and those with homes are packed into rotting buildings

即使一些人有家，他们也只能勉强在危楼里，

五个家庭挤在一起生活。

with up to five families.

Thirty-nine percent of homes on Pine Ridge

在松岭，百分之三十九的住房

没有通电。

have no electricity.

At least 60 percent of the homes on the reservation

百分之六十以上的住房

are infested with black mold.

发了霉。

超过百分之九十的人口

More than 90 percent of the population lives below the federal poverty line.

生活在国家贫困线以下。

松岭地区的肺结核患病率

The tuberculosis rate on Pine Ridge

is approximately eight times higher than the US national average.

大约比全国平均患病率高八成。

The infant mortality rate is the highest on this continent,

婴儿死亡率

为北美洲之首，

and is about three times higher than the US national average.

比全国平均婴儿死亡率高出三成。

Cervical cancer is five times higher

宫颈癌患病率

than the US national average.

比全国平均值高五倍。

The school dropout rate is up to 70 percent.

辍学率高达百分之七十。

教师调动频繁，

Teacher turnover is eight times higher than the US national average.

比全国平均值高出八成。

Frequently, grandparents are raising their grandchildren

孩子通常由他们的祖父祖母抚养，

因为他们的父母由于酗酒，

because parents, due to alcoholism,

domestic violence and general apathy,

家庭暴力和对子女的冷漠态度，

而无法承担抚养责任。

cannot raise them.

Fifty percent of the population over the age of 40

年龄在四十岁以上的人群中有百分之五十

suffers from diabetes.

患有糖尿病。

The life expectancy for men is between 46 and 48 years old --

男性的寿命平均在

46岁

到48岁－

roughly the same as in Afghanistan and Somalia.

基本上堪比

阿富汗和索马里亚的情况。

The last chapter in any successful genocide

每一次种族屠杀的结局都一样，

is the one in which the oppressor

屠杀者

can remove their hands and say,

丢下屠刀，说：

"My god -- what are these people doing to themselves?

“天啊，这些人对自己都干了什么？

他们自相残杀。

They're killing each other.

They're killing themselves

自取灭亡。

while we watch them die."

我们只能在一边看着。”

This is how we came to own these United States.

我们就是这样建立起美利坚合众国的。

This is the legacy

这是命定扩张论

of Manifest Destiny.

所衍生的后遗症。

Prisoners are still born into prisoner of war camps,

虽然监狱看守早已不在了，

在这个战争集中营里，

long after the guards are gone.

仍然不停地有新的战俘诞生。

These are the bones left after the best meat has been taken.

好肉都被瓜分干净了，

剩下的只有骨头。

很久以前，

A long time ago,

a series of events was set in motion

一群和我拥有同样肤色的人，也就是wasichu，

by a people who look like me, by wasichu,

因为觊觎黑岗的土地，

水资源，以及金子，

eager to take the land and the water and the gold in the hills.

而发动了一系列抢掠行动。

Those events led to a domino effect that has yet to end.

这些行动产生的连锁效应，

至今未停。

As removed as we, the dominant society, may feel

尽管现在我们作为主导的这个社会

from a massacre in 1890,

与1890年的大屠杀

or a series of broken treaties 150 years ago,

以及150年前撕毁的条约相隔甚远，

I still have to ask you the question:

我仍然要问你们：

对于今天的数据，你们做何感想？

How should you feel about the statistics of today?

这些印第安人受苦的照片

What is the connection between these images of suffering

和我刚才所念的历史事件

and the history that I just read to you?

有什么关联呢？

你们对这些历史事件

And how much of this history do you need to own, even?

应付多少责任？

Is any of this your responsibility today?

你们是否对这些历史事件负责？

I have been told that there must be something we can do.

有人告诉我说我们肯定能做些什么。

There must be some call to action.

我需要号召大家行动起来，

Because for so long, I've been standing on the sidelines,

因为我花了太长时间站在一旁

满足于作个旁观者，

content to be a witness,

能做的只是拍拍照片。

just taking photographs.

Because the solutions seem so far in the past,

还因为时过境迁，时局已无法挽回，

I needed nothing short of a time machine to access them.

我只有使用时间机器

才能回到过去。

The suffering of indigenous peoples is not a simple issue to fix.

原住民的痛苦生活

不是一天两天就能够得到改善的。

It's not something everyone can get behind

人们不能像拖延援助海地，

the way they get behind helping Haiti,

抗击艾滋病，或赈济饥荒那样

or ending AIDS, or fighting a famine.

拖延对原住民的帮助。

The "fix," as it's called,

帮助他们的方法

may be much more difficult for the dominant society

对于主流社会而言可不简单，

than, say, a $50 check

它不是一张五十美元的支票，

or a church trip to paint some graffiti-covered houses,

不像教会组织

帮助粉刷被涂鸦的房子，

or a suburban family

也不是像一个市郊家庭

donating a box of clothes they don't even want anymore.

把他们不要的旧衣服捐出来那么简单。

So where does that leave us?

我们到底应该怎么做？

Shrugging our shoulders in the dark?

只能无奈地耸耸肩吗？

美国政府

The United States continues on a daily basis to violate the terms

至今

仍在违反

of the 1851 and 1868 Fort Laramie Treaties with the Lakota.

1851年和1868年的条约。

也就是和拉科塔人签订的两次《拉勒米堡条约》。

The call to action I offer today --

我今天想告诉大家－

我的TED心愿是－

my TED wish -- is this:

Honor the treaties.

请你们遵守条约，

Give back the Black Hills.

归还黑岗，

It's not your business what they do with them.

印第安人想怎样利用那些山，你们无权过问。

(Applause)

（众人鼓掌）