Julian Treasure: Why architects need to use their ears

176,446 views ・ 2012-09-18

TED


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00:00
Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
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Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Katarina Smetko
00:16
It's time to start designing for our ears.
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Vrijeme je da počnemo dizajnirati za svoje uši.
00:20
Architects and designers tend to focus
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Arhitekti i dizajneri skloni su usredotočiti se
00:22
exclusively on these.
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isključivo na oči.
00:23
They use these to design with and they design for them,
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Dizajniraju njima i za njih.
00:26
which is why we end up sitting in restaurants that look
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Zato sjedimo u restoranima koji
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like this — (loud crowd noise) — and sound like this,
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izgledaju ovako … i zvuče ovako --
00:30
shouting from a foot away to try and be heard
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vičemo kako bismo čuli jedni druge
00:33
by our dinner companion,
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za večerom.
00:34
or why we get on airplanes -- (flight attendant announcements) -- which cost 200 million pounds,
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Ili, zašto putujemo zrakoplovima koji stoje 200 milijuna funti,
00:38
with somebody talking through an old-fashioned telephone handset
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a netko govori na staromodni ručni telefon
00:41
on a cheap stereo system,
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preko jeftinog stereo sustava
00:43
making us jump out of our skins.
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od kojega se ježimo.
00:46
We're designing environments that make us crazy. (Laughter)
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Dizajniramo okoliš koji nas izluđuje. (Smijeh)
00:49
And it's not just our quality of life which suffers.
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Nije samo kvaliteta života smanjena,
00:52
It's our health,
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već pati i naše zdravlje,
00:53
our social behavior, and our productivity as well.
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društveno ponašanje i produktivnost.
00:57
How does this work? Well, two ways.
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Kako to funkcionira? Na dva načina.
00:59
First of all, ambience. I have a whole TEDTalk about this.
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Prije svega, okolina. Imam cijeli jedan TEDTalk o ovome.
01:03
Sound affects us physiologically, psychologically,
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Zvuk na nas utječe na fiziološkoj, psihološkoj,
01:06
cognitively and behaviorally all the time.
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kognitivnoj i bihevioralnoj razini u svakom trenutku.
01:08
The sound around us is affecting us
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Zvuk utječe na nas
01:10
even though we're not conscious of it.
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čak i ako nismo toga svjesni.
01:12
There's a second way though, as well.
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Tu je i drugi način.
01:14
That's interference. Communication requires sending
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To je interferencija. Komunikacija zahtijeva slanje
01:17
and receiving, and I have another whole TEDTalk
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i primanje. Imam i drugi TEDTalk
01:21
about the importance of conscious listening,
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o važnosti svjesnog slušanja.
01:24
but I can send as well as I like,
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Mogu poslati poruku kako god hoću,
01:26
and you can be brilliant conscious listeners.
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a vi možete biti izvrsno svjesni slušatelji.
01:28
If the space I'm sending it in is not effective,
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No, ako prostor u kojem šaljem poruku nije učinkovit,
01:32
that communication can't happen.
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komunikacija se ne može ostvariti.
01:34
Spaces tend to include noise and acoustics.
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U prostorima uglavnom postoji buka i akustika.
01:37
A room like this has acoustics, this one very good acoustics.
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Prostorija poput ove ima svoju akustiku, a ova konkretno ima vrlo dobru akustiku.
01:40
Many rooms are not so good.
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U mnogim prostorijama nije tako dobra.
01:43
Let me give you some examples from a couple of areas
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Da vam dam nekoliko primjera područja
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which I think we all care about: health and education.
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do kojih nam je svima stalo: obrazovanje i zdravstvo.
01:48
(Hospital noises) When I was visiting my terminally ill father
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Kad sam posjetio svog smrtno bolesnog oca
01:50
in a hospital, I was asking myself,
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dok je bio u bolnici, pitao sam se
01:52
how does anybody get well in a place that sounds like this?
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kako itko može ozdraviti u prostoru koji zvuči tako?
01:56
Hospital sound is getting worse all the time.
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Zvukovi u bolnici postaju sve gori.
01:59
Noise levels in hospitals have doubled
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Razina buke udvostručila se
02:01
in the last few years, and it affects not just the patients
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u zadnjih nekoliko godina, što utječe i na pacijente
02:04
but also the people working there.
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i na ljude koji ondje rade.
02:06
I think we would like for dispensing errors to be zero,
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Mislim da bismo svi voljeli da broj liječničkih pogrešaka bude nula.
02:10
wouldn't we? And yet, as noise levels go up, so do
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Pa ipak, kako se razina buke povećava,
02:14
the errors in dispensing made by the staff in hospitals.
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tako raste i broj pogrešaka bolničkog osoblja.
02:17
Most of all, though, it affects the patients,
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Najviše od svega, buka utječe na pacijente.
02:20
and that could be you, it could be me.
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To biste mogli biti vi, to bih mogao biti ja.
02:22
Sleep is absolutely crucial for recovery.
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San je od najveće važnosti za oporavak.
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It's when we regenerate, when we rebuild ourselves,
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Dok se oporavljamo, dok nam se tijelo obnavlja,
02:28
and with threatening noise like this going on,
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a nalazimo se u prijetećoj okolini punoj buke,
02:30
your body, even if you are able to sleep, your body
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naše tijelo, čak i ako uspije zaspati, govori nam
02:33
is telling you, "I'm under threat. This is dangerous."
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da smo pod prijetnjom, da smo u opasnosti.
02:36
And the quality of sleep is degraded, and so is our recovery.
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Kvaliteta sna je smanjena, a time i naš oporavak.
02:40
There are just huge benefits to come
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Velike su prednosti
02:42
from designing for the ears in our health care.
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dizajniranja za uši u našem zdravstvu.
02:45
This is an area I intend to take on this year.
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To je područje kojim se namjeravam baviti ove godine.
02:48
Education.
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Obrazovanje.
02:50
When I see a classroom that looks like this,
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Kad vidim učionicu koja izgleda ovako,
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can you imagine how this sounds?
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možete li zamisliti kako zvuči?
02:53
I am forced to ask myself a question.
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Prisiljen sam se zapitati:
02:55
("Do architects have ears?") (Laughter)
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„Imaju li arhitekti uši?” (Smijeh)
02:58
Now, that's a little unfair. Some of my best friends
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Dobro, to je malo nepravedno. Neki od mojih najboljih prijatelja
03:01
are architects. (Laughter) And they definitely do have ears.
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jesu arhitekti. (Smijeh) Oni definitivno imaju uši.
03:04
But I think sometimes they don't use them
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No, ponekad mi se čini da ih ne upotrebljavaju
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when they're designing buildings. Here's a case in point.
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za dizajniranje zgrada. Evo jednog takvog slučaja.
03:08
This is a 32-million-pound flagship academy school
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Ovo je elitna škola od 32 milijuna funti
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which was built quite recently in the U.K. and designed
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koja je nedavno izgrađena u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu,
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by one of Britain's top architects.
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a projektirao ju je jedan od najboljih britanskih arhitekata.
03:17
Unfortunately, it was designed like a corporate
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Nažalost, dizajnirana je poput
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headquarters, with a vast central atrium
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korporativnog sjedišta s velikim središnjim atrijem
03:21
and classrooms leading off it with no back walls at all.
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i učionicama oko njega, bez stražnjeg zida.
03:26
The children couldn't hear their teachers.
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Djeca uopće nisu mogla čuti nastavnike.
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They had to go back in and spend 600,000 pounds
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Kasnije su morali potrošiti još 600 000 funti
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putting the walls in. Let's stop this madness
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da bi izgradili zidove. Zaustavimo to ludilo
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of open plan classrooms right now, please.
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s učionicama otvorenog tlocrta odmah!
03:37
It's not just these modern buildings which suffer.
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Ne pate samo moderne zgrade.
03:41
Old-fashioned classrooms suffer too.
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Pate i staromodne učionice.
03:43
A study in Florida just a few years ago found
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Prije nekoliko je godina u jednom istraživanju na Floridi
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that if you're sitting where this photograph was taken
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otkriveno da, ako sjedite na mjestu s kojeg je snimljena ova fotografija,
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in the classroom, row four, speech intelligibility
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u četvrtom redu u učionici, razumljivost govora
03:50
is just 50 percent.
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iznosti samo 50%.
03:53
Children are losing one word in two.
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Djeca ne čuju jednu od dvije riječi.
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Now that doesn't mean they only get half their education,
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To ne znači da dobiju samo pola obrazovanja,
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but it does mean they have to work very hard
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ali znači da se moraju jako truditi
03:59
to join the dots and understand what's going on.
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kako bi uhvatili nit i shvatili o čemu se govori.
04:02
This is affected massively by reverberation time,
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Na to znatno utječe vrijeme odjeka,
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how reverberant a room is.
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koliko dobro prostorija odjekuje.
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In a classroom with a reverberation time of 1.2 seconds,
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U učionici s vremenom odjeka od 1,2 sekunde,
04:11
which is pretty common, this is what it sounds like.
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što je prilično uobičajeno, to zvuči ovako.
04:14
(Inaudible echoing voice)
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(Nerazumljiv glas uz jeku)
04:27
Not so good, is it?
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Nije baš dobro, zar ne?
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If you take that 1.2 seconds down to 0.4 seconds
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Ako 1,2 sekunde smanjite na 0,4
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by installing acoustic treatments, sound absorbing materials
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ugradnjom akustičnih tretmana, materijala koji upijaju zvuk
04:36
and so forth, this is what you get.
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i slično, dobijete ovo.
04:38
Voice: In language, infinitely many words can be written
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Glas: U jeziku, beskrajno mnogo riječi može biti napisano
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with a small set of letters. In arithmetic,
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malim brojem slova. U aritmetici,
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infinitely many numbers can be composed
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beskonačno mnogo brojeva može se složiti
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from just a few digits with the help of the simple zero.
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od samo nekoliko znamenaka uz pomoć nule.
04:51
Julian Treasure: What a difference.
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Julian Treasure: Kakva razlika!
04:53
Now that education you would receive,
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Takvo obrazovanje sad možete primiti.
04:55
and thanks to the British acoustician Adrian James
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Hvala britanskome akustičaru Adrianu Jamesu
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for those simulations. The signal was the same,
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za ove simulacije. Signal je bio isti,
05:00
the background noise was the same.
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kao i pozadinska buka.
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All that changed was the acoustics of the classroom
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Jedino što se promijenilo jest akustika učionice
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in those two examples.
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u ova dva primjera.
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If education can be likened to watering a garden,
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Kad bismo poučavanje usporedili sa zalijevanjem vrta,
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which is a fair metaphor, sadly, much of the water
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što je prilično dobra metafora, nažalost, puno vode
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is evaporating before it reaches the flowers,
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isparava prije nego dođe do cvijeća,
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especially for some groups,
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osobito kod nekih skupina,
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for example, those with hearing impairment.
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primjerice onih s oštećenjima sluha.
05:21
Now that's not just deaf children. That could be any child
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No, ne radi se samo o gluhoj djeci. To može biti bilo koje dijete
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who's got a cold, glue ear, an ear infection,
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koje je prehlađeno, ima začepljeno uho, infekciju uha
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even hay fever. On a given day, one in eight children
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ili peludnu groznicu. Jedno od osmero djece
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fall into that group, on any given day.
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može spadati u tu skupinu u bilo kojem trenutku.
05:31
Then you have children for whom English is a second language,
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Zatim, imamo djecu kojima je engleski drugi jezik
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or whatever they're being taught in is a second language.
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ili koji god drugi jezik uče.
05:37
In the U.K., that's more than 10 percent of the school population.
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U Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu, to je više od 10% djece školske dobi.
05:41
And finally, after Susan Cain's wonderful TEDTalk in February,
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I na kraju, nakon predivnog TEDTalka Susan Cain,
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we know that introverts find it very difficult to relate
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znamo da je introvertiranoj djeci vrlo teško govoriti
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when they're in a noisy environment doing group work.
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dok u bučnom okolišu rade na grupnom zadatku.
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Add those up. That is a lot of children
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Zbrojite to. To je mnogo djece
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who are not receiving their education properly.
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koja ne primaju obrazovanje kako bi trebala.
05:55
It's not just the children who are affected, though.
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No, nisu pogođenja samo djeca.
05:58
(Noisy conversation) This study in Germany found
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(Bučan razgovor) Istraživanje u Njemačkoj pokazalo je
05:59
the average noise level in classrooms is 65 decibels.
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da je prosječna razina buke u učionici 65 decibela.
06:03
I have to really raise my voice to talk over 65 decibels
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Moram stvarno podići glas da bih govorio uz 65 decibela,
06:07
of sound, and teachers are not just raising their voices.
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a nastavnici ne podižu samo glas.
06:11
This chart maps the teacher's heart rate
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Ovaj grafikon pokazuje brzinu otkucaja srca nastavnika
06:14
against the noise level.
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i razinu buke.
06:16
Noise goes up, heart rate goes up.
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Buka se pojačava, broj otkucaja srca također se povećava.
06:19
That is not good for you.
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To nije dobro za vas.
06:21
In fact, 65 decibels is the very level at which this big survey
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Zapravo, 65 decibela upravo je razina na kojoj,
06:25
of all the evidence on noise and health found that, that is
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kako pokazuje ovo istraživanje o povezanosti buke i zdravlja,
06:29
the threshold for the danger of myocardial infarction.
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počinje opasnost od infarkta miokarda.
06:33
To you and me, that's a heart attack.
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Za vas i mene to znači srčani udar.
06:36
It may not be pushing the boat out too far to suggest
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Ne bi bilo pretjerano reći
06:39
that many teachers are losing significant life expectancy
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da se mnogim nastavnicima značajno smanjuje očekivana duljina života
06:43
by teaching in environments like that day after day.
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zbog rada u ovakvom okruženju iz dana u dan.
06:47
What does it cost to treat a classroom
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Koliko stoji smanjivanje vremena odjeka
06:49
down to that 0.4-second reverberation time?
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u učionici na 0,4 sekunde?
06:52
Two and a half thousand pounds.
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Dvije i pol tisuće funti
06:55
And the Essex study which has just been done in the U.K.,
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Studija Essex provedena u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu,
06:58
which incidentally showed that when you do this,
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pokazala je, inače, da kad to učinite,
07:00
you do not just make a room that's suitable
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nećete dobiti samo prostoriju prikladnu
07:03
for hearing-impaired children, you make a room
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za djecu s oštećenjem sluha, već i prostoriju
07:04
where behavior improves, and results improve significantly,
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gdje se poboljšava ponašanje i uspjeh učenika.
07:10
this found that sending a child out of area to a school
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Pokazalo se i da slanje djeteta u drugu, udaljenu školu
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that does have such a room, if you don't have one,
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koja ima takvu prostoriju, ako je vi nemate,
07:16
costs 90,000 pounds a year.
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stoji 90 000 funti godišnje.
07:20
I think the economics are pretty clear on this.
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Mislim da je s financijske strane stvar prilično jasna.
07:22
I'm glad that debate is happening on this.
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Drago mi je da se o ovome raspravlja.
07:24
I just moderated a major conference in London
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Prije nekoliko tjedana moderirao sam veliku konferenciju u Londonu
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a few weeks ago called Sound Education,
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pod nazivom Edukacija o zvuku,
07:29
which brought together top acousticians,
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koja je okupila najbolje akustičare,
07:31
government people, teachers, and so forth.
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ljude iz vlade, nastavnike, itd.
07:33
We're at last starting to debate this issue, and the benefits
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Napokon započinjemo tu raspravu, a rezultati koji se dobiju
07:37
that are available for designing for the ears in education,
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dizajniranjem za uši u obrazovanju
07:40
unbelievable.
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nevjerojatni su.
07:41
Out of that conference, incidentally, also came
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Iz te konferencije proizašla je
07:44
a free app which is designed to help children study
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i besplatna aplikacija osmišljena za pomoć djeci pri učenju
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if they're having to work at home, for example,
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ako moraju raditi kod kuće, primjerice
07:50
in a noisy kitchen.
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u bučnoj kuhinji.
07:51
And that's free out of that conference.
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To je proizašlo besplatno iz te konferencije.
07:55
Let's broaden the perspective a little bit
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Proširimo malo perspektivu
07:58
and look at cities.
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i pogledajmo gradove.
07:59
We have urban planners.
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Imamo urbaniste.
08:01
Where are the urban sound planners?
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A gdje su urbanisti za zvuk?
08:05
I don't know of one in the world, and the opportunity is there
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Ne znam ni za jednog na svijetu i tu je prilika
08:08
to transform our experience in our cities.
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da promijenimo naš doživljaj gradova.
08:10
The World Health Organization estimates
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Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija procjenjuje
08:12
that a quarter of Europe's population is having its sleep
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da četvrtina stanovništva Europe ima problema sa spavanjem
08:15
degraded by noise in cities. We can do better than that.
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zbog buke u gradovima. Možemo mi i bolje od toga.
08:19
And in our offices, we spend a lot of time at work.
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U uredima provedemo puno vremena.
08:22
Where are the office sound planners?
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Gdje su urbanisti zvuka za urede?
08:24
People who say, don't sit that team next to this team,
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Ljudi koji će reći da ne smjestite ta dva tima jedan pored drugog
08:26
because they like noise and they need quiet.
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jer jedni vole buku, a drugima treba tišina.
08:29
Or who say, don't spend all your budget on a huge screen
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Ili koji vam savjetuju da ne kupite velik, skup ekran
08:31
in the conference room,
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za konferencijsku dvoranu,
08:32
and then place one tiny microphone
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a onda stavite jedan sićušni mikrofon
08:34
in the middle of a table for 30 people. (Laughter)
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na sredinu stola za 30 ljudi. (Smijeh)
08:38
If you can hear me, you can understand me
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Ako me čujete, onda me možete razumjeti
08:40
without seeing me. If you can see me without hearing me,
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ako me i ne vidite. Ako me vidite, a da me ne čujete,
08:43
that does not work.
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to ne funkcionira.
08:45
So office sound is a huge area, and incidentally,
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Mnogo se može raditi na zvuku u uredima, a pokazalo se
08:48
noise in offices has been shown to make people
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da su zbog buke u uredima
08:50
less helpful, less enjoy their teamwork,
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ljudi manje spremni pomoći, manje vole timski rad
08:53
and less productive at work.
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i manje su produktivni.
08:55
Finally, we have homes. We use interior designers.
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Na kraju, imamo domove. Imamo dizajnere interijera.
08:59
Where are the interior sound designers?
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Gdje su dizajneri zvuka za interijere?
09:01
Hey, let's all be interior sound designers,
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Budimo svi dizajneri zvuka u interijerima,
09:04
take on listening to our rooms and designing sound
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slušajmo svoje prostorije i dizajnirajmo zvukove
09:07
that's effective and appropriate.
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koji su učinkoviti i prikladni.
09:08
My friend Richard Mazuch, an architect in London,
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Moj prijatelj Richard Mazuch, arhitekt u Londonu,
09:11
coined the phrase "invisible architecture."
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smislio je izraz “nevidljiva arhitektura”.
09:14
I love that phrase.
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Volim taj izraz.
09:15
It's about designing, not appearance, but experience,
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Radi se o dizajniranju doživljaja, a ne izgleda,
09:20
so that we have spaces that sound as good as they look,
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tako da imamo prostore koji jednako dobro zvuče i izgledaju,
09:24
that are fit for purpose, that improve our quality of life,
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koji su svrsishodni, koji poboljšavaju kvalitetu života,
09:28
our health and well being, our social behavior
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zdravlje, dobrobit, društveno ponašanje
09:31
and our productivity.
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i produktivnost.
09:33
It's time to start designing for the ears.
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Vrijeme je da počnemo dizajnirati za svoje uši.
09:36
Thank you. (Applause)
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Hvala vam. (Pljesak)
09:39
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
09:41
Thank you. (Applause)
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Hvala vam. (Pljesak)
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