Aaron Huey: America's native prisoners of war

譯者: Geoff Chen 審譯者: Ching-Yuan Chen

今天，我向大家呈現我拍攝的拉科塔人照片。

I'm here today to show my photographs of the Lakota.

Many of you may have heard of the Lakota,

拉科塔人對於在座的許多人應該不陌生了，

or at least the larger group of tribes,

至少也聽說過他們所屬的部落

called the Sioux.

蘇族。

The Lakota are one of many tribes that were moved off their land

拉科塔人是眾多被迫離開家園的印第安人。

他們淪為戰俘，被驅趕到集中營裡，

to prisoner-of-war camps,

now called reservations.

也就是所謂的保留地。

The Pine Ridge Reservation,

松嶺印地安人保留地，

the subject of today's slide show,

就是今天攝影集的主題，

它位於南達科他州黑崗

is located about 75 miles southeast of the Black Hills in South Dakota.

東南方向75英里處。

它的別名是

It is sometimes referred to as Prisoner of War Camp Number 334,

334 號戰俘集中營。

這裡就是現在拉科塔人的居住地。

and it is where the Lakota now live.

Now, if any of you have ever heard of AIM,

如果你們有人聽說過 AIM，

the American Indian Movement,

也就是美國印第安人運動,

or of Russell Means,

還是你們有聽過 羅素·敏斯

or Leonard Peltier,

或是里奧納多‧波地爾

or of the standoff at Oglala,

或是奧加拉拉對峙事件，

then you know Pine Ridge is ground zero for Native issues in the US.

那麼你肯定知道，在美國，松嶺保留地

就是印第安人問題的發生地。

So I've been asked to talk a little bit today

今天，我被邀來這裡簡單介紹

about my relationship with the Lakota,

我和拉科塔人之間的關係，

and that's a very difficult one for me,

這我來說難能可貴。

because, if you haven't noticed from my skin color,

因為，你們如果注意到我的膚色，

就知道我是白人，

I'm white,

and that is a huge barrier on a Native reservation.

這在印第安人保留地是一大禁忌。

You'll see a lot of people in my photographs today.

今天展示的照片中有形形色色的人，

I've become very close with them, and they've welcomed me like family.

我有幸成為他們的朋友，他們待我如親人一般。

他們待我如兄長，

They've called me "brother" and "uncle,"

在過去的五年裡一次又一次邀我，

and invited me again and again over five years.

儘管如此，在松嶺，

But on Pine Ridge,

I will always be what is called "wasichu."

我永遠被視為wasichu,

"Wasichu" is a Lakota word

wasichu是拉科塔語，

that means "non-Indian,"

意思是非印第安人，

but another version of this word

而這個詞還有另一個含義，

意思是搶走上等好肉的人。

means "the one who takes the best meat for himself."

And that's what I want to focus on --

這就是我今天的主題 --

the one who takes the best part of the meat.

搶走上等好肉的人。

這意味著貪婪。

It means "greedy."

So take a look around this auditorium today.

大家四下看看。

我們身處美國西部一所私立學校裡，

We are at a private school in the American West,

坐在紅色絲絨的椅子上，

sitting in red velvet chairs

with money in our pockets.

荷包鼓鼓。

And if we look at our lives,

如果我們稍稍自省，

we have indeed taken the best part of the meat.

就不難發現，

我們的確搶走了上等好肉。

So let's look today at a set of photographs

我們來好好看看這些圖片，

of a people who lost

看看我們如何奪走了

so that we could gain,

本屬於另外一群人的生活。

and know that when you see these people's faces,

不僅如此，當看到這些人的臉時，

that these are not just images of the Lakota;

你知道他們不僅代表了拉科塔人，

they stand for all indigenous people.

還代表了所有印第安土著。

On this piece of paper

這張紙上，

is the history the way I learned it from my Lakota friends and family.

記錄著我從拉科塔朋友和家人那裡

學到的歷史。

The following is a time line of treaties made, treaties broken

下面是一組大事年表，

記錄了那些被撕毀了的協約

and massacres disguised as battles.

和一些看似戰鬥實為屠殺的事件。

I'll begin in 1824.

我從1824年講起。

印第安事務管理局

What is known as the Bureau of Indian Affairs

實為美國陸軍部下屬部門

was created within the War Department,

一開始就在對待美國原住民事務上

setting an early tone of aggression

in our dealings with the Native Americans.

充滿敵意。

1851:

1851年:

The first treaty of Fort Laramie was made,

第一次《拉勒米堡條約》，

clearly marking the boundaries of the Lakota Nation.

明確劃定了拉科塔人的領土分界線。

根據條約，

According to the treaty, those lands are a sovereign nation.

分界線以內的土地構成一個主權國家。

If the boundaries of this treaty had held --

如果條約劃定的界限還在，

and there is a legal basis that they should --

同時還有法源依據

then this is what the US would look like today.

那麼這才是美國今天的模樣。

十年以後，

Ten years later.

The Homestead Act, signed by President Lincoln,

由林肯總統親自簽署的《公地放領法》

unleashed a flood of white settlers into Native lands.

放任白人殖民者蜂擁闖入原駐民領地。

1863:

1863年:

An uprising of Santee Sioux in Minnesota

明尼蘇達州發生蘇族的支部桑蒂人起義，

ends with the hanging of 38 Sioux men,

結果38名蘇人被絞死，

the largest mass execution in US history.

這成為美國歷史上最大規模的絞刑。

The execution was ordered by President Lincoln,

下令行刑的正是林肯總統，

only two days after he signed the Emancipation Proclamation.

而就在兩天前，

他剛剛簽署了《解放奴隸宣言》。

1866: The beginning of the Transcontinental Railroad --

1866年，跨大陸鐵路開始動工 --

新時代開始了。

a new era.

為了優化鐵路路線，

We appropriated land for trails and trains

我們抄捷徑直穿拉科塔腹地。

to shortcut through the heart of the Lakota Nation.

The treaties were out the window.

所有條約都被束之高閣。

In response, three tribes led by the Lakota chief Red Cloud

拉科達酋長紅雲率領的三個部落進行反擊，

attacked and defeated the US army,

他們攻打並屢次戰勝了美國軍隊。

many times over.

I want to repeat that part:

我想再強調一遍。

The Lakota defeat the US army.

拉科塔人戰勝了美國軍隊。

1868年: 第二次《拉勒米堡條約》

1868: The second Fort Laramie Treaty clearly guarantees

清清楚楚地承諾保證蘇族的主權地位

the sovereignty of the Great Sioux Nation

and the Lakotas' ownership of the sacred Black Hills.

並承認神聖的黑崗為拉科塔所有。

政府另外還承諾他們在其領地周圍各州

The government also promises land and hunting rights

享有土地和狩獵權。

in the surrounding states.

We promise that the Powder River country

我們承諾白人一律不許踏入

屬於印第安人的粉河地帶。

will henceforth be closed to all whites.

The treaty seemed to be a complete victory

這個條約表面上是紅雲酋長

for Red Cloud and the Sioux.

以及蘇人的完美勝利勝。

In fact, this is the only war in American history

而實質上，這是美國歷史上

政府唯一一次為了停戰

in which the government negotiated a peace

by conceding everything demanded by the enemy.

而完全屈從於敵人的要求。

1869年:

1869: The Transcontinental Railroad was completed.

跨大陸鐵路竣工。

It began carrying, among other things, large numbers of hunters,

成千上萬的獵戶搭著火車來到蘇人的領地，

他們開始成批地捕殺野牛,

who began the wholesale killing of buffalo,

eliminating a source of food, clothing and shelter for the Sioux.

使得蘇人賴以生存的生活資料來源瀕臨滅絕。

1871年:

1871:

The Indian Appropriation Act

印第安人撥款法案

makes all Indians wards of the federal government.

讓所有印第安人都受到聯邦政府的管轄。

In addition, the military issued orders

不僅如此，美國軍隊下令

forbidding western Indians from leaving reservations.

禁止西部的印第安人離開保留地。

All western Indians at that point in time were now prisoners of war.

從此以後，所有西部印第安人

都成為了戰後囚徒。

另外，1871年，

Also in 1871,

we ended the time of treaty-making.

我們停止制定條約。

The problem with treaties is they allow tribes to exist as sovereign nations,

條約只會允許印第安部落享有主權，

但我們不能接受。

and we can't have that.

We had plans.

我們自有對策。

1874:

1874年:

General George Custer announced the discovery of gold in Lakota territory,

喬治‧卡斯特 將軍宣佈在拉科塔地區發現了金礦，

specifically the Black Hills.

位置就在黑崗。

The news of gold creates a massive influx of white settlers

這一消息引得白人移民者蜂擁

闖入拉科塔領地。

into Lakota Nation.

Custer recommends that Congress find a way

卡斯特向國會提議

儘快解除

to end the treaties with the Lakota as soon as possible.

與拉科塔人定下的條約。

1875: The Lakota war begins

1875年: 美國撕毀《拉勒米堡條約》，

over the violation of the Fort Laramie Treaty.

拉科達戰爭爆發。

1876:

1876年:

On July 26th,

7月26日

on its way to attack a Lakota village,

卡斯特將軍率領的第七騎兵

Custer's 7th Cavalry was crushed

在攻打一個拉科塔村莊時全軍覆沒，

at the battle of Little Big Horn.

這就是著名的小盤羊戰役。

1877年:

1877:

The great Lakota warrior and chief named Crazy Horse

偉大的拉科塔勇士瘋馬酋長

surrendered at Fort Robinson.

於羅賓遜堡投降。

他之後在關押期間被殺害。

He was later killed while in custody.

1877年，我們成功地

1877 is also the year we found a way to get around the Fort Laramie Treaties.

解除了所有《拉勒米堡條約》。

A new agreement was presented to Sioux chiefs and their leading men,

一項新協議擺在了蘇人各部酋長以及他們副手的面前，

這次運動被稱為“不賣地就餓死”

under a campaign known as "Sell or Starve" --

sign the paper, or no food for your tribe.

要麼在協議上簽字，要麼你的部落就等著挨餓。

Only 10 percent of the adult male population signed.

只有百分之十的成年男子簽了字。

The Fort Laramie Treaty called for at least three-quarters of the tribe

《拉勒米堡條約》

要求一個部落中至少四分之三的人簽字同意

to sign away land.

才能出讓土地。

That clause was obviously ignored.

這一條款很顯然已經被忽略不計了。

1887: The Dawes Act.

1887:《道斯法案》。

保留地公有的時代就此終結。

Communal ownership of reservation lands ends.

Reservations are cut up into 160-acre sections,

保留地被分割成塊，每塊地為160英畝，

and distributed to individual Indians

分配給每個印第安人

with the surplus disposed of.

剩餘的部分則被割走。

Tribes lost millions of acres.

印第安部落損失了上百萬英畝土地。

The American dream of individual land ownership

美國人為了實現

turned out to be a very clever way

就不擇手段

to divide the reservation until nothing was left.

將保留地瓜分待盡。

保留地遭到毀滅性打擊，

The move destroyed the reservations,

變得更容易讓下一代人

making it easier to further subdivide and to sell

進一步瓜分。

with every passing generation.

Most of the surplus land

那些瓜分剩下的土地

and many of the plots within reservation boundaries

以及許多保留地內的地塊

are now in the hands of white ranchers.

現在都成了白人農場主的囊中之物。

Once again, the fat of the land goes to wasichu.

最肥沃的土地再次落入wasichu手裡

1890: A date I believe to be the most important in this slide show.

1890年，我認為是幻燈片上

最重要的一個日期。

This is the year of the Wounded Knee Massacre.

就在這一年，“傷膝河慘案”發生了。

12月29日，

On December 29,

US troops surrounded a Sioux encampment at Wounded Knee Creek,

美國軍隊包圍了蘇人駐紮在傷膝河的營地，

並在那裡屠殺了“大腳”酋長

and massacred Chief Big Foot and 300 prisoners of war,

以及其他300多名戰俘，

他們使用的是一種能夠進行掃射的

using a new rapid-fire weapon that fired exploding shells,

新式武器 －

called a Hotchkiss gun.

機關槍。

For this so-called "battle,"

為了這場所謂的戰役，

20 Congressional Medals of Honor for Valor

國會將 20 枚榮譽勳章

were given to the 7th Cavalry.

授予了第七騎兵團以表彰他們的驍勇善戰。

To this day,

直到今天，

這是歷史上國會授予最多榮譽勳章的

this is the most Medals of Honor ever awarded for a single battle.

單次戰役。

More Medals of Honor were given

這一次對無辜婦女兒童的殘酷屠殺

for the indiscriminate slaughter of women and children

所獲得的榮譽勳章

than for any battle in World War One,

多於第一次世界大戰，

第二次世界大戰，

World War Two,

Korea, Vietnam,

朝鮮戰爭、越南戰爭、

伊拉克戰爭或阿富汗戰爭中的任何一次戰役。

Iraq or Afghanistan.

“傷膝河慘案”

The Wounded Knee Massacre is considered the end of the Indian wars.

被認為是印第安戰爭的結束

每一次

Whenever I visit the site of the mass grave at Wounded Knee,

去傷膝河公墓，

I see it not just as a grave for the Lakota or for the Sioux,

我看到的

不僅僅是拉科塔人或蘇人的墳墓，

而是所有原住民的墳墓。

but as a grave for all indigenous peoples.

The holy man Black Elk, said,

印第安聖人黑麋鹿曾說：

「我不知道當時

"I did not know then how much was ended.

死了多少人。

When I look back now from this high hill of my old age,

每當回首

那座飽經滄桑的高山，

I can still see the butchered women and children

沿著那條蜿蜒的小河

我依然能看見那些婦女兒童,

lying heaped and scattered all along the crooked gulch,

屍橫遍地，

這和我年輕時親見的場景

as plain as when I saw them

with eyes still young.

一般清晰。

And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud

我能看到在那鮮血染紅的泥土中還有另一樣東西也被扼殺了，

最後被暴風雪所埋葬。

and was buried in the blizzard.

A people's dream died there.

一個民族的夢想在那裡湮滅

And it was a beautiful dream."

那曾是個多麼美好的夢想。”

事件發生以後，

With this event,

a new era in Native American history began.

美國原住民的歷史進入新的篇章。

Everything can be measured before Wounded Knee and after,

“傷膝河慘案” 發生之前，

一切都是可以衡量的。

because it was in this moment,

因為現在美國政府

with the fingers on the triggers of the Hotchkiss guns,

一邊做出扣動扳機的姿態，

that the US government openly declared its position on Native rights.

美國政府公開宣佈對原住民權力的立場

他們厭倦了條約。

They were tired of treaties.

厭倦了聖山。

They were tired of sacred hills.

厭倦了鬼舞。

They were tired of ghost dances.

And they were tired of all the inconveniences of the Sioux.

他們厭倦了蘇人給他們帶來的種種不便。

於是他們搬出了大炮。

So they brought out their cannons.

"You want to be an Indian now?" they said,

要脅: 「你們還做印第安人是嗎?」

finger on the trigger.

同時作勢開槍。

1900:

1900年:

the US Indian population reached its low point --

美國原駐民人口跌至歷史最低點:

less than 250,000,

不足二十五萬人，

compared to an estimated eight million in 1492.

遠遠少於 1492 年的

八百萬人。

Fast-forward.

再將時間拉近一點。

1980:

1980年:

The longest-running court case in US history,

美國歷史上耗時最長的官司

在蘇族和美國政府之間展開，

the Sioux Nation versus the United States,

was ruled upon by the US Supreme Court.

審理的是美國最高法庭。

The court determined that when the Sioux were resettled onto reservations

法院裁決，蘇人重歸保留地時，

同時將七百萬英畝土地

and seven million acres of their land were opened up

開放給探礦者和自耕農，

to prospectors and homesteaders,

the terms of the second Fort Laramie Treaty

違反了第二次《拉勒米堡條約》

had been violated.

的條款。

The court stated that the Black Hills were illegally taken,

法院陳述說

黑崗是被非法佔有的，

and that the initial offering price, plus interest,

政府應當連本帶息

向蘇族買下黑崗。

should be paid to the Sioux Nation.

為買下黑崗，

As payment for the Black Hills,

法院只承諾給蘇族

the court awarded only 106 million dollars to the Sioux Nation.

區區一億零六百萬美元。

The Sioux refused the money with the rallying cry,

蘇人集體抗議，拒絕收錢，

"The Black Hills are not for sale."

他們呐喊，“決不賣黑崗”。

2010:

2010年:

Statistics about Native population today,

今天關於原住民的資料顯示，

more than a century after the massacre at Wounded Knee,

傷膝河大屠殺過了一個多世紀之後，

reveal the legacy of colonization,

殖民地化，強制搬遷，

違反條約等活動所產生的後遺症

forced migration

and treaty violations.

逐漸暴露。

松嶺印第安人保留地的失業率

Unemployment on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation

fluctuates between 85 and 90 percent.

一直高達百分之八十五甚至百分之九十。

The housing office is unable to build new structures,

房屋事務管理部門無力建設新的基礎設施，

and existing structures are falling apart.

而現存的設施卻漸漸崩塌。

不少人流離失所，

Many are homeless,

and those with homes are packed into rotting buildings

即使一些人有家，他們也只能勉強在危樓裡，

五個家庭擠在一起生活。

with up to five families.

Thirty-nine percent of homes on Pine Ridge

在松嶺，百分之三十九的住房

沒有通電。

have no electricity.

At least 60 percent of the homes on the reservation

百分之六十以上的住房

are infested with black mold.

發了黴。

超過百分之九十的人口

More than 90 percent of the population lives below the federal poverty line.

生活在國家貧困線以下。

松嶺地區的肺結核患病率

The tuberculosis rate on Pine Ridge

is approximately eight times higher than the US national average.

大約比全國平均患病率高八倍。

The infant mortality rate is the highest on this continent,

嬰兒死亡率

為北美洲之首，

and is about three times higher than the US national average.

比全國平均嬰兒死亡率高出三倍。

Cervical cancer is five times higher

子宮頸癌患病率

than the US national average.

比全國平均值高五倍。

The school dropout rate is up to 70 percent.

輟學率高達百分之七十。

教師調動頻繁，

Teacher turnover is eight times higher than the US national average.

比全國平均值高出八倍。

Frequently, grandparents are raising their grandchildren

孩子通常由他們的祖父祖母撫養，

因為他們的父母由於酗酒，

because parents, due to alcoholism,

domestic violence and general apathy,

家庭暴力和對子女的冷漠態度，

而無法承擔撫養責任。

cannot raise them.

Fifty percent of the population over the age of 40

年齡在四十歲以上的人群中有百分之五十

suffers from diabetes.

患有糖尿病。

The life expectancy for men is between 46 and 48 years old --

男性的壽命平均在

46歲

到48歲，

roughly the same as in Afghanistan and Somalia.

基本上等於

阿富汗和索馬里亞的情況。

The last chapter in any successful genocide

每一次種族屠殺的結局都一樣，

is the one in which the oppressor

屠殺者

can remove their hands and say,

丟下屠刀，說:

"My god -- what are these people doing to themselves?

「天啊，看看這些人對自己幹了什麼?

他們自相殘殺。

They're killing each other.

They're killing themselves

自取滅亡。

while we watch them die."

我們只能在一邊看著。」

This is how we came to own these United States.

我們就是這樣建立起美利堅合眾國的。

This is the legacy

這是命定擴張論

of Manifest Destiny.

所衍生的後遺症。

Prisoners are still born into prisoner of war camps,

雖然監獄看守早已不在了，

在這個戰爭集中營裡，

long after the guards are gone.

仍然不停地有新的戰俘誕生。

These are the bones left after the best meat has been taken.

好肉都被瓜分乾淨了，

剩下的只有骨頭。

很久以前，

A long time ago,

a series of events was set in motion

一群和我擁有同樣膚色的人，也就是wasichu，

by a people who look like me, by wasichu,

因為覬覦黑崗的土地、

水源、以及金子，

eager to take the land and the water and the gold in the hills.

而發動了一系列搶掠行動。

Those events led to a domino effect that has yet to end.

這些行動產生的連鎖效應，

至今未停。

As removed as we, the dominant society, may feel

儘管現在我們作為主導的這個社會

from a massacre in 1890,

與1890年的大屠殺

or a series of broken treaties 150 years ago,

以及150年前撕毀的條約相隔甚遠，

I still have to ask you the question:

我仍然要問你們:

對於今天的資料，你們做何感想?

How should you feel about the statistics of today?

這些印第安人受苦的照片

What is the connection between these images of suffering

和我剛才所念的歷史事件

and the history that I just read to you?

有什麼關聯呢?

你們對這些歷史事件

And how much of this history do you need to own, even?

應付多少責任?

Is any of this your responsibility today?

你們是否對這些歷史事件負責?

I have been told that there must be something we can do.

有人告訴我說我們肯定能做些什麼。

There must be some call to action.

我需要號召大家行動起來，

Because for so long, I've been standing on the sidelines,

因為我花了太長時間站在一旁

滿足於作個旁觀者，

content to be a witness,

能做的只是拍拍照片。

just taking photographs.

Because the solutions seem so far in the past,

解決的方法似乎遺留在遙遠的過去

I needed nothing short of a time machine to access them.

我只有使用時間機器

才能找回它。

The suffering of indigenous peoples is not a simple issue to fix.

原住民的痛苦生活

不是一天兩天就能夠得到改善的。

It's not something everyone can get behind

人們不能像拖延援助海地，

the way they get behind helping Haiti,

抗擊愛滋病，或賑濟饑荒那樣

or ending AIDS, or fighting a famine.

拖延對原住民的幫助。

The "fix," as it's called,

幫助他們的方法

may be much more difficult for the dominant society

對於主流社會而言可不簡單，

than, say, a $50 check

它不是一張五十美元的支票，

or a church trip to paint some graffiti-covered houses,

不像教會組織

幫助粉刷被塗鴉的房子，

or a suburban family

也不是像一個市郊家庭

donating a box of clothes they don't even want anymore.

把他們不要的舊衣服捐出來那麼簡單。

So where does that leave us?

我們到底應該怎麼做?

Shrugging our shoulders in the dark?

只能無奈地聳聳肩嗎?

美國政府

The United States continues on a daily basis to violate the terms

至今

仍在違反

of the 1851 and 1868 Fort Laramie Treaties with the Lakota.

1851年和1868年的條約。

也就是和拉科塔人簽訂的兩次《拉勒米堡條約》。

The call to action I offer today --

我今天想告訴大家，

我的TED心願是:

my TED wish -- is this:

Honor the treaties.

請你們遵守條約，

Give back the Black Hills.

歸還黑崗，

It's not your business what they do with them.

印第安人想怎樣利用那些山，你們無權過問。

(Applause)

（掌聲）