Julian Treasure: Why architects need to use their ears

176,719 views ・ 2012-09-18

TED


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00:00
Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
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翻译人员: Jie Hong 校对人员: Jing Li
00:16
It's time to start designing for our ears.
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是时候为我们的听觉感官设计了。
00:20
Architects and designers tend to focus
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建筑师和设计师常常只注重
00:22
exclusively on these.
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某些方面(视觉效果)。
00:23
They use these to design with and they design for them,
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他们从视觉的角度来审视设计,以提升视觉感官作为设计目标。
00:26
which is why we end up sitting in restaurants that look
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这解释了为什麽餐厅看起来是这样,
00:29
like this — (loud crowd noise) — and sound like this,
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但听起来却是这样 (嘈杂声);
00:30
shouting from a foot away to try and be heard
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我们需要大声说话
00:33
by our dinner companion,
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才能让共进晚餐的朋友听见。
00:34
or why we get on airplanes -- (flight attendant announcements) -- which cost 200 million pounds,
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也解释了我们坐在在造价2亿元的飞机上 (空服员广播声)
00:38
with somebody talking through an old-fashioned telephone handset
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却要听到年久失修的传声筒中
00:41
on a cheap stereo system,
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发出廉价立体声系统的噪音。
00:43
making us jump out of our skins.
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这感觉绝不会是让人舒心的。
00:46
We're designing environments that make us crazy. (Laughter)
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正是我们自己设计的环境,在把我们自己逼疯(笑声)。
00:49
And it's not just our quality of life which suffers.
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不只我们的生活素质受影响,
00:52
It's our health,
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我们的健康,
00:53
our social behavior, and our productivity as well.
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社会行为, 以至生产力亦会下降。
00:57
How does this work? Well, two ways.
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这是怎么发生的? 有两个原因。
00:59
First of all, ambience. I have a whole TEDTalk about this.
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第一是周遭声音对我们的影响。我曾就此问题做过一个TED讲演。
01:03
Sound affects us physiologically, psychologically,
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声音无时无刻都在影响
01:06
cognitively and behaviorally all the time.
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我们的生理、心理、认知力和行为。
01:08
The sound around us is affecting us
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我们无时无刻不受四周声音的影响,
01:10
even though we're not conscious of it.
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即便我们没有意识到它们的存在。
01:12
There's a second way though, as well.
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另一个原因是干扰。
01:14
That's interference. Communication requires sending
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沟通意味着发送和接收。
01:17
and receiving, and I have another whole TEDTalk
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我有另一个完整的TED讲演介绍了
01:21
about the importance of conscious listening,
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有意识地聆听的重要性。
01:24
but I can send as well as I like,
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可是,即便我能把讯息完整地发出,
01:26
and you can be brilliant conscious listeners.
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你也是位卓越的有意识倾听者,
01:28
If the space I'm sending it in is not effective,
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若我们身处的空间不理想
01:32
that communication can't happen.
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便无法成功沟通。
01:34
Spaces tend to include noise and acoustics.
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空间包括噪音及传声效果。
01:37
A room like this has acoustics, this one very good acoustics.
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像这样的房间有很好的传声效果,
01:40
Many rooms are not so good.
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很多的房间却没有这么好。
01:43
Let me give you some examples from a couple of areas
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我来举两个领域的例子,
01:45
which I think we all care about: health and education.
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是两个大家都关注的领域: 健康和教育。
01:48
(Hospital noises) When I was visiting my terminally ill father
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(医院的嘈音) 当我到医院探望我病危的父亲时,
01:50
in a hospital, I was asking myself,
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我就在问自己一个问题:
01:52
how does anybody get well in a place that sounds like this?
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谁能在这样的环境康复起来呢?
01:56
Hospital sound is getting worse all the time.
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医院正在变得愈来愈嘈杂,
01:59
Noise levels in hospitals have doubled
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其噪音水平在过去数年翻番增长,
02:01
in the last few years, and it affects not just the patients
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这不仅影响了病人,
02:04
but also the people working there.
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也影响了在医院工作的人。
02:06
I think we would like for dispensing errors to be zero,
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我们都希望把配方差错降至零,
02:10
wouldn't we? And yet, as noise levels go up, so do
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对吧? 但随着噪音水平的上升,
02:14
the errors in dispensing made by the staff in hospitals.
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医院员工的配方差错亦随之增长。
02:17
Most of all, though, it affects the patients,
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而这一切,都将首先影响到病人,
02:20
and that could be you, it could be me.
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然后就可能是你,也可能是我。
02:22
Sleep is absolutely crucial for recovery.
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睡眠质量对康复的过程有着重要的作用。
02:25
It's when we regenerate, when we rebuild ourselves,
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通过睡眠,我们的身体重建自身、得到康复。
02:28
and with threatening noise like this going on,
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然而,在不断的噪音威胁下,
02:30
your body, even if you are able to sleep, your body
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即使你能入睡, 你的身体也会告诉你:
02:33
is telling you, "I'm under threat. This is dangerous."
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「我受到了威胁。这儿有危险。」
02:36
And the quality of sleep is degraded, and so is our recovery.
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睡眠素质和康复速度都会因此下降。
02:40
There are just huge benefits to come
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针对听觉感官进行设计
02:42
from designing for the ears in our health care.
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会对我们的健康带来巨大的好处。
02:45
This is an area I intend to take on this year.
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这是我今年打算研究的一个领域。
02:48
Education.
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再看看教育。
02:50
When I see a classroom that looks like this,
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当看到像这样的教室,
02:51
can you imagine how this sounds?
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你认为上课听起来会怎样呢?
02:53
I am forced to ask myself a question.
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我忍不住问自己一个问题:
02:55
("Do architects have ears?") (Laughter)
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「建筑师有耳朵吗?」 (笑声)
02:58
Now, that's a little unfair. Some of my best friends
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当然,这有点不公平,我有一些挚友就是建筑师。
03:01
are architects. (Laughter) And they definitely do have ears.
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他们显然有耳朵,
03:04
But I think sometimes they don't use them
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但他们在设计时, 似乎忘记了用他们的耳朵。
03:06
when they're designing buildings. Here's a case in point.
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这里有个更具体的例子。
03:08
This is a 32-million-pound flagship academy school
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这是耗资3200万镑的旗舰学校,
03:12
which was built quite recently in the U.K. and designed
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它刚在英国落成,
03:14
by one of Britain's top architects.
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是由一位英国顶级建筑师来设计的。
03:17
Unfortunately, it was designed like a corporate
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不幸地是, 学校设计得像个企业总部,
03:19
headquarters, with a vast central atrium
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有一个大型中庭,
03:21
and classrooms leading off it with no back walls at all.
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所有的教室都背向中庭,而且没有背墙。
03:26
The children couldn't hear their teachers.
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孩子们听不清老师讲课,
03:28
They had to go back in and spend 600,000 pounds
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因此他们要另花60万镑建造背墙。
03:30
putting the walls in. Let's stop this madness
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请停止建造开放式教室这种疯狂念头吧!
03:33
of open plan classrooms right now, please.
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立刻!拜託!
03:37
It's not just these modern buildings which suffer.
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不只新派设计有这方面的问题,
03:41
Old-fashioned classrooms suffer too.
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旧式教室也不能幸免。
03:43
A study in Florida just a few years ago found
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几年前在佛罗里达州的一项研究指出,
03:45
that if you're sitting where this photograph was taken
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坐在图中教室的第四排,
03:47
in the classroom, row four, speech intelligibility
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语音清晰度只有
03:50
is just 50 percent.
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50%。
03:53
Children are losing one word in two.
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孩子每两个字就会漏听一个,
03:55
Now that doesn't mean they only get half their education,
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当然,这并不是说他们只接受了一半的教育,
03:58
but it does mean they have to work very hard
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但是,他们要更加努力地去听讲
03:59
to join the dots and understand what's going on.
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才能明白内容。
04:02
This is affected massively by reverberation time,
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这种现象主要是受回音时间的影响,
04:05
how reverberant a room is.
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即房间有多大的回音效果。
04:07
In a classroom with a reverberation time of 1.2 seconds,
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在一间回音时间长达1.2秒的教室,
04:11
which is pretty common, this is what it sounds like.
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(这是很常见的),身处其中听起来是这样:
04:14
(Inaudible echoing voice)
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(模煳的回音声)
04:27
Not so good, is it?
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听不清,对吧?
04:28
If you take that 1.2 seconds down to 0.4 seconds
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通过添置一些声学处理设备和声音吸收材质,
04:33
by installing acoustic treatments, sound absorbing materials
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我们就能将回音时长从1.2秒降至0.4秒,
04:36
and so forth, this is what you get.
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而这时候的音响效果是这样的:
04:38
Voice: In language, infinitely many words can be written
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(背景声音)在语言里,一小组字母可以构造出
04:42
with a small set of letters. In arithmetic,
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无穷多的单词。而在算术学中,
04:45
infinitely many numbers can be composed
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几个数字,再加上0,
04:48
from just a few digits with the help of the simple zero.
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也可以组合成无穷多的数。
04:51
Julian Treasure: What a difference.
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Julian Treasure:区别太大了!
04:53
Now that education you would receive,
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这才是有质量的教育!
04:55
and thanks to the British acoustician Adrian James
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刚才的模拟实验是
04:57
for those simulations. The signal was the same,
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由英国声学家Adrian James提供的。
05:00
the background noise was the same.
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两个试验中,信号和背景杂音都没变;
05:02
All that changed was the acoustics of the classroom
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变化的只是
05:04
in those two examples.
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教室的传声效果。
05:06
If education can be likened to watering a garden,
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如把教育比喻为在花园浇水,
05:08
which is a fair metaphor, sadly, much of the water
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这是合理的比喻。遗憾地是,
05:12
is evaporating before it reaches the flowers,
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大部分水在未落在花朵前已蒸发。
05:15
especially for some groups,
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特别对某些组别来说,
05:17
for example, those with hearing impairment.
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例如: 听力受损的人
05:21
Now that's not just deaf children. That could be any child
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(这不只包括失聪者, 也包括那些患感冒、
05:23
who's got a cold, glue ear, an ear infection,
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胶耳、耳道感染, 甚至花粉热的孩子)。
05:26
even hay fever. On a given day, one in eight children
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每一天,八个孩子中便有一个
05:28
fall into that group, on any given day.
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属于这个人群。
05:31
Then you have children for whom English is a second language,
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还有英语为第二语言的孩子,
05:34
or whatever they're being taught in is a second language.
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或任何以第二语言学习的孩子。
05:37
In the U.K., that's more than 10 percent of the school population.
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在英国,他们占所有学生中的比例超过10%。
05:41
And finally, after Susan Cain's wonderful TEDTalk in February,
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还有, 感谢Susan Cain在二月的TED讲演,
05:44
we know that introverts find it very difficult to relate
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我们得以了解知道性格内向的人
05:48
when they're in a noisy environment doing group work.
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在嘈杂环境下,很难做好团体工作。
05:50
Add those up. That is a lot of children
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这说明很多孩子
05:53
who are not receiving their education properly.
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正在不理想的情况下接受教育。
05:55
It's not just the children who are affected, though.
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然而受影响的不单是孩子。
05:58
(Noisy conversation) This study in Germany found
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(嘈杂声)德国的一项研究指出,
05:59
the average noise level in classrooms is 65 decibels.
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教室里的平均噪音水平是65分贝。
06:03
I have to really raise my voice to talk over 65 decibels
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在这样的环境下,我需要要很大声才让你们听见我说话。
06:07
of sound, and teachers are not just raising their voices.
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老师们不仅提高了音量。
06:11
This chart maps the teacher's heart rate
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这图表显示教师的心率
06:14
against the noise level.
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与噪音水平的关系。
06:16
Noise goes up, heart rate goes up.
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随着噪音水平的上升,心率也随着上升。
06:19
That is not good for you.
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这对身体不是好消息。
06:21
In fact, 65 decibels is the very level at which this big survey
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事实上,这项关于噪音与健康的调查显示
06:25
of all the evidence on noise and health found that, that is
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65分贝正是
06:29
the threshold for the danger of myocardial infarction.
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可能引致心肌梗塞(即心脏病)
06:33
To you and me, that's a heart attack.
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的分贝临界值。
06:36
It may not be pushing the boat out too far to suggest
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教师每天在这种环境下授课,
06:39
that many teachers are losing significant life expectancy
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寿命期望因而大大缩短,
06:43
by teaching in environments like that day after day.
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这说法可没有夸张。
06:47
What does it cost to treat a classroom
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把教室的回响时间降至0.4秒
06:49
down to that 0.4-second reverberation time?
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成本是多少?
06:52
Two and a half thousand pounds.
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2,500镑。
06:55
And the Essex study which has just been done in the U.K.,
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刚在英国埃塞克斯完成的研究表明,
06:58
which incidentally showed that when you do this,
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把回响时间降至0.4秒
07:00
you do not just make a room that's suitable
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不但让有听力障碍的孩子
07:03
for hearing-impaired children, you make a room
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听得清晰,
07:04
where behavior improves, and results improve significantly,
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学童的行为和成绩亦明显进步。
07:10
this found that sending a child out of area to a school
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如你的区域的学校没有这种教室,
07:14
that does have such a room, if you don't have one,
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孩子须跨区上学,
07:16
costs 90,000 pounds a year.
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每年开支是90,000镑。
07:20
I think the economics are pretty clear on this.
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从经济角度看,潜在的收益是很明显的吧。
07:22
I'm glad that debate is happening on this.
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我很高兴这引起了广泛的关注和讨论。
07:24
I just moderated a major conference in London
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数星期前我在伦敦主持了一个会议,
07:27
a few weeks ago called Sound Education,
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主题为「声音教育」。
07:29
which brought together top acousticians,
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会议集合顶尖的声学家、
07:31
government people, teachers, and so forth.
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政府人员和老师等等。
07:33
We're at last starting to debate this issue, and the benefits
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讨论终于开始触及在教学环境中
07:37
that are available for designing for the ears in education,
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针对听觉进行设计,
07:40
unbelievable.
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它的益处是惊人的。
07:41
Out of that conference, incidentally, also came
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而在会议之外,
07:44
a free app which is designed to help children study
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一款用以协助那些需要在家庭嘈杂环境中(例如厨房)
07:47
if they're having to work at home, for example,
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学习的孩子们的软件
07:50
in a noisy kitchen.
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也问世了。
07:51
And that's free out of that conference.
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这款软件是免费的。
07:55
Let's broaden the perspective a little bit
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再看另一个领域:
07:58
and look at cities.
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城市。
07:59
We have urban planners.
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我们有城市规划者。
08:01
Where are the urban sound planners?
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那城市声音规划者呢?
08:05
I don't know of one in the world, and the opportunity is there
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我从未遇到过一个。
08:08
to transform our experience in our cities.
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他们能让城市生活更美好。
08:10
The World Health Organization estimates
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世界卫生组织估计
08:12
that a quarter of Europe's population is having its sleep
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城市噪音影响1/4欧洲人的睡眠质量。
08:15
degraded by noise in cities. We can do better than that.
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而这一切都是可以改善的。
08:19
And in our offices, we spend a lot of time at work.
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再谈办公室,我们花很多时间在工作上。
08:22
Where are the office sound planners?
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那办公室声音设计师呢?
08:24
People who say, don't sit that team next to this team,
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有些人说,别把这两组人放在一起,
08:26
because they like noise and they need quiet.
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因为一组喧闹,一组爱静。
08:29
Or who say, don't spend all your budget on a huge screen
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有人说,别花太多钱
08:31
in the conference room,
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在会议室的屏幕上,
08:32
and then place one tiny microphone
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然后在30人的大桌中央
08:34
in the middle of a table for 30 people. (Laughter)
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放一个微型麦克风。(笑声)
08:38
If you can hear me, you can understand me
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如你听见我,不须看到我
08:40
without seeing me. If you can see me without hearing me,
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也会明白我。如你只看到我却听不清我,
08:43
that does not work.
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这是不奏效的。
08:45
So office sound is a huge area, and incidentally,
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所以办公室声效是个大领域,
08:48
noise in offices has been shown to make people
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而嘈杂的工作环境令人
08:50
less helpful, less enjoy their teamwork,
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变得冷漠和难以享受团队工作,
08:53
and less productive at work.
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生产力也会随之下降。
08:55
Finally, we have homes. We use interior designers.
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最后,再谈家居环境。我们有室内设计师,
08:59
Where are the interior sound designers?
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那室内声音设计师呢?
09:01
Hey, let's all be interior sound designers,
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我们全都可以做室内声音设计师呀!
09:04
take on listening to our rooms and designing sound
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开始听听我们的房间,
09:07
that's effective and appropriate.
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设计有效和适当的声响。
09:08
My friend Richard Mazuch, an architect in London,
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我的朋友Richard Mazuch,在伦敦当建筑师,
09:11
coined the phrase "invisible architecture."
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提出了一个名词叫做「看不到的建筑」。
09:14
I love that phrase.
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我喜欢这词语。
09:15
It's about designing, not appearance, but experience,
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意思是为感官设计,而非外表。
09:20
so that we have spaces that sound as good as they look,
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让我们的空间听起来跟看起来一样好,
09:24
that are fit for purpose, that improve our quality of life,
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以满足我们对于生活的需求,改善生活素质、
09:28
our health and well being, our social behavior
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健康水平、社交行为,
09:31
and our productivity.
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以及生产力。
09:33
It's time to start designing for the ears.
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是时候为听觉感官而设计了!
09:36
Thank you. (Applause)
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多谢 (掌声)
09:39
(Applause)
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(掌声)
09:41
Thank you. (Applause)
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多谢 (掌声)
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