Julian Treasure: Why architects need to use their ears

Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha

Prevodilac: Milena Jocic Lektor: Tatjana Jevdjic

It's time to start designing for our ears.

Vreme je da počnemo da dizajniramo za naše uši.

Architects and designers tend to focus

Arhitekte i dizajneri nastoje da se koncentrišu

exclusively on these.

isključivo na oči.

They use these to design with and they design for them,

Koriste ih za dizajniranje i dizajniraju za njih

which is why we end up sitting in restaurants that look

i na kraju završavamo u restoranima koji izgledaju

like this — (loud crowd noise) — and sound like this,

ovako - (glasan zvuk gužve) - i zvuče ovako,

shouting from a foot away to try and be heard

i vičemo na udaljenosti od 30cm, pokušavajući da nas

by our dinner companion,

čuje naš prijatelj za večerom.

or why we get on airplanes -- (flight attendant announcements) -- which cost 200 million pounds,

Ili sednemo u avione - (objava stjuardese) - koji koštaju 200 miliona funti,

with somebody talking through an old-fashioned telephone handset

gde neko priča kroz zastareli telefon

on a cheap stereo system,

sa jeftinim stereo sistemom,

making us jump out of our skins.

terajući nas da iskočimo iz kože.

We're designing environments that make us crazy. (Laughter)

Dizajniramo okruženja koja nas izluđuju. (Smeh)

And it's not just our quality of life which suffers.

I ne trpi samo kvalitet naših života.

It's our health,

Trpi i naše zdravlje,

our social behavior, and our productivity as well.

naše društveno ponašanje i produktivnost.

How does this work? Well, two ways.

Kako ovo funkcioniše? Pa, na dva načina.

First of all, ambience. I have a whole TEDTalk about this.

Prvo, ambijent. Imam poseban TEDTalk na ovu temu.

Sound affects us physiologically, psychologically,

Zvuk ima psihološki, fiziološki,

cognitively and behaviorally all the time.

kognitivni i bihejvioralni uticaj na nas sve vreme.

The sound around us is affecting us

Zvuk koji nas okružuje utiče na nas

even though we're not conscious of it.

iako mi toga nismo svesni.

There's a second way though, as well.

Postoji i drugi način.

That's interference. Communication requires sending

To je interferencija. Komunikacija podrazumeva slanje

and receiving, and I have another whole TEDTalk

i primanje. Imam ceo TEDTalk

about the importance of conscious listening,

o važnosti svesnog slušanja,

but I can send as well as I like,

ali mogu da šaljem koliko hoću

and you can be brilliant conscious listeners.

i vi možete biti brilijantni slušaoci.

If the space I'm sending it in is not effective,

Ako prostor u kome šaljem nije efektivan,

that communication can't happen.

komunikacija ne može da se odigra.

Spaces tend to include noise and acoustics.

Prostori uključuju buku i akustiku.

A room like this has acoustics, this one very good acoustics.

Prostorija poput ove ima akustiku i to veoma dobru.

Many rooms are not so good.

Kod mnogih prostorija nije tako dobra.

Let me give you some examples from a couple of areas

Daću vam nekoliko primera iz dve oblasti

which I think we all care about: health and education.

za koje mislim da svima znače: zdravlje i obrazovanje.

(Hospital noises) When I was visiting my terminally ill father

(Zvuci bolnice) Kada sam bio u poseti svog neizlečivo bolesnog oca

in a hospital, I was asking myself,

u bolnici, zapitao sam se

how does anybody get well in a place that sounds like this?

kako bilo ko može da ozdravi na mestu koje zvuči ovako?

Hospital sound is getting worse all the time.

Buka u bolnici postaje sve gora i gora.

Noise levels in hospitals have doubled

Nivoi buke u bolnicama su se udvostručili

in the last few years, and it affects not just the patients

u poslednjih nekoliko godina. To utiče ne samo na pacijente,

but also the people working there.

već i na ljude koji tamo rade.

I think we would like for dispensing errors to be zero,

Mislim da bismo voleli da broj grešaka u doziranju bude nula, zar ne?

wouldn't we? And yet, as noise levels go up, so do

A ipak, kako nivoi zvuka rastu, tako rastu

the errors in dispensing made by the staff in hospitals.

i greške u doziranju koje pravi osoblje u bolnicama.

Most of all, though, it affects the patients,

Najviše od svega ovo utiče na pacijente,

and that could be you, it could be me.

a to bismo mogli biti vi ili ja.

Sleep is absolutely crucial for recovery.

San je absolutno ključan za oporavak.

It's when we regenerate, when we rebuild ourselves,

To je vreme kada se regenerišemo, kada se obnavljamo,

and with threatening noise like this going on,

a sa ovakvim pretećim zvukom

your body, even if you are able to sleep, your body

vaše telo, iako možete da spavate, vaše telo

is telling you, "I'm under threat. This is dangerous."

vam govori: "Ja sam pod pretnjom. Ovo je opasno."

And the quality of sleep is degraded, and so is our recovery.

Kvalitet sna je narušen, kao i naš oporavak.

There are just huge benefits to come

Postoje velike prednosti

from designing for the ears in our health care.

u dizajniranju za uši u zdravstvu.

This is an area I intend to take on this year.

Ovo je oblast kojoj hoću da se posvetim ove godine.

Education.

Obrazovanje.

When I see a classroom that looks like this,

Kada vidim učionicu koja izgleda ovako,

can you imagine how this sounds?

možete li da zamislite kako ovo zvuči?

I am forced to ask myself a question.

Moram da postavim sebi pitanje:

("Do architects have ears?") (Laughter)

("Da li arhitekte imaju uši?") (Smeh)

Now, that's a little unfair. Some of my best friends

Ovo po malo nije fer. Neki od mojih najboljih prijatelja

are architects. (Laughter) And they definitely do have ears.

su arhitekte. (Smeh) I definitvno imaju uši.

But I think sometimes they don't use them

Ali mislim da ih ponekad ne koriste

when they're designing buildings. Here's a case in point.

kada dizajniraju zgrade. Evo primera.

This is a 32-million-pound flagship academy school

Ovo je poznata škola od 32 miliona funti

which was built quite recently in the U.K. and designed

koja je skoro sagrađena u Britaniji i koju je dizajnirao

by one of Britain's top architects.

jedan od najboljih britanskih arhitekti.

Unfortunately, it was designed like a corporate

Nažalost, dizajnirana je kao korporativna zgrada,

headquarters, with a vast central atrium

sa ogromnim centralnim atrijumom

and classrooms leading off it with no back walls at all.

i učionicama u nastavku koje nemaju zadnje zidove.

The children couldn't hear their teachers.

Deca nisu mogla da čuju svoje nastavnike.

They had to go back in and spend 600,000 pounds

Morali su da potroše 600 000 funti

putting the walls in. Let's stop this madness

na ugrađivanje zidova. Hajde da zaustavimo ovo ludilo

of open plan classrooms right now, please.

otvorenih učionica odmah, molim vas.

It's not just these modern buildings which suffer.

Ne trpe samo ove moderne zgrade.

Old-fashioned classrooms suffer too.

Staromodne učionice takođe trpe.

A study in Florida just a few years ago found

Istraživanje na Floridi pre samo nekoliko godina pokazalo je

that if you're sitting where this photograph was taken

da, ako sedite na mestu gde je napravlljena ova fotografija

in the classroom, row four, speech intelligibility

u učionici, četvrti red, razumevanje govora

is just 50 percent.

je samo 50 procenata.

Children are losing one word in two.

Deca gube jednu od dve reči.

Now that doesn't mean they only get half their education,

Ovo ne znači da oni dobijaju samo polovinu obrazovanja,

but it does mean they have to work very hard

već znači da moraju da ulože mnogo truda

to join the dots and understand what's going on.

da povežu tačke i razumeju šta se dešava.

This is affected massively by reverberation time,

Na ovo veliki uticaj ima trajanje odjeka,

how reverberant a room is.

način na koji prostorija odjekuje.

In a classroom with a reverberation time of 1.2 seconds,

U učionici sa vremenom odjeka od 1,2 sekunde,

which is pretty common, this is what it sounds like.

što je vrlo uobičajeno, ovako zvuči.

(Inaudible echoing voice)

(Nerazgovetan glas koji odjekuje)

Not so good, is it?

Nije dobro, zar ne?

If you take that 1.2 seconds down to 0.4 seconds

Ako se 1,2 sekunde smanje na 0,4 sekunde

by installing acoustic treatments, sound absorbing materials

ugrađivanjem akustičkih tretmana, materijala koji upijaju zvuk

and so forth, this is what you get.

i tako dalje, evo šta se dobije.

Voice: In language, infinitely many words can be written

Glas: U jeziku, beskonačno mnogo reči može biti napisano

with a small set of letters. In arithmetic,

sa malim brojem slova. U aritmetici,

infinitely many numbers can be composed

beskonačno mnogo brojeva može da se sastavi

from just a few digits with the help of the simple zero.

od samo nekoliko cifara uz pomoć jednostavne nule.

Julian Treasure: What a difference.

Džulijan Trežur: Kakva razlika.

Now that education you would receive,

Takvo obrazovanje ćete primiti

and thanks to the British acoustician Adrian James

i hvala britanskom akustičaru Adrijanu Džejmsu

for those simulations. The signal was the same,

za te simulacije. Signal je bio isti,

the background noise was the same.

zvuk u pozadini je bio isti.

All that changed was the acoustics of the classroom

Sve što je promenjeno je akustika učionice

in those two examples.

u ta dva primera.

If education can be likened to watering a garden,

Ako obrazovanje može da se poredi sa zalivanjem bašte,

which is a fair metaphor, sadly, much of the water

što je dobra metafora, na žalost, većina vode

is evaporating before it reaches the flowers,

ispari pre nego što stigne do cveća,

especially for some groups,

posebno u nekim grupama,

for example, those with hearing impairment.

na primer, kod onih sa oštećenim sluhom.

Now that's not just deaf children. That could be any child

To nije slučaj samo sa gluvom decom. To može biti bilo koje dete

who's got a cold, glue ear, an ear infection,

koje je prehlađeno, ima zapaljenje srednjeg uha, infekciju uha,

even hay fever. On a given day, one in eight children

čak i polensku alergiju. Jedno od osmoro dece

fall into that group, on any given day.

spada u tu grupu, svakog dana.

Then you have children for whom English is a second language,

Tu su i deca kojima je engleski drugi jezik

or whatever they're being taught in is a second language.

ili im je drugi jezik onaj koji slušaju u školi.

In the U.K., that's more than 10 percent of the school population.

U Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu tu spada više od 10 procenata školske populacije.

And finally, after Susan Cain's wonderful TEDTalk in February,

Konačno, posle divnog TEDTalk-a koji je Suzan Kejn održala u februaru,

we know that introverts find it very difficult to relate

znamo da je introvertnim osobama veoma teško da se povežu

when they're in a noisy environment doing group work.

kada se bave grupnim radom u bučnom okruženju.

Add those up. That is a lot of children

Saberite sve ove grupe. To je mnogo dece

who are not receiving their education properly.

koja ne dobijaju obrazovanje na pravi način.

It's not just the children who are affected, though.

Nisu samo deca pod ovim uticajem.

(Noisy conversation) This study in Germany found

(Bučan razgovor) Ova studija u Nemačkoj pokazala je

the average noise level in classrooms is 65 decibels.

da je prosečan nivo buke u učionicama 65 decibela.

I have to really raise my voice to talk over 65 decibels

Moram baš da povisim glas da bih pričao preko 65 decibela,

of sound, and teachers are not just raising their voices.

a nastavnici ne podižu samo svoj glas.

This chart maps the teacher's heart rate

Ova tabela pokazuje puls nastavnika

against the noise level.

u odnosu na nivo buke.

Noise goes up, heart rate goes up.

Kako se buka povećava, povećava se i puls.

That is not good for you.

To nije dobro za vas.

In fact, 65 decibels is the very level at which this big survey

U stvari, 65 decibela je nivo koji je, prema ovom velikom istraživanju

of all the evidence on noise and health found that, that is

i prema svim dokazima o zvuku i zdravlju, uzet kao

the threshold for the danger of myocardial infarction.

prag opasnosti od infarkta srčanog mišića.

To you and me, that's a heart attack.

Za vas i mene, to je srčani udar.

It may not be pushing the boat out too far to suggest

Možda nije preterano da se kaže

that many teachers are losing significant life expectancy

da se mnogim nastavnicima znatno skraćuje životni vek

by teaching in environments like that day after day.

zbog predavanja u ovakvom okruženju dan za danom.

What does it cost to treat a classroom

Koja je cena da se u učionici

down to that 0.4-second reverberation time?

vreme odjeka smanji na 0,4 sekunde?

Two and a half thousand pounds.

Dve i po hiljade funti.

And the Essex study which has just been done in the U.K.,

Skoro sprovedeno istraživanje u Eseksu, u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu

which incidentally showed that when you do this,

je slučajno pokazalo da kada se ovo uradi,

you do not just make a room that's suitable

ne samo da prostorija odgovara

for hearing-impaired children, you make a room

deci sa oštećenim sluhom, već postaje prostorija

where behavior improves, and results improve significantly,

gde se poboljšava ponašanje i značajno poboljšavaju rezultati.

this found that sending a child out of area to a school

Ovo pokazuje da slanje deteta van grada u školu

that does have such a room, if you don't have one,

koja ima takvu prostoriju, ako je kod vas nema,

costs 90,000 pounds a year.

košta 90 000 funti godišnje.

I think the economics are pretty clear on this.

Mislim da je ekonomija ovde jasna.

I'm glad that debate is happening on this.

Drago mi je da se vodi debata o ovome.

I just moderated a major conference in London

Skoro sam vodio veliku konferenciju u Londonu,

a few weeks ago called Sound Education,

pre nekoliko nedelja, zvanu "Zvučno obrazovanje",

which brought together top acousticians,

koja je okupila najpoznatije akustičare,

government people, teachers, and so forth.

pripadnike vlade, nastavnike i tako dalje.

We're at last starting to debate this issue, and the benefits

Konačno počinjemo da raspravljamo o ovom pitanju i prednostima

that are available for designing for the ears in education,

koje su dostupne u dizajniranju za uši u obrazovanju -

unbelievable.

neverovatne su.

Out of that conference, incidentally, also came

Rezultat te konferencije je i besplatna aplikacija

a free app which is designed to help children study

dizajnirana da pomogne deci u učenju

if they're having to work at home, for example,

ako treba da rade kod kuće, na primer,

in a noisy kitchen.

u bučnoj kuhinji.

And that's free out of that conference.

To je došlo besplatno sa te konferencije.

Let's broaden the perspective a little bit

Hajde da malo proširimo perspektivu

and look at cities.

i obratimo pažnju na gradove.

We have urban planners.

Imamo urbane planere.

Where are the urban sound planners?

Gde su urbani planeri za zvuk?

I don't know of one in the world, and the opportunity is there

Ne znam ni za jednog na celom svetu, a postoji prilika

to transform our experience in our cities.

da tranformišemo iskustvo u našim gradovima.

The World Health Organization estimates

Svetska zdravstvena organizacija procenjuje

that a quarter of Europe's population is having its sleep

da četvrtini evropske populacije u gradovima

degraded by noise in cities. We can do better than that.

buka kvari kvalitet sna. Možemo bolje od toga.

And in our offices, we spend a lot of time at work.

Provodimo dosta vremena na poslu u kancelarijama.

Where are the office sound planners?

Gde su planeri zvuka za kancelarije?

People who say, don't sit that team next to this team,

Ljudi koji kažu: "Ne postavljajte taj tim pored ovog tima

because they like noise and they need quiet.

jer oni vole buku, a ovima je potrebna tišina."

Or who say, don't spend all your budget on a huge screen

Ili koji kažu: "Ne trošite ceo budžet na ogroman ekran

in the conference room,

u konferencijkoj sali

and then place one tiny microphone

da biste onda postavili sićušan mikrofon

in the middle of a table for 30 people. (Laughter)

na sredini stola za 30 ljudi. (Smeh)

If you can hear me, you can understand me

Ako možete da me čujete, možete i da me razumete

without seeing me. If you can see me without hearing me,

iako me ne vidite. Ako me vidite, a ne čujete me,

that does not work.

to nije dobro.

So office sound is a huge area, and incidentally,

Zvuk u kancelariji je ogromna oblast

noise in offices has been shown to make people

i dokazano je da buka u kancelarijama čini da ljudi budu

less helpful, less enjoy their teamwork,

manje korisni, manje uživaju u timskom radu

and less productive at work.

i manje produktivni na poslu.

Finally, we have homes. We use interior designers.

Konačno, došli smo do kuća. Imamo dizajnere enterijera.

Where are the interior sound designers?

Gde su dizajneri zvuka za enterijer?

Hey, let's all be interior sound designers,

Hajde da svi budemo dizajneri zvuka za enterijer.

take on listening to our rooms and designing sound

Počnimo da slušamo naše sobe i dizajniramo zvuk

that's effective and appropriate.

koji je efektivan i prikladan.

My friend Richard Mazuch, an architect in London,

Moj prijatelj Ričard Mazuk, arhitekta iz Londona,

coined the phrase "invisible architecture."

smislio je frazu "nevidljiva arhitektura".

I love that phrase.

Obožavam ovu frazu.

It's about designing, not appearance, but experience,

Odnosi se na dizajniranje, ne izgleda, nego iskustva,

so that we have spaces that sound as good as they look,

pa imamo prostore koji zvuče isto tako dobro kao što izgledaju,

that are fit for purpose, that improve our quality of life,

koji odgovaraju svrsi, koji poboljšavaju kvalitet našeg života,

our health and well being, our social behavior

našeg zdravlja i blagostanja, našeg društvenog ponašanja

and our productivity.

i naše produktivnosti.

It's time to start designing for the ears.

Vreme je da počnemo da dizajniramo za uši.

Thank you. (Applause)

Hvala. (Aplauz)

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Thank you. (Applause)

Hvala. (Aplauz)