Aaron Huey: America's native prisoners of war

231,309 views ใƒป 2010-11-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Eran Givoni ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
ืื ื™ ื ืžืฆื ืคื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœืืงื•ื˜ื”
00:16
I'm here today to show my photographs of the Lakota.
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00:19
Many of you may have heard of the Lakota,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืฉืžืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืœืืงื•ื˜ื”
00:21
or at least the larger group of tribes,
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื,
00:23
called the Sioux.
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ืื•ืžืช ื”ืกื•.
00:25
The Lakota are one of many tribes that were moved off their land
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ื”ืœืืงื•ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ื ืฉื‘ื˜ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืฉื• ืžืื“ืžืชื
ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”
00:29
to prisoner-of-war camps,
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00:30
now called reservations.
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ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช.
00:32
The Pine Ridge Reservation,
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ืฉืžื•ืจืช ืคื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื“ื’',
00:34
the subject of today's slide show,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื” ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืœืžืฆื’ืช ื”ื™ื•ื,
ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื›-120 ืง"ืž ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช
00:37
is located about 75 miles southeast of the Black Hills in South Dakota.
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ืœ"ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช" ื‘ื“ืงื•ื˜ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช.
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื” ื‘ืฉื
00:41
It is sometimes referred to as Prisoner of War Camp Number 334,
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"ืžื—ื ื” ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืกืคืจ 334",
ื•ืฉื ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœืืงื•ื˜ื”.
00:46
and it is where the Lakota now live.
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00:48
Now, if any of you have ever heard of AIM,
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื›ื ืฉืžืข ืคืขื ืขืœ AIM,
00:50
the American Indian Movement,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
00:52
or of Russell Means,
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ืื• ืขืœ ืจืืกืœ ืžื™ื ืก,
00:54
or Leonard Peltier,
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ืื• ืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“ ืคืœื˜ื™ื™ืจ,
00:56
or of the standoff at Oglala,
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ืื• ื”ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื’ืœืืœื”,
00:58
then you know Pine Ridge is ground zero for Native issues in the US.
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื“ื’' ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื™ื‘ื•
ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
01:04
So I've been asked to talk a little bit today
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ืื– ื ืชื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื˜ ื”ื™ื•ื
01:06
about my relationship with the Lakota,
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ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืขื ื”ืœืืงื•ื˜ื”,
01:08
and that's a very difficult one for me,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืงืฉื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™.
01:10
because, if you haven't noticed from my skin color,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืฉืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื ืฉืžืชื ืœื‘ ืžืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื™,
ืื ื™ ืœื‘ืŸ,
01:13
I'm white,
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01:14
and that is a huge barrier on a Native reservation.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืžื—ืกื•ื ืื“ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืžื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ืช.
01:19
You'll see a lot of people in my photographs today.
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ื,
01:21
I've become very close with them, and they've welcomed me like family.
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ืื ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืืœื™ื”ื, ื•ื”ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืื•ืชื™ ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
ื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื™ ืื— ื•ื“ื•ื“
01:25
They've called me "brother" and "uncle,"
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ื•ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.
01:27
and invited me again and again over five years.
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ืืš ื‘ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื“ื’',
01:29
But on Pine Ridge,
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01:30
I will always be what is called "wasichu."
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ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืื”ื™ื” "ื•ื•ืืฉื™ืฆ'ื•",
01:33
"Wasichu" is a Lakota word
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ื•"ื•ื•ืืฉื™ืฆ'ื•" ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืœืืงื•ื˜ื”
01:36
that means "non-Indian,"
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ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™,
01:38
but another version of this word
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ืืš ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืœืžื™ืœื”
ื”ื•ื "ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฆืžื•."
01:41
means "the one who takes the best meat for himself."
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01:44
And that's what I want to focus on --
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ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื“:
01:46
the one who takes the best part of the meat.
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ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืฆืžื•.
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื—ืžื“ื ื•ืช.
01:49
It means "greedy."
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01:51
So take a look around this auditorium today.
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืื•ื“ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืคื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™,
01:54
We are at a private school in the American West,
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ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืกืื•ืช ืžืงื˜ื™ืคื”
01:57
sitting in red velvet chairs
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01:59
with money in our pockets.
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ืขื ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื›ื™ืกื ื•.
02:01
And if we look at our lives,
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ื•ืื ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
02:03
we have indeed taken the best part of the meat.
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ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืช
ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:07
So let's look today at a set of photographs
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ืกื“ืจืช ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื
02:10
of a people who lost
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื“ื•
02:12
so that we could gain,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—,
02:14
and know that when you see these people's faces,
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ื•ื ื“ืข ืฉื›ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
02:17
that these are not just images of the Lakota;
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ืฉืืœื• ืœื ืจืง ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืœืืงื•ื˜ื”,
02:20
they stand for all indigenous people.
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจื”"ื‘.
02:25
On this piece of paper
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ื‘ืคื™ืกืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื–ืืช,
02:27
is the history the way I learned it from my Lakota friends and family.
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ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืื•ืชื”
ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœืืงื•ื˜ื”.
02:32
The following is a time line of treaties made, treaties broken
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื–ืžืŸ
ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ืชืžื• ื•ื”ื•ืคืจื•,
02:37
and massacres disguised as battles.
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ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ื—ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืกื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืงืจื‘ื•ืช.
02:39
I'll begin in 1824.
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ืืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘-1824.
ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื
02:42
What is known as the Bureau of Indian Affairs
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ืžื•ืงื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
02:44
was created within the War Department,
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ื‘ืข ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื“ืจืš
02:46
setting an early tone of aggression
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02:47
in our dealings with the Native Americans.
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ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื• ืขื ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื.
02:49
1851:
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02:51
The first treaty of Fort Laramie was made,
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ืืžื ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ ืœืจืžื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ื—ืชืžืช,
02:53
clearly marking the boundaries of the Lakota Nation.
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ื•ืžืกืžื ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืžืช ื”ืœืืงื•ื˜ื”.
ืœืคื™ ื”ืืžื ื”,
02:57
According to the treaty, those lands are a sovereign nation.
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ื”ืœืืงื•ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ื ืื•ืžื” ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ืช.
03:00
If the boundaries of this treaty had held --
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ืื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื” ื”ื™ื• ื ืฉืžืจื™ื
03:02
and there is a legal basis that they should --
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื—ื•ืงื™ ืœื›ืš ืฉื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช -
03:05
then this is what the US would look like today.
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ืื– ื›ืš ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืจืื™ืช ืžืคืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื.
10 ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:11
Ten years later.
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03:12
The Homestead Act, signed by President Lincoln,
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ื—ื•ืชื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืง ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื“ืžื•ืช
03:15
unleashed a flood of white settlers into Native lands.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื˜ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื.
03:18
1863:
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1863:
03:20
An uprising of Santee Sioux in Minnesota
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ืžืจื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ืกื• ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื ืกื•ื˜ื”
03:22
ends with the hanging of 38 Sioux men,
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ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืœื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ 38 ืื ืฉื™ ืกื•,
03:25
the largest mass execution in US history.
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ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืืจื”"ื‘.
03:29
The execution was ordered by President Lincoln,
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ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ื”ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’
03:31
only two days after he signed the Emancipation Proclamation.
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ืจืง ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืชื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื.
03:37
1866: The beginning of the Transcontinental Railroad --
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1866 ืžืกืžื ืช ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื˜ืจื ืก-ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื ื˜ืœื™ืช.
ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ.
03:41
a new era.
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ืœืงื—ื ื• ืื“ืžื•ืช ืœืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืกื™ืœื•ืช
03:43
We appropriated land for trails and trains
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื“ืจืš ื‘ืœื‘ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืœืืงื•ื˜ื”.
03:45
to shortcut through the heart of the Lakota Nation.
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03:47
The treaties were out the window.
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ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื ื–ืจืงื• ืœืคื—.
03:49
In response, three tribes led by the Lakota chief Red Cloud
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืฆ'ื™ืฃ ืขื ืŸ ืื“ื•ื ืžื”ืœืืงื•ื˜ื”
03:52
attacked and defeated the US army,
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ืชืงืคื• ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืกื• ืืช ืฆื‘ื ืืจื”"ื‘ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
03:54
many times over.
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03:55
I want to repeat that part:
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื–ื”:
03:57
The Lakota defeat the US army.
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ื”ืœืืงื•ื˜ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืกื• ืืช ืฆื‘ื ืืจื”"ื‘.
1868: ืืžื ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ ืœืจืžื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”
04:01
1868: The second Fort Laramie Treaty clearly guarantees
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ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื•ืžืช ื”ืกื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
04:04
the sovereignty of the Great Sioux Nation
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04:06
and the Lakotas' ownership of the sacred Black Hills.
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ื•ืืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืœืืงื•ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช.
ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื’ื ืื“ืžื•ืช ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆื™ื“
04:10
The government also promises land and hunting rights
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืช.
04:12
in the surrounding states.
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04:13
We promise that the Powder River country
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ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื ื• ืฉืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื ื”ืจ ื”ืคืื•ื“ืจ
ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื’ื•ืจ ืžืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื”.
04:16
will henceforth be closed to all whites.
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04:18
The treaty seemed to be a complete victory
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ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืืžื ื” ื”ื™ื ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜
04:20
for Red Cloud and the Sioux.
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ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื™ืฃ ืขื ืŸ ืื“ื•ื ื•ื”ืกื•.
04:22
In fact, this is the only war in American history
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช
ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืฉื™ื’ื” ืฉืœื•ื
04:26
in which the government negotiated a peace
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04:28
by conceding everything demanded by the enemy.
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ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื™ื‘.
1869:
04:34
1869: The Transcontinental Railroad was completed.
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ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ื˜ืจื ืก-ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ื ื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
04:37
It began carrying, among other things, large numbers of hunters,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื
ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ื”ืจื’ ืกื™ื˜ื•ื ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืืคืœื•,
04:41
who began the wholesale killing of buffalo,
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04:43
eliminating a source of food, clothing and shelter for the Sioux.
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ื•ื—ื™ืกืœื• ืข"ื™ ื›ืš ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื•ื›ืœ, ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื•ืžื—ืกื” ืœืื•ืžืช ื”ืกื•.
1871:
04:47
1871:
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04:48
The Indian Appropriation Act
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ื ื—ืงืง ื—ื•ืง ื”ืœืืžืช ืื“ืžื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื•ืช
04:50
makes all Indians wards of the federal government.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ื’ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ืช.
04:53
In addition, the military issued orders
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื–ืืช, ื”ืฆื‘ื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช
04:55
forbidding western Indians from leaving reservations.
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ื”ืื•ืกืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
04:59
All western Indians at that point in time were now prisoners of war.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
ืืกื™ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”.
ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” (1871)
05:04
Also in 1871,
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05:05
we ended the time of treaty-making.
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ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืœืกื™ื•ืžื• ืืช ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช.
05:07
The problem with treaties is they allow tribes to exist as sovereign nations,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขื ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืจืฉื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ืื•ืžื•ืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
ื•ืืช ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช.
05:11
and we can't have that.
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05:12
We had plans.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช.
05:14
1874:
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1874:
05:16
General George Custer announced the discovery of gold in Lakota territory,
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ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืงืืกื˜ืจ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืœืืงื•ื˜ื”,
05:19
specifically the Black Hills.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช.
05:21
The news of gold creates a massive influx of white settlers
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ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื”ื’ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื
ืœืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืœืืงื•ื˜ื”.
05:24
into Lakota Nation.
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05:25
Custer recommends that Congress find a way
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ืงืืกื˜ืจ ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื™ืžืฆื ื“ืจืš
ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืœืืงื•ื˜ื”
05:28
to end the treaties with the Lakota as soon as possible.
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ื‘ื”ืงื“ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™.
05:31
1875: The Lakota war begins
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1875: ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืœืืงื•ื˜ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื”
05:34
over the violation of the Fort Laramie Treaty.
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ ืœืจืžื™.
05:37
1876:
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1876:
05:39
On July 26th,
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ื‘-26 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™
05:41
on its way to attack a Lakota village,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืคืจื™ ื”ืœืืงื•ื˜ื”,
05:43
Custer's 7th Cavalry was crushed
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ืžื•ื‘ืก ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืงืืกื˜ืจ
05:45
at the battle of Little Big Horn.
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืœื™ื˜ืœ ื‘ื™ื’ื”ื•ืจืŸ.
1877:
05:48
1877:
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05:49
The great Lakota warrior and chief named Crazy Horse
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ื”ืœื•ื—ื ื•ืฆ'ื™ืฃ ื”ืœืืงื•ื˜ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืฉืžื• ืกื•ืก ืžืฉื•ื’ืข
05:52
surrendered at Fort Robinson.
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ื ื›ื ืข ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืŸ.
ื”ื•ื ื ื”ืจื’ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™.
05:55
He was later killed while in custody.
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1877 ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื” ืžืฆืื ื• ื“ืจืš
06:01
1877 is also the year we found a way to get around the Fort Laramie Treaties.
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ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ ืœืจืžื™.
06:05
A new agreement was presented to Sioux chiefs and their leading men,
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ื”ืกื›ื ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ืฆื’ ืœืฆ'ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื• ื•ืื ืฉื™ื”ื
ืชื—ืช ื”ืงืžืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื›"ืžื›ื•ืจ ืื• ื’ื•ื•ืข ื‘ืจืขื‘."
06:09
under a campaign known as "Sell or Starve" --
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06:11
sign the paper, or no food for your tribe.
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ื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ, ืื• ืฉื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉืœืš ืœื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื›ืœ.
06:14
Only 10 percent of the adult male population signed.
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ืจืง ื›-10 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื—ืชืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืžืš.
06:17
The Fort Laramie Treaty called for at least three-quarters of the tribe
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ืืžื ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ ืœืจืžื™
ื“ืจืฉื” ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื”-ืจื‘ืขื™ื ืžื”ืฉื‘ื˜
06:21
to sign away land.
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ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืื“ืžืชื.
06:23
That clause was obviously ignored.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืขืœืžื ื• ืžื”ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ื–ื”.
06:25
1887: The Dawes Act.
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1887: ื—ื•ืง ื“ื•ื–.
ืื—ื–ืงื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืกื™ื•ืžื”.
06:29
Communal ownership of reservation lands ends.
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06:31
Reservations are cut up into 160-acre sections,
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ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืœื—ืœืงื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื›-40 ื“ื•ื ื
06:34
and distributed to individual Indians
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ื•ืžื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜
06:36
with the surplus disposed of.
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ื ืœืงื—.
06:38
Tribes lost millions of acres.
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ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื.
06:41
The American dream of individual land ownership
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ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืœืงืช ืื“ืžื”
06:43
turned out to be a very clever way
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ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื“ืจืš ื—ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ื“
06:45
to divide the reservation until nothing was left.
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ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื ืฉืืจ ื“ื‘ืจ.
ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืจืก ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช,
06:49
The move destroyed the reservations,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ื ื•ื”ื’ ืœื—ืœืง ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื•ืช
06:51
making it easier to further subdivide and to sell
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ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ.
06:54
with every passing generation.
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06:56
Most of the surplus land
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ืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจื”
06:58
and many of the plots within reservation boundaries
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ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ืœืงื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื”
07:00
are now in the hands of white ranchers.
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ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื.
07:03
Once again, the fat of the land goes to wasichu.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœ"ื•ื•ืืฉื™ืฆ'ื•".
07:07
1890: A date I believe to be the most important in this slide show.
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ื‘-1890, ืชืืจื™ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ
ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืฆื’ืช ื”ื–ืืช.
07:12
This is the year of the Wounded Knee Massacre.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ื‘ื•ื•ื ื“ื“ ื ื™.
ื‘-29 ืœื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ.
07:15
On December 29,
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07:16
US troops surrounded a Sioux encampment at Wounded Knee Creek,
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ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื‘ื ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ืงื™ืคื• ืืช ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืกื• ื‘ื•ื•ื ื“ื“ ื ื™
ื•ื˜ื‘ื—ื• ื‘ืฆ'ื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ื’ ืคื•ื˜
07:20
and massacred Chief Big Foot and 300 prisoners of war,
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ื•-300 ืืกื™ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”,
ืขื ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ื™ื”
07:24
using a new rapid-fire weapon that fired exploding shells,
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ืฉื™ืจืชื” ืคื’ื–ื™ื
07:27
called a Hotchkiss gun.
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ืฉื ืงืจืื” ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื™ืจื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ืฆ'ืงื™ืก.
07:29
For this so-called "battle,"
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”"ืงืจื‘" ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื”,
07:31
20 Congressional Medals of Honor for Valor
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20 ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื ื™ืชื ื•
07:34
were given to the 7th Cavalry.
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ืœื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืคืจืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™.
07:37
To this day,
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ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื,
ื–ื”ื• ืžืกืจ ื”ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:40
this is the most Medals of Honor ever awarded for a single battle.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืื™ ืคืขื ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ืงืจื‘ ื™ื—ื™ื“.
07:45
More Medals of Honor were given
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื™ืชื ื•
07:46
for the indiscriminate slaughter of women and children
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ืœื˜ื‘ื— ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื
07:49
than for any battle in World War One,
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ืงืจื‘ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
07:52
World War Two,
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07:53
Korea, Vietnam,
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ื•ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื”, ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื,
ืขื™ืจืืง ื•ืืคื’ืื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
07:56
Iraq or Afghanistan.
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ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ื‘ื•ื•ื ื“ื“ ื ื™
08:00
The Wounded Knee Massacre is considered the end of the Indian wars.
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืกื™ื•ื ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื.
ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืืชืจ,
08:05
Whenever I visit the site of the mass grave at Wounded Knee,
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ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื ื“ื“ ื ื™,
08:08
I see it not just as a grave for the Lakota or for the Sioux,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืœื ืจืง ืงื‘ืจ
ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ืœืืงื•ื˜ื” ืื• ื”ืกื•,
ืืœื ืืช ืงื‘ืจื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื.
08:13
but as a grave for all indigenous peoples.
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08:18
The holy man Black Elk, said,
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ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ื‘ืœืง ืืœืง, ืืžืจ
"ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืื–
08:21
"I did not know then how much was ended.
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื•ืคื•.
08:24
When I look back now from this high hill of my old age,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื›ืขืช,
ืžื”ื’ื‘ืขื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื–ืงื ืชื™,
08:28
I can still see the butchered women and children
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ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ื˜ื‘ื—ื•
ื’ื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืžืคื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืขื‘ืจ,
08:31
lying heaped and scattered all along the crooked gulch,
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ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ืขืงื•ื,
ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื™
08:39
as plain as when I saw them
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08:40
with eyes still young.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื.
08:46
And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืžืช ืฉื ื’ื, ื‘ืื“ืžื” ืกืคื•ื’ืช ื”ื“ื
ื•ื ืงื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืคืช ื”ืฉืœื’ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
08:51
and was buried in the blizzard.
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08:54
A people's dream died there.
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ื—ืœื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืขื ืžืช ืฉื,
08:57
And it was a beautiful dream."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ื ื ืคืœื."
ื‘ืืจื•ืข ื–ื”,
09:02
With this event,
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09:03
a new era in Native American history began.
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ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœ.
09:07
Everything can be measured before Wounded Knee and after,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืœืง ื”ื›ืœ
ืœ-ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื•ื•ื ื“ื“ ื ื™.
09:12
because it was in this moment,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื”
09:14
with the fingers on the triggers of the Hotchkiss guns,
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ืขื ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื“ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื™ื”
09:17
that the US government openly declared its position on Native rights.
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ืฉืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ ืขืœ ืขืžื“ืชื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื.
ื”ื ืขื™ื™ืคื• ืžืืžื ื•ืช.
09:22
They were tired of treaties.
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ื”ื ืขื™ื™ืคื• ืžื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช.
09:24
They were tired of sacred hills.
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ื”ื ืขื™ื™ืคื• ืžืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช.
09:26
They were tired of ghost dances.
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09:28
And they were tired of all the inconveniences of the Sioux.
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ื•ื”ื ืขื™ื™ืคื• ืžื›ืœ ืชืœื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•.
ืื– ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื.
09:32
So they brought out their cannons.
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09:35
"You want to be an Indian now?" they said,
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"ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?" ื”ื ืืžืจื•,
09:38
finger on the trigger.
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ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื“ืง.
09:45
1900:
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1900:
09:47
the US Indian population reached its low point --
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ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืฉืคืœ:
09:51
less than 250,000,
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœ-250,000 ืื™ืฉ.
09:53
compared to an estimated eight million in 1492.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืžื•ืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
ื‘-1492.
09:59
Fast-forward.
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ื ืงืคื•ืฅ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
10:01
1980:
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1980:
10:03
The longest-running court case in US history,
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ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉื ื™ื“ื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืืจื”"ื‘,
ืื•ืžืช ื”ืกื• ื ื’ื“ ืืจื”"ื‘,
10:06
the Sioux Nation versus the United States,
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10:08
was ruled upon by the US Supreme Court.
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืกื™ื•ืžื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจืขืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.
10:12
The court determined that when the Sioux were resettled onto reservations
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงื‘ืข ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืกื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช
ื•-2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื ื ืžืื“ืžืชื
10:16
and seven million acres of their land were opened up
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ื ืคืชื—ื• ืœืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื—ืคืฉื™ ื–ื”ื‘,
10:19
to prospectors and homesteaders,
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10:21
the terms of the second Fort Laramie Treaty
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ืชื ืื™ ืืžื ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ ืœืจืžื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”
10:23
had been violated.
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ื”ื•ืคืจื•.
10:25
The court stated that the Black Hills were illegally taken,
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงื‘ืข
ืฉื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืœืงื—ื• ืฉืœื ื›ื—ื•ืง
10:29
and that the initial offering price, plus interest,
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ื•ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆืข, ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช,
ื™ืฉื•ืœื ืœืื•ืžืช ื”ืกื•.
10:32
should be paid to the Sioux Nation.
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ื›ืชืฉืœื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช,
10:34
As payment for the Black Hills,
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงื‘ืข ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืฉืœ 106 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“
10:36
the court awarded only 106 million dollars to the Sioux Nation.
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ืœืื•ืžืช ื”ืกื•.
10:40
The Sioux refused the money with the rallying cry,
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ื”ืกื• ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ืขืงื•:
10:43
"The Black Hills are not for sale."
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"ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืœืžื›ื™ืจื”."
10:46
2010:
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2010:
10:48
Statistics about Native population today,
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ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ืช ื›ื™ื•ื,
10:51
more than a century after the massacre at Wounded Knee,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ื‘ื•ื•ื ื“ื“ ื ื™,
10:54
reveal the legacy of colonization,
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ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”,
ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื›ืคื•ื™ื”
10:57
forced migration
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10:58
and treaty violations.
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ื•ื”ืคืจืช ืืžื ื•ืช.
ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื‘ืฉืžื•ืจืช ืคื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื“ื’'
11:01
Unemployment on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
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11:03
fluctuates between 85 and 90 percent.
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ื ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 85 ืœ-90 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
11:06
The housing office is unable to build new structures,
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ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœื“ื™ื•ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
11:09
and existing structures are falling apart.
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžื˜ื™ื ืœื™ืคื•ืœ.
ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช,
11:12
Many are homeless,
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11:13
and those with homes are packed into rotting buildings
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ื•ืืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืจืขื•ืขื™ื
ืขื ืขื“ ื—ืžืฉ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
11:16
with up to five families.
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11:17
Thirty-nine percent of homes on Pine Ridge
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ืœ-39 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื“ื’'
ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœ
11:20
have no electricity.
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11:21
At least 60 percent of the homes on the reservation
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ื•ืœืคื—ื•ืช 60 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื•ืจื”
11:24
are infested with black mold.
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ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืฉ ืฉื—ื•ืจ.
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-90 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
11:27
More than 90 percent of the population lives below the federal poverty line.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืงื• ื”ืขื•ื ื™.
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ืคืช ื‘ืคื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื“ื’'
11:32
The tuberculosis rate on Pine Ridge
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11:34
is approximately eight times higher than the US national average.
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ื”ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ืœืื•ืžื™.
11:37
The infant mortality rate is the highest on this continent,
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืžื•ืชืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช
ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช
11:41
and is about three times higher than the US national average.
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ื•ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ืœืื•ืžื™.
11:44
Cervical cancer is five times higher
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืจื—ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืคื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื”
11:46
than the US national average.
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ืžื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ืœืื•ืžื™.
11:48
The school dropout rate is up to 70 percent.
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื›-70 ืื—ื•ื–.
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื
11:52
Teacher turnover is eight times higher than the US national average.
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ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ืœืื•ืžื™.
11:56
Frequently, grandparents are raising their grandchildren
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืกื‘ื™ื ื•ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืืช ื ื›ื“ื™ื”ื
ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ืขืงื‘ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ื–ื,
12:00
because parents, due to alcoholism,
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12:02
domestic violence and general apathy,
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ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืืคืืชื™ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช,
ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืื•ืชื.
12:05
cannot raise them.
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12:07
Fifty percent of the population over the age of 40
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ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืžืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ 40
12:10
suffers from diabetes.
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ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืกื›ืจืช.
12:12
The life expectancy for men is between 46 and 48 years old --
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ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื
ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 46
ืœ-48.
12:19
roughly the same as in Afghanistan and Somalia.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ
ื›ืžื• ื‘ืืคื’ืื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื• ืกื•ืžืืœื™ื”.
12:25
The last chapter in any successful genocide
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ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจืฆื— ืขื ืžื•ืฆืœื—
12:28
is the one in which the oppressor
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืจืง ื‘ื• ื”ืžื“ื›ื
12:30
can remove their hands and say,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“:
12:33
"My god -- what are these people doing to themselves?
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"ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื, ืžื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื?
ื”ื ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™.
12:37
They're killing each other.
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12:38
They're killing themselves
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื
12:40
while we watch them die."
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืชื™ื."
12:43
This is how we came to own these United States.
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ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื ื• ืขืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืืœื”.
12:46
This is the legacy
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช
12:48
of Manifest Destiny.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืฆื”ืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
12:50
Prisoners are still born into prisoner of war camps,
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ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื
ืœืชื•ืš ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืืกื™ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”
12:54
long after the guards are gone.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืœื›ื•.
12:59
These are the bones left after the best meat has been taken.
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ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืืจื•
ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืœืงื— ืžื”ืŸ.
ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ,
13:07
A long time ago,
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13:08
a series of events was set in motion
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ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื”
13:10
by a people who look like me, by wasichu,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืจืื• ื›ืžื•ื ื™, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืฉื™ืฆ'ื•,
ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื”ืžื™ื
13:14
eager to take the land and the water and the gold in the hills.
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ื•ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช.
13:18
Those events led to a domino effect that has yet to end.
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ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืœื” ื’ืจืžื• ืœืืคืงื˜ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•
ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื.
13:22
As removed as we, the dominant society, may feel
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืื ื•, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช, ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื
13:27
from a massacre in 1890,
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ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘-1890,
13:30
or a series of broken treaties 150 years ago,
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ืื• ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืจื•ืช ืžืœืคื ื™ 150 ืฉื ื”,
13:34
I still have to ask you the question:
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ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืชื›ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”:
ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•?
13:37
How should you feel about the statistics of today?
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ืžื”ื• ื”ืงืฉืจ
13:41
What is the connection between these images of suffering
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื”ืืœื”
13:44
and the history that I just read to you?
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืงืจืืชื™ ืœื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
ื•ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
13:47
And how much of this history do you need to own, even?
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ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช?
13:50
Is any of this your responsibility today?
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ื”ืื ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•?
13:54
I have been told that there must be something we can do.
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ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
13:57
There must be some call to action.
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื”.
14:00
Because for so long, I've been standing on the sidelines,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื” ืจื‘ ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืžื”ืฆื“
ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื“,
14:04
content to be a witness,
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ืจืง ืœืฆืœื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช.
14:06
just taking photographs.
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14:08
Because the solutions seem so far in the past,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื ืจืื” ื›"ื› ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
14:11
I needed nothing short of a time machine to access them.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื›ื•ื ืช ื–ืžืŸ
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•.
14:15
The suffering of indigenous peoples is not a simple issue to fix.
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ื”ืกื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื
ืื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืชืงืŸ.
14:21
It's not something everyone can get behind
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืื—ื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื•
14:23
the way they get behind helping Haiti,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืชืื—ื“ื ื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื–ืจื” ืœื”ืื™ื˜ื™,
14:25
or ending AIDS, or fighting a famine.
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ืื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืื™ื™ื“ืก, ืื• ื‘ืจืขื‘.
14:28
The "fix," as it's called,
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ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
14:30
may be much more difficult for the dominant society
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ืžื›ืื™ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช
14:33
than, say, a $50 check
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ืžืืฉืจ ืฆ'ืง ืขืœ ืกืš 50 ื“ื•ืœืจ
14:35
or a church trip to paint some graffiti-covered houses,
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ืื• ืžืกืข ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื‘ื•ืข ื›ืžื” ื‘ืชื™ื ืžื›ื•ืกื™ ื’ืจืคื™ื˜ื™,
14:39
or a suburban family
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ืื• ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืคืจื‘ืจื™ื
14:40
donating a box of clothes they don't even want anymore.
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ืฉืชื•ืจืžืช ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
14:44
So where does that leave us?
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ืื™ืคื” ื–ื” ืฉื ืื•ืชื ื•?
14:46
Shrugging our shoulders in the dark?
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ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ืชืคื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื›ื”?
ืืจื”"ื‘
14:50
The United States continues on a daily basis to violate the terms
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ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื”, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื,
ืœื”ืคืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื
14:54
of the 1851 and 1868 Fort Laramie Treaties with the Lakota.
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ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ ืœืจืžื™
ืž-1851 ื•-1868 ืฉื ื—ืชืžื• ืขื ื”ืœืืงื•ื˜ื”.
14:59
The call to action I offer today --
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ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ื”ื™ื•ื,
ื”ืžืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื:
15:03
my TED wish -- is this:
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15:06
Honor the treaties.
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ื›ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช.
15:08
Give back the Black Hills.
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ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช.
15:10
It's not your business what they do with them.
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ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ื ื›ื ืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื™ืชืŸ.
15:15
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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