Julian Treasure: Why architects need to use their ears

177,122 views ใƒป 2012-09-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Orr Schlesinger ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:16
It's time to start designing for our ears.
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ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืื–ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
00:20
Architects and designers tend to focus
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ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“
00:22
exclusively on these.
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ืจืง ื‘ืืœื”.
00:23
They use these to design with and they design for them,
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ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขืฆื‘ ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจืŸ,
00:26
which is why we end up sitting in restaurants that look
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ื–ื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช
00:29
like this โ€” (loud crowd noise) โ€” and sound like this,
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ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืš -- (ืจืขืฉ ื‘ืงื”ืœ) -- ื•ื ืฉืžืขื•ืช ื›ืš,
00:30
shouting from a foot away to try and be heard
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ืฆื•ืขืงื™ื ืžืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจ ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ืœืืจื•ื—ื”
00:33
by our dinner companion,
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ื™ืฉืžืขื• ืื•ืชื ื•,
00:34
or why we get on airplanes -- (flight attendant announcements) -- which cost 200 million pounds,
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื -- (ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื™ืœืช) -- ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื 200 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืื•ื ื“ื™ื,
00:38
with somebody talking through an old-fashioned telephone handset
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ
00:41
on a cheap stereo system,
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ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื˜ืจื™ืื• ื–ื•ืœื”,
00:43
making us jump out of our skins.
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ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื• ืœืฆืืช ืžืขื•ืจื™ื ื•.
00:46
We're designing environments that make us crazy. (Laughter)
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื“ืขืชื™ื ื•. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:49
And it's not just our quality of life which suffers.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื ืคื’ืขืช.
00:52
It's our health,
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ื–ื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
00:53
our social behavior, and our productivity as well.
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ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
00:57
How does this work? Well, two ways.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
00:59
First of all, ambience. I have a whole TEDTalk about this.
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืื•ื•ื™ืจื”. ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ืจืฆืืช TED ืฉืœืžื” ืขืœ ื–ื”.
01:03
Sound affects us physiologically, psychologically,
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ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืงื•ืœื™ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
01:06
cognitively and behaviorally all the time.
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ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
01:08
The sound around us is affecting us
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ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื•
01:10
even though we're not conscious of it.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื.
01:12
There's a second way though, as well.
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช,
01:14
That's interference. Communication requires sending
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ื–ื• ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช. ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ
01:17
and receiving, and I have another whole TEDTalk
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ื•ืงืœื™ื˜ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ืจืฆืืช TED ื ื•ืกืคืช
01:21
about the importance of conscious listening,
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ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช,
01:24
but I can send as well as I like,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื“ืจ ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื”,
01:26
and you can be brilliant conscious listeners.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
01:28
If the space I'm sending it in is not effective,
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ืื ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉื“ืจ ื“ืจื›ื• ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ืขื™ืœ,
01:32
that communication can't happen.
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ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื–ืืช ืื™ื ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื.
01:34
Spaces tend to include noise and acoustics.
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ื—ืœืœื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืื›ืœืก ืจืขืฉ ื•ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืงื”.
01:37
A room like this has acoustics, this one very good acoustics.
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ืœื—ื“ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืงื”, ืœื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
01:40
Many rooms are not so good.
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ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
01:43
Let me give you some examples from a couple of areas
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื›ืžื” ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื
01:45
which I think we all care about: health and education.
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ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ืื›ืคืช ืžื”ื: ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
01:48
(Hospital noises) When I was visiting my terminally ill father
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(ืจืขืฉ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื) ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ืืช ืื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ืกื•ืคื ื™
01:50
in a hospital, I was asking myself,
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™,
01:52
how does anybody get well in a place that sounds like this?
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ืื™ืš ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืฉืžืข ื›ืš?
01:56
Hospital sound is getting worse all the time.
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ืจืขืฉ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื ืขืฉื” ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ื.
01:59
Noise levels in hospitals have doubled
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ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืจืขืฉ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื›ืคื™ืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ
02:01
in the last few years, and it affects not just the patients
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื
02:04
but also the people working there.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื.
02:06
I think we would like for dispensing errors to be zero,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืœืืคืก,
02:10
wouldn't we? And yet, as noise levels go up, so do
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ืœื ื›ืš? ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืจืžื•ืช ื”ืจืขืฉ ืขื•ืœื•ืช, ื›ืš ื’ื
02:14
the errors in dispensing made by the staff in hospitals.
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ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉื ืขืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
02:17
Most of all, though, it affects the patients,
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
02:20
and that could be you, it could be me.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืชื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ื™.
02:22
Sleep is absolutely crucial for recovery.
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ืฉื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื—ืœืžื”.
02:25
It's when we regenerate, when we rebuild ourselves,
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ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
02:28
and with threatening noise like this going on,
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ื•ืขื ืจืขืฉ ืžืื™ื™ื ื›ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘,
02:30
your body, even if you are able to sleep, your body
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืืชื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื
02:33
is telling you, "I'm under threat. This is dangerous."
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ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื, "ืื ื™ ืชื—ืช ืื™ื•ื. ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ."
02:36
And the quality of sleep is degraded, and so is our recovery.
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ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืžื“ืจื“ืจืช, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื—ืœืžื”.
02:40
There are just huge benefits to come
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ื™ืฉื ื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื
02:42
from designing for the ears in our health care.
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ื‘ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืชืื™ื ืœืื–ื ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื“ืื’ื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื ื•.
02:45
This is an area I intend to take on this year.
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ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ื”ืฉื ื”.
02:48
Education.
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ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
02:50
When I see a classroom that looks like this,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื›ื™ืชื” ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืš,
02:51
can you imagine how this sounds?
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ืืชื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืžืขืช?
02:53
I am forced to ask myself a question.
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ืื ื™ ื ืืœืฅ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืืœื”.
02:55
("Do architects have ears?") (Laughter)
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("ื”ืื ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื–ื ื™ื™ื?") (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:58
Now, that's a little unfair. Some of my best friends
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืœื ืคื™ื™ืจ. ื›ืžื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:01
are architects. (Laughter) And they definitely do have ears.
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ื”ื ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื. (ืฆื—ื•ืง) ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื–ื ื™ื™ื.
03:04
But I think sometimes they don't use them
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ
03:06
when they're designing buildings. Here's a case in point.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื. ื”ื ื” ืงืจื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
03:08
This is a 32-million-pound flagship academy school
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ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืขืœื” 32 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืื•ื ื“
03:12
which was built quite recently in the U.K. and designed
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ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื“ื™ื™ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ื•ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ
03:14
by one of Britain's top architects.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
03:17
Unfortunately, it was designed like a corporate
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ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื›ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ื”
03:19
headquarters, with a vast central atrium
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ืฉืœ ืชืื’ื™ื“, ืขื ืื•ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™
03:21
and classrooms leading off it with no back walls at all.
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ื•ื—ื“ืจื™ ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืžืชืคืฆืœื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืœืœื ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
03:26
The children couldn't hear their teachers.
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœืœ.
03:28
They had to go back in and spend 600,000 pounds
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ื”ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข 600,000 ืคืื•ื ื“ื™ื
03:30
putting the walls in. Let's stop this madness
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื”
03:33
of open plan classrooms right now, please.
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ืฉืœ "ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช" ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื•ืžื™ื™ื“, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”.
03:37
It's not just these modern buildings which suffer.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื.
03:41
Old-fashioned classrooms suffer too.
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ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื›ืŸ.
03:43
A study in Florida just a few years ago found
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ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืžืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืฆื
03:45
that if you're sitting where this photograph was taken
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ืฉืื ืืชื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืฆื•ืœืžื” ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
03:47
in the classroom, row four, speech intelligibility
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ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”, ืฉื•ืจื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื”
03:50
is just 50 percent.
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ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืจืง ืขืœ 50%.
03:53
Children are losing one word in two.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืคืกืคืกื™ื ืžื™ืœื” ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืฉืชื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื.
03:55
Now that doesn't mean they only get half their education,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืจืง ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
03:58
but it does mean they have to work very hard
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“
03:59
to join the dots and understand what's going on.
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ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
04:02
This is affected massively by reverberation time,
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ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉืคืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื“ื”ื•ื“,
04:05
how reverberant a room is.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ ื”ื—ื“ืจ.
04:07
In a classroom with a reverberation time of 1.2 seconds,
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ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืขื ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื”ื•ื“ ืฉืœ 1.2 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช,
04:11
which is pretty common, this is what it sounds like.
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ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ, ื›ื›ื” ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ืช.
04:14
(Inaudible echoing voice)
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(ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ื™ื ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ)
04:27
Not so good, is it?
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ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื?
04:28
If you take that 1.2 seconds down to 0.4 seconds
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ืื ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”-1.2 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื–ื” ืœ 0.4 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช
04:33
by installing acoustic treatments, sound absorbing materials
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืœืขื™ื ืงื•ืœ
04:36
and so forth, this is what you get.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ืงื‘ืœ.
04:38
Voice: In language, infinitely many words can be written
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ืงื•ืœ: ื‘ืฉืคื”, ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ืชื‘
04:42
with a small set of letters. In arithmetic,
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ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืืจื™ืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”,
04:45
infinitely many numbers can be composed
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ื›ืžื•ืช ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช
04:48
from just a few digits with the help of the simple zero.
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ืžืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืขื˜ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืกืคืจื” 0.
04:51
Julian Treasure: What a difference.
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ื’'ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ื˜ืจื–'ืจ: ืื™ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœ.
04:53
Now that education you would receive,
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื,
04:55
and thanks to the British acoustician Adrian James
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ื•ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืžื—ื” ื”ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ืื“ืจื™ืืŸ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก,
04:57
for those simulations. The signal was the same,
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ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•. ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื–ื”ื™ื,
05:00
the background noise was the same.
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ืจืขืฉ ื”ืจืงืข ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”ื”.
05:02
All that changed was the acoustics of the classroom
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ืชื”
05:04
in those two examples.
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ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
05:06
If education can be likened to watering a garden,
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ืื ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื”ืฉืงื™ื™ืช ื’ื™ื ื”,
05:08
which is a fair metaphor, sadly, much of the water
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืœืฆืขืจื™, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื
05:12
is evaporating before it reaches the flowers,
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ืžืชืื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืคืจื—ื™ื,
05:15
especially for some groups,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
05:17
for example, those with hearing impairment.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืœื” ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืขื”.
05:21
Now that's not just deaf children. That could be any child
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื—ื™ืจืฉื™ื. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“
05:23
who's got a cold, glue ear, an ear infection,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ืžืงื•ืจืจ, ื“ืœืงืช ืื–ื ื™ื,
05:26
even hay fever. On a given day, one in eight children
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ื ื–ืœืช ืืœืจื’ื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื
05:28
fall into that group, on any given day.
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ื ื•ืคืœ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ื•, ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื ืชื•ืŸ.
05:31
Then you have children for whom English is a second language,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืคื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
05:34
or whatever they're being taught in is a second language.
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ืื• ืฉื”ืฉืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ื ืฉืคื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื.
05:37
In the U.K., that's more than 10 percent of the school population.
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-10% ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ.
05:41
And finally, after Susan Cain's wonderful TEDTalk in February,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื–ืืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ,
05:44
we know that introverts find it very difficult to relate
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืคื ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก
05:48
when they're in a noisy environment doing group work.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืจื•ืขืฉืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช.
05:50
Add those up. That is a lot of children
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ืชืขืฉื• ืื—ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
05:53
who are not receiving their education properly.
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ืฉืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš.
05:55
It's not just the children who are affected, though.
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ืืœื” ืœื ืจืง ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื.
05:58
(Noisy conversation) This study in Germany found
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(ืฉื™ื—ื” ืจื•ืขืฉืช) ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืžืฆื
05:59
the average noise level in classrooms is 65 decibels.
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ืฉืจืžืช ื”ืจืขืฉ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ื 65 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœื™ื.
06:03
I have to really raise my voice to talk over 65 decibels
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ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ 65 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœื™ื
06:07
of sound, and teachers are not just raising their voices.
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ืฉืœ ืจืขืฉ, ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ.
06:11
This chart maps the teacher's heart rate
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ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืžืคื” ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื”
06:14
against the noise level.
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ืžื•ืœ ืจืžืช ื”ืจืขืฉ.
06:16
Noise goes up, heart rate goes up.
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ื”ืจืขืฉ ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ, ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘ ืขื•ืœื”.
06:19
That is not good for you.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืจื™ื.
06:21
In fact, 65 decibels is the very level at which this big survey
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, 65 ื“ืฆื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื–ืืช ืขืฆืžืช ื”ืจืขืฉ ืฉื ืžืฆืื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
06:25
of all the evidence on noise and health found that, that is
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืขืฉ ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
06:29
the threshold for the danger of myocardial infarction.
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ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื‘ื’ืจื™ืžืช ืื•ื˜ื ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจ ื”ืœื‘.
06:33
To you and me, that's a heart attack.
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื, ื–ื” ื”ืชืงืฃ ืœื‘.
06:36
It may not be pushing the boat out too far to suggest
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื“
06:39
that many teachers are losing significant life expectancy
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ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
06:43
by teaching in environments like that day after day.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื›ื–ืืช ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ื.
06:47
What does it cost to treat a classroom
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ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช
06:49
down to that 0.4-second reverberation time?
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ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืœ 0.4 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื“ื”ื•ื“?
06:52
Two and a half thousand pounds.
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ื›-2,500 ืคืื•ื ื“.
06:55
And the Essex study which has just been done in the U.K.,
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืืกืงืก ืฉืจืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืฆืข ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
06:58
which incidentally showed that when you do this,
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ืฉื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื”ืจืื” ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช
07:00
you do not just make a room that's suitable
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ืœื ืจืง ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืœืžืชืื™ื
07:03
for hearing-impaired children, you make a room
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ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืขื”, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื“ืจ
07:04
where behavior improves, and results improve significantly,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืคืจืช, ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืชืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
07:10
this found that sending a child out of area to a school
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื™ืœื“ ื›ื–ื” ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ, ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ
07:14
that does have such a room, if you don't have one,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื—ื“ืจ ื›ื–ื”, ืื ืื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื,
07:16
costs 90,000 pounds a year.
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ืขื•ืœื” 90,000 ืคืื•ื ื“ื™ื ืœืฉื ื”.
07:20
I think the economics are pretty clear on this.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžื™ืžื“ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื“ื™ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”.
07:22
I'm glad that debate is happening on this.
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ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”.
07:24
I just moderated a major conference in London
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื ื™ื”ืœืชื™ ื›ื ืก ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ
07:27
a few weeks ago called Sound Education,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื ืงืจื "ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืงื•ืœื™",
07:29
which brought together top acousticians,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื›ื ืกื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืงื”,
07:31
government people, teachers, and so forth.
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ืื ืฉื™ ืžืžืฉืœ, ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
07:33
We're at last starting to debate this issue, and the benefits
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ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื, ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื
07:37
that are available for designing for the ears in education,
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื•ืชืื ืœืฉืžื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
07:40
unbelievable.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ืืžื ื•.
07:41
Out of that conference, incidentally, also came
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ืžื”ื›ื ืก, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื™ืฆืื” ื’ื
07:44
a free app which is designed to help children study
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ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง
07:47
if they're having to work at home, for example,
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ืื ื”ื ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ,
07:50
in a noisy kitchen.
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ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืจื•ืขืฉ.
07:51
And that's free out of that conference.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ืฆื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ืžื”ื›ื ืก ื”ื–ื”.
07:55
Let's broaden the perspective a little bit
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจื—ื™ื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•
07:58
and look at cities.
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ื•ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืขืจื™ื.
07:59
We have urban planners.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื.
08:01
Where are the urban sound planners?
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื?
08:05
I don't know of one in the world, and the opportunity is there
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ืฉื
08:08
to transform our experience in our cities.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
08:10
The World Health Organization estimates
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ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืžืขืจื™ืš
08:12
that a quarter of Europe's population is having its sleep
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ืฉืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”
08:15
degraded by noise in cities. We can do better than that.
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ื ืคื’ืขืช ืžื”ืจืขืฉ ื‘ืขืจื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื–ื”.
08:19
And in our offices, we spend a lot of time at work.
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ืžื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
08:22
Where are the office sound planners?
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ ื”ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื?
08:24
People who say, don't sit that team next to this team,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื’ื™ื“ื•, "ืืœ ืชื•ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœื™ื™ื“ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื”ื™ื,
08:26
because they like noise and they need quiet.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืจืขืฉ ื•ืืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืงื˜."
08:29
Or who say, don't spend all your budget on a huge screen
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ืื• ืฉื™ื’ื™ื“ื•, "ืืœ ืชื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœืš ืขืœ ืžืกืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ
08:31
in the conference room,
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ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช,
08:32
and then place one tiny microphone
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ื•ืื– ืชืžืงื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ืŸ ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ
08:34
in the middle of a table for 30 people. (Laughter)
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื." (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:38
If you can hear me, you can understand me
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ืื ืืชื” ืฉื•ืžืข ืื•ืชื™, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™
08:40
without seeing me. If you can see me without hearing me,
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื™. ืื ืืชื” ืจืื•ื” ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ,
08:43
that does not work.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
08:45
So office sound is a huge area, and incidentally,
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืฉืจื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืชื—ื•ื ืขื ืง, ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘,
08:48
noise in offices has been shown to make people
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ื”ืจืื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉืจืขืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื ืฉื™ื
08:50
less helpful, less enjoy their teamwork,
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื, ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช,
08:53
and less productive at work.
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื.
08:55
Finally, we have homes. We use interior designers.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืชื™ื. ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ืคื ื™ื.
08:59
Where are the interior sound designers?
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช?
09:01
Hey, let's all be interior sound designers,
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ื”ื™ื™, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ืืงื•ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช,
09:04
take on listening to our rooms and designing sound
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ืงื—ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื›ื ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื—ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืœืขืฆื‘ ืงื•ืœื•ืช
09:07
that's effective and appropriate.
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ืฉื”ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืœืžื™ื.
09:08
My friend Richard Mazuch, an architect in London,
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ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™, ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ืžื–ื•ืš, ื”ื•ื ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
09:11
coined the phrase "invisible architecture."
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ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ืช."
09:14
I love that phrase.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื–ื”.
09:15
It's about designing, not appearance, but experience,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ืœื ืขืœ ืžืจืื”, ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”,
09:20
so that we have spaces that sound as good as they look,
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื—ืœืœื™ื ืฉื ืฉืžืขื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ื ืจืื™ื.
09:24
that are fit for purpose, that improve our quality of life,
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ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจืชื, ืฉืžืฉืคืจื™ื ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
09:28
our health and well being, our social behavior
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
09:31
and our productivity.
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ื•ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
09:33
It's time to start designing for the ears.
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ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืื–ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
09:36
Thank you. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:39
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:41
Thank you. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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