Julian Treasure: Why architects need to use their ears

176,719 views ・ 2012-09-18

TED


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Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
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It's time to start designing for our ears.
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Architects and designers tend to focus
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exclusively on these.
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They use these to design with and they design for them,
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which is why we end up sitting in restaurants that look
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like this — (loud crowd noise) — and sound like this,
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shouting from a foot away to try and be heard
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by our dinner companion,
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or why we get on airplanes -- (flight attendant announcements) -- which cost 200 million pounds,
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with somebody talking through an old-fashioned telephone handset
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on a cheap stereo system,
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making us jump out of our skins.
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We're designing environments that make us crazy. (Laughter)
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And it's not just our quality of life which suffers.
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It's our health,
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our social behavior, and our productivity as well.
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How does this work? Well, two ways.
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First of all, ambience. I have a whole TEDTalk about this.
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Sound affects us physiologically, psychologically,
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cognitively and behaviorally all the time.
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The sound around us is affecting us
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even though we're not conscious of it.
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There's a second way though, as well.
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That's interference. Communication requires sending
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and receiving, and I have another whole TEDTalk
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about the importance of conscious listening,
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but I can send as well as I like,
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and you can be brilliant conscious listeners.
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If the space I'm sending it in is not effective,
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that communication can't happen.
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Spaces tend to include noise and acoustics.
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A room like this has acoustics, this one very good acoustics.
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Many rooms are not so good.
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Let me give you some examples from a couple of areas
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which I think we all care about: health and education.
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(Hospital noises) When I was visiting my terminally ill father
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in a hospital, I was asking myself,
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how does anybody get well in a place that sounds like this?
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Hospital sound is getting worse all the time.
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Noise levels in hospitals have doubled
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in the last few years, and it affects not just the patients
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but also the people working there.
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I think we would like for dispensing errors to be zero,
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wouldn't we? And yet, as noise levels go up, so do
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the errors in dispensing made by the staff in hospitals.
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Most of all, though, it affects the patients,
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and that could be you, it could be me.
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Sleep is absolutely crucial for recovery.
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It's when we regenerate, when we rebuild ourselves,
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and with threatening noise like this going on,
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your body, even if you are able to sleep, your body
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is telling you, "I'm under threat. This is dangerous."
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And the quality of sleep is degraded, and so is our recovery.
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There are just huge benefits to come
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from designing for the ears in our health care.
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This is an area I intend to take on this year.
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Education.
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When I see a classroom that looks like this,
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can you imagine how this sounds?
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I am forced to ask myself a question.
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("Do architects have ears?") (Laughter)
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Now, that's a little unfair. Some of my best friends
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are architects. (Laughter) And they definitely do have ears.
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But I think sometimes they don't use them
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when they're designing buildings. Here's a case in point.
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This is a 32-million-pound flagship academy school
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which was built quite recently in the U.K. and designed
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by one of Britain's top architects.
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Unfortunately, it was designed like a corporate
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headquarters, with a vast central atrium
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and classrooms leading off it with no back walls at all.
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The children couldn't hear their teachers.
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They had to go back in and spend 600,000 pounds
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putting the walls in. Let's stop this madness
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of open plan classrooms right now, please.
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It's not just these modern buildings which suffer.
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Old-fashioned classrooms suffer too.
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A study in Florida just a few years ago found
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that if you're sitting where this photograph was taken
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in the classroom, row four, speech intelligibility
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is just 50 percent.
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Children are losing one word in two.
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Now that doesn't mean they only get half their education,
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but it does mean they have to work very hard
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to join the dots and understand what's going on.
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This is affected massively by reverberation time,
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how reverberant a room is.
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In a classroom with a reverberation time of 1.2 seconds,
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which is pretty common, this is what it sounds like.
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(Inaudible echoing voice)
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Not so good, is it?
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If you take that 1.2 seconds down to 0.4 seconds
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by installing acoustic treatments, sound absorbing materials
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and so forth, this is what you get.
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Voice: In language, infinitely many words can be written
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with a small set of letters. In arithmetic,
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infinitely many numbers can be composed
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from just a few digits with the help of the simple zero.
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Julian Treasure: What a difference.
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Now that education you would receive,
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and thanks to the British acoustician Adrian James
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for those simulations. The signal was the same,
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the background noise was the same.
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All that changed was the acoustics of the classroom
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in those two examples.
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If education can be likened to watering a garden,
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which is a fair metaphor, sadly, much of the water
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is evaporating before it reaches the flowers,
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especially for some groups,
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for example, those with hearing impairment.
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Now that's not just deaf children. That could be any child
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who's got a cold, glue ear, an ear infection,
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even hay fever. On a given day, one in eight children
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fall into that group, on any given day.
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Then you have children for whom English is a second language,
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or whatever they're being taught in is a second language.
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In the U.K., that's more than 10 percent of the school population.
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And finally, after Susan Cain's wonderful TEDTalk in February,
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we know that introverts find it very difficult to relate
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when they're in a noisy environment doing group work.
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Add those up. That is a lot of children
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who are not receiving their education properly.
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It's not just the children who are affected, though.
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(Noisy conversation) This study in Germany found
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the average noise level in classrooms is 65 decibels.
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I have to really raise my voice to talk over 65 decibels
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of sound, and teachers are not just raising their voices.
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This chart maps the teacher's heart rate
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against the noise level.
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Noise goes up, heart rate goes up.
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That is not good for you.
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In fact, 65 decibels is the very level at which this big survey
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of all the evidence on noise and health found that, that is
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the threshold for the danger of myocardial infarction.
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To you and me, that's a heart attack.
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It may not be pushing the boat out too far to suggest
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that many teachers are losing significant life expectancy
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by teaching in environments like that day after day.
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What does it cost to treat a classroom
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down to that 0.4-second reverberation time?
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Two and a half thousand pounds.
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And the Essex study which has just been done in the U.K.,
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which incidentally showed that when you do this,
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you do not just make a room that's suitable
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for hearing-impaired children, you make a room
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where behavior improves, and results improve significantly,
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this found that sending a child out of area to a school
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that does have such a room, if you don't have one,
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costs 90,000 pounds a year.
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I think the economics are pretty clear on this.
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I'm glad that debate is happening on this.
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I just moderated a major conference in London
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a few weeks ago called Sound Education,
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which brought together top acousticians,
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government people, teachers, and so forth.
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We're at last starting to debate this issue, and the benefits
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that are available for designing for the ears in education,
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unbelievable.
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Out of that conference, incidentally, also came
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a free app which is designed to help children study
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if they're having to work at home, for example,
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in a noisy kitchen.
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And that's free out of that conference.
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Let's broaden the perspective a little bit
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and look at cities.
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We have urban planners.
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Where are the urban sound planners?
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I don't know of one in the world, and the opportunity is there
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to transform our experience in our cities.
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The World Health Organization estimates
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that a quarter of Europe's population is having its sleep
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degraded by noise in cities. We can do better than that.
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And in our offices, we spend a lot of time at work.
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Where are the office sound planners?
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People who say, don't sit that team next to this team,
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because they like noise and they need quiet.
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Or who say, don't spend all your budget on a huge screen
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in the conference room,
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and then place one tiny microphone
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in the middle of a table for 30 people. (Laughter)
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If you can hear me, you can understand me
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without seeing me. If you can see me without hearing me,
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that does not work.
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So office sound is a huge area, and incidentally,
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noise in offices has been shown to make people
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less helpful, less enjoy their teamwork,
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and less productive at work.
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Finally, we have homes. We use interior designers.
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Where are the interior sound designers?
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Hey, let's all be interior sound designers,
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take on listening to our rooms and designing sound
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that's effective and appropriate.
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My friend Richard Mazuch, an architect in London,
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coined the phrase "invisible architecture."
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I love that phrase.
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It's about designing, not appearance, but experience,
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so that we have spaces that sound as good as they look,
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that are fit for purpose, that improve our quality of life,
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our health and well being, our social behavior
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and our productivity.
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It's time to start designing for the ears.
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Thank you. (Applause)
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(Applause)
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Thank you. (Applause)
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