CERN's supercollider | Brian Cox

1,242,991 views ・ 2008-04-29

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Isidora Bacic Lektor: Sandra Gojic
00:19
This is the Large Hadron Collider.
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Ovo je Veliki hadronski sudarač
00:22
It's 27 kilometers in circumference.
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Njegov obim je 27 kilometara;
00:24
It's the biggest scientific experiment ever attempted.
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to je najveći naučni eksperiment ikada napravljen.
00:27
Over 10,000 physicists and engineers
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Preko 10.000 fizičara i inženjera
00:30
from 85 countries around the world
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iz 85 zemalja širom sveta
00:32
have come together over several decades
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je radilo zajedno više decenija
00:34
to build this machine.
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da sagradili ovu mašinu.
00:36
What we do is we accelerate protons --
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Ono što mi radimo jeste da ubrzavamo protone --
00:38
so, hydrogen nuclei --
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tako, jezgra vodonika --
00:40
around 99.999999
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oko 99,999999
00:44
percent the speed of light.
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procenata brzine svetlosti.
00:46
Right? At that speed, they go around
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Shvatate? Pri toj brzini, oni kruže
00:48
that 27 kilometers 11,000 times a second.
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onih 27 kilometara 11.000 puta u sekundi.
00:52
And we collide them with another beam of protons
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I mi ih sudaramo sa još jednim snopom protona
00:54
going in the opposite direction.
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koji ide u suprotnom smeru.
00:57
We collide them inside giant detectors.
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Mi ih sudaramo unutar ovih ogromnih detektora.
00:59
They're essentially digital cameras.
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Oni su u suštini digitalni fotoaparati.
01:01
And this is the one that I work on, ATLAS.
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A ovaj na kome ja radim, ATLAS.
01:03
You get some sense of the size --
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Dobićete predstavu o veličini --
01:05
you can just see these EU standard-size
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kada pogledate ove EU standardizovane veličine
01:07
people underneath.
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ljude koji stoje ispod.
01:09
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
01:11
You get some sense of the size: 44 meters wide,
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Steknete neki osećaj za veličinu: 44 metara širok,
01:14
22 meters in diameter, 7,000 tons.
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22 metara u prečniku, 7.000 tona.
01:17
And we re-create the conditions that were present
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A mi ponovo stvaramo uslove koji su postojali
01:20
less than a billionth of a second after the universe began
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manje od milijarditog dela sekunde nakon što je nastao svemir
01:23
up to 600 million times a second
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do 600 miliona puta u sekundi
01:25
inside that detector -- immense numbers.
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unutar tog detektora - ogromne brojke.
01:29
And if you see those metal bits there --
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I ako vidite one metalne delove tamo --
01:31
those are huge magnets that bend
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to su ogromni magneti koji savijaju
01:33
electrically charged particles,
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naelektrisane čestice,
01:35
so it can measure how fast they're traveling.
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tako da može da meri kojom brzinom putuju.
01:37
This is a picture about a year ago.
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Ovo je slika od pre nekih godinu dana.
01:39
Those magnets are in there.
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Ovi magneti su tamo unutra.
01:41
And, again, a EU standard-size, real person,
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I, opet, stvarna osoba, EU standardizovane veličine,
01:43
so you get some sense of the scale.
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tako da shvatate odnos veličine.
01:46
And it's in there that those mini-Big Bangs will be created,
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I tamo će nastajati ti mini-Veliki praskovi,
01:48
sometime in the summer this year.
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u nekom trenutku ovog leta.
01:50
And actually, this morning, I got an email
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I zapravo, jutros, sam dobio elektronsku poštu
01:52
saying that we've just finished, today,
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da smo danas upravo završili,
01:54
building the last piece of ATLAS.
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sa izgradnjom poslednjeg dela ATLAS-a.
01:56
So as of today, it's finished. I'd like to say
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Tako da je od danas gotov. Voleo bih da mogu da kažem
01:58
that I planned that for TED,
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da je ovo bilo planirano baš za TED,
02:00
but I didn't. So it's been completed as of today.
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ali nije. Tako da je baš danas završeno.
02:03
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
02:07
Yeah, it's a wonderful achievement.
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Da, to je divno dostignuće.
02:09
So, you might be asking, "Why?
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Možda se pitate, ''Zašto?
02:11
Why create the conditions that were present
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zašto stvarati uslove koji su postojali
02:13
less than a billionth of a second after the universe began?"
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pre manje od milijarditog dela sekunde nakon što je nastao svemir?''
02:16
Well, particle physicists are nothing if not ambitious.
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Pa, fizičari koji proučavaju čestice su u svakom slučaju ambiciozni.
02:19
And the aim of particle physics is to understand
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A cilj fizike čestica jeste da razume
02:22
what everything's made of, and how everything sticks together.
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od čega je sve napravljeno i kako se sve drži na mestu.
02:25
And by everything I mean, of course,
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I kad kažem ''sve'' mislim, naravno,
02:27
me and you, the Earth, the Sun,
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na vas i mene, Zemlju, Sunce,
02:30
the 100 billion suns in our galaxy
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hiljade milijardi sunca u našoj galaksiji
02:33
and the 100 billion galaxies
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i na hiljade milijardi galaksija
02:35
in the observable universe.
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u nama poznatom svemiru.
02:37
Absolutely everything.
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Apsolutno svemu.
02:39
Now you might say, "Well, OK, but why not just look at it?
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Vi možete reći, ''U redu, ali zašto jednostavno ne bismo to posmatrali?
02:41
You know? If you want to know what I'm made of, let's look at me."
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Znate šta? Ako želite da znate od čega sam napravljen, pogledajte me''.
02:44
Well, we found that as you look back in time,
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Pa, utvrdili smo da kako idete dalje u prošlost,
02:47
the universe gets hotter and hotter,
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svemir biva sve topliji i topliji,
02:50
denser and denser, and simpler and simpler.
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gušći i gušći i jednostavniji i jednostavniji.
02:53
Now, there's no real reason I'm aware of for that,
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Ja ne znam neki dobar razlog za to,
02:55
but that seems to be the case.
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ali izgleda da je tako.
02:58
So, way back in the early times of the universe,
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I tako, u dalekoj prošlosti svemira,
03:00
we believe it was very simple and understandable.
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verujemo da je sve bilo veoma jednostavno i razumljivo.
03:03
All this complexity, all the way to these wonderful things --
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Sva ova složenost, sve do ovih divnih stvari --
03:06
human brains -- are a property of an old
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ljudskog mozga -- je osobina starog
03:08
and cold and complicated universe.
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i hladnog i komplikovanog svemira.
03:11
Back at the start, in the first billionth of a second,
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Na početku, u prvom milijarditom delu sekunde,
03:14
we believe, or we've observed, it was very simple.
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mi verujemo, ili smo primetili, stvari su bile veoma jednostavne.
03:16
It's almost like ...
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To je skoro kao...
03:18
imagine a snowflake in your hand,
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zamislite da u ruci držite pahuljicu,
03:20
and you look at it, and it's an incredibly complicated,
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i kada je pogledate, to je neverovatno složeni,
03:23
beautiful object. But as you heat it up,
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divni predmet. Ali kada je zagrejete,
03:26
it'll melt into a pool of water,
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ona se istopi u baricu vode,
03:29
and you would be able to see that, actually, it was just made
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i vidite da je zapravo nastala samo od
03:31
of H20, water.
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H20, vode.
03:34
So it's in that same sense that we look back in time
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Tako na isti način posmatramo prošlost
03:36
to understand what the universe is made of.
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da bismo razumeli od čega je svemir napravljen.
03:39
And, as of today, it's made of these things.
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A od danas, napravljen je od ovih stvari.
03:42
Just 12 particles of matter,
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Samo 12 čestica materije,
03:44
stuck together by four forces of nature.
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spojenih uz pomoć četiri sile prirode.
03:48
The quarks, these pink things, are the things that make up protons and neutrons
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Kvarkovi, ove roze stvari, su ono od čega se sastoje protoni i neutroni
03:51
that make up the atomic nuclei in your body.
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koji čine atomska jezgra u vašem telu.
03:54
The electron -- the thing that goes around
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Elektron - ovo što kruži
03:56
the atomic nucleus --
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oko atomskog jezgra --
03:58
held around in orbit, by the way, by the electromagnetic force
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se održava u orbiti, kad smo već kod toga, elektromagnetnom silom
04:01
that's carried by this thing, the photon.
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koju nosi ova stvar, foton.
04:03
The quarks are stuck together by other things called gluons.
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Kvarkovi se drže zajedno uz pomoć ovih ovde koji se zovu gluoni.
04:06
And these guys, here, they're the weak nuclear force,
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A ovi ovde, oni su slaba nuklearna sila,
04:08
probably the least familiar.
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koja je verovatno najmanje poznata.
04:10
But, without it, the sun wouldn't shine.
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Ali bez njih sunce ne bi sijalo.
04:12
And when the sun shines, you get copious quantities
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A kada sunce sija, dobijamo velike količine
04:14
of these things, called neutrinos, pouring out.
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ovih stvari ovde koje se zovu neutrina.
04:17
Actually, if you just look at your thumbnail --
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Zapravo, ako samo pogledate svoj nokat na palcu --
04:20
about a square centimeter --
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oko jednog kvadratnog centimetra -- tu ima
04:23
there are something like 60 billion neutrinos per second
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nešto oko 60 milijardi neutrina u sekundi
04:26
from the sun, passing
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od sunca, koji prolaze
04:28
through every square centimeter of your body.
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kroz svaki kvadratni centimetar vašeg tela.
04:30
But you don't feel them, because the weak force
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Ne osećate ih jer je slaba sila
04:32
is correctly named --
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precizan naziv.
04:34
very short range and very weak,
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Veoma kratak raspon i veoma slaba,
04:36
so they just fly through you.
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tako da samo prolete kroz vas.
04:38
And these particles have been discovered
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I ove čestice su otkrivene
04:40
over the last century, pretty much.
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tokom prošlog veka, uglavnom.
04:42
The first one, the electron, was discovered in 1897,
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Prva, elektron, je otkriven 1897,
04:44
and the last one, this thing called the tau neutrino,
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a poslednja, nešto što se naziva tau neutrino,
04:47
in the year 2000. Actually just --
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2000. godine. Zapravo, --
04:49
I was going to say, just up the road in Chicago. I know it's a big country,
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hteo sam da kažem, upravo niz ulicu u Čikagu. Znam da je ovo jedna velika zemlja,
04:52
America, isn't it?
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Amerika, zar ne?
04:55
Just up the road.
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Niz ulicu.
04:58
Relative to the universe, it's just up the road.
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U odnosu na svemir, i jeste samo niz ulicu.
05:01
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
05:03
So, this thing was discovered in the year 2000,
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I tako, ovo je otkriveno 2000. godine,
05:05
so it's a relatively recent picture.
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tako da je ovo relativno novija slika.
05:08
One of the wonderful things, actually, I find,
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Jedna od divnih stvari, zapravo, po meni,
05:10
is that we've discovered any of them, when you realize how tiny they are.
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jeste da smo ih uopšte otkrili, kada shvatite koliko su male.
05:13
You know, they're a step in size
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Znate, one su korak udaljene
05:15
from the entire observable universe.
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od celokupnog poznatog svemira.
05:17
So, 100 billion galaxies,
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Tako 100 milijardi galaksija,
05:19
13.7 billion light years away --
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udaljene 13,7 milijardi svetlosnih godina --
05:22
a step in size from that to Monterey, actually,
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korak odatle do Montereja, zapravo,
05:25
is about the same as from Monterey to these things.
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je isti kao od Montereja do ovih stvari.
05:28
Absolutely, exquisitely minute,
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Apsolutno, savršeno sićušne,
05:31
and yet we've discovered pretty much the full set.
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a ipak otkrili smo manje više ceo komplet.
05:35
So, one of my most illustrious forebears
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Tako, jedan od mojih najslavnijih prethodnika
05:38
at Manchester University, Ernest Rutherford,
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na Univerzitetu u Mančesteru, Ernest Raderford,
05:40
discoverer of the atomic nucleus,
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koji je otkrio atomsko jezgro,
05:42
once said, "All science is either physics
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je jednom rekao, ''Sva nauka je ili fizika
05:44
or stamp collecting."
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ili sakupljanje markica''.
05:46
Now, I don't think he meant to insult
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Mislim da nije hteo da vređa
05:49
the rest of science,
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ostatak nauke,
05:51
although he was from New Zealand, so it's possible.
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mada je bio sa Novog Zelanda, tako da je moguće.
05:54
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
05:56
But what he meant was that what we've done, really,
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Ali hteo je da kaže da ono što smo uradili, zaista,
05:58
is stamp collect there.
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je skupljanje markica --
06:00
OK, we've discovered the particles,
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OK, otkrili smo čestice,
06:02
but unless you understand the underlying
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ali ako ne razumete suštinske
06:04
reason for that pattern -- you know, why it's built the way it is --
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razloge za tako ponašanje - znate, zašto je nešto napravljeno na taj način --
06:07
really you've done stamp collecting. You haven't done science.
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onda se bavite samo skupljanjem markica - ne bavite se naukom.
06:10
Fortunately, we have
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Na sreću, mi imamo
06:12
probably one of the greatest scientific achievements of the twentieth century
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najverovatnije jedno od najvećih naučnih otkrića 20. veka
06:15
that underpins that pattern.
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koje podupire to ponašanje.
06:17
It's the Newton's laws, if you want,
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To su Njutnovi zakoni, ako želite,
06:19
of particle physics.
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fizike čestica.
06:21
It's called the standard model -- beautifully simple mathematical equation.
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To se naziva ''standardnim modelom'' - savršeno jednostavna matematička jednačina.
06:24
You could stick it on the front of a T-shirt,
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Možete je staviti na majcu,
06:26
which is always the sign of elegance.
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što je uvek znak elegancije.
06:29
This is it.
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To je to.
06:31
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
06:33
I've been a little disingenuous, because I've expanded it out
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Bio sam malo neiskren, jer sam je proširio
06:35
in all its gory detail.
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sa svim zanimljivim detaljima.
06:37
This equation, though, allows you to calculate everything --
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Ovaj jednačina, ipak, vam omogućava da sve izračunate --
06:39
other than gravity -- that happens in the universe.
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osim gravitacije -- što se događa u svemiru.
06:42
So, you want to know why the sky is blue, why atomic nuclei stick together --
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I tako ako želite da znate zašto je nebo plavo, zašto se atomska jezgra drže zajedno --
06:45
in principle, you've got a big enough computer --
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u principu, imate dovoljno veliki kompjuter --
06:47
why DNA is the shape it is.
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zašto je DNK takvog oblika.
06:49
In principle, you should be able to calculate it from that equation.
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U principu, mogli biste da izračunate preko te jednačine.
06:52
But there's a problem.
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Ali postoji problem.
06:55
Can anyone see what it is?
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Da li neko zna koji?
06:59
A bottle of champagne for anyone that tells me.
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Flaša šampanjca za onog ko zna.
07:02
I'll make it easier, actually, by blowing one of the lines up.
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Olakšaću vam, zapravo, tako što ću uvećati jedan od ovih redova.
07:05
Basically, each of these terms
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U suštini, svaki od ovih izraza
07:07
refers to some of the particles.
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se odnosi na neke od čestica.
07:09
So those Ws there refer to the Ws, and how they stick together.
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Tako da se ovi W-ovi odnose na W-ove i kako se drže zajedno.
07:12
These carriers of the weak force, the Zs, the same.
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Ovi nosioci slabe sile, Zed-ovi, isto.
07:15
But there's an extra symbol in this equation: H.
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Ali postoji jedan simbol viška u ovoj jednačini: H.
07:17
Right, H.
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Da, H.
07:19
H stands for Higgs particle.
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H označava Higsovu česticu.
07:21
Higgs particles have not been discovered.
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Higsove čestice još nisu otkrivene.
07:24
But they're necessary: they're necessary
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Ali su potrebne - potrebne su
07:26
to make that mathematics work.
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da bi matematika funkcionisala.
07:28
So all the exquisitely detailed calculations we can do
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Tako da sva ova neverovatno detaljna računanja koja vršimo
07:30
with that wonderful equation
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sa tom divnom jednačinom
07:32
wouldn't be possible without an extra bit.
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ne bi bila moguća bez tog dodatnog dela.
07:34
So it's a prediction:
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To je predviđanje --
07:36
a prediction of a new particle.
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predviđanje postojanja nove čestice.
07:38
What does it do?
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Šta ona radi?
07:40
Well, we had a long time to come up with good analogies.
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Pa, imali smo dosta vremena da smislimo dobra poređenja.
07:42
And back in the 1980s, when we wanted the money
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I još 1980-tih, kada smo hteli novac
07:45
for the LHC from the U.K. government,
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za LHC od britanske vlade,
07:47
Margaret Thatcher, at the time, said,
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Margaret Thatcher, u to vreme, je rekla
07:49
"If you guys can explain, in language
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''Ako vi možete da objasnite, jezikom
07:51
a politician can understand,
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koji političar može da razume,
07:53
what the hell it is that you're doing, you can have the money.
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šta je zapravo to što radite, dobićete novac.
07:56
I want to know what this Higgs particle does."
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Želim da znam šta ta Higsova čestica radi''.
07:58
And we came up with this analogy, and it seemed to work.
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I smislili smo ovo poređenje i mislim da je dobro.
08:00
Well, what the Higgs does is, it gives mass to the fundamental particles.
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Ono što Higs radi jeste da daje masu fundamentalnim česticama.
08:03
And the picture is that the whole universe --
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I ideja jeste da ceo svemir --
08:05
and that doesn't mean just space, it means me as well, and inside you --
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i ne samo u svemiru, već unutar vas i mene --
08:08
the whole universe is full of something called a Higgs field.
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ceo svemir je pun nečega što se zove Higsovo polje.
08:11
Higgs particles, if you will.
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Higsove čestice, ako hoćete.
08:13
The analogy is that these people in a room
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Poređenje jeste da su ljudi u ovoj prostoriji
08:15
are the Higgs particles.
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Higsove čestice.
08:17
Now when a particle moves through the universe,
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Kada se čestica kreće kroz svemir,
08:19
it can interact with these Higgs particles.
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onda može da deluje sa Higsovim česticama.
08:22
But imagine someone who's not very popular moves through the room.
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Ali zamislite nekoga ko nije mnogo popularan da ide kroz ovu prostoriju.
08:25
Then everyone ignores them. They can just pass through the room very quickly,
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Svi ga ignorišu. Može da se kreće veoma brzo kroz prostoriju,
08:28
essentially at the speed of light. They're massless.
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u suštini brzinom svetlosti. On nema masu.
08:31
And imagine someone incredibly important
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A onda zamislite nekoga neverovatno važnog
08:33
and popular and intelligent
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i popularnog i pametnog
08:35
walks into the room.
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da uđe u sobu.
08:38
They're surrounded by people, and their passage through the room is impeded.
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On bi bio okružen ljudima i teško bi prošao kroz sobu.
08:41
It's almost like they get heavy. They get massive.
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Kao da postaje teži. Postaje masivan.
08:44
And that's exactly the way the Higgs mechanism works.
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I upravo tako funkcioniše Higsov mehanizam.
08:47
The picture is that the electrons and the quarks
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Ideja jeste da su elektroni i kvarkovi
08:49
in your body and in the universe that we see around us
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u vašem telu i svemiru koji vidimo oko nas
08:52
are heavy, in a sense, and massive,
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teški, i na neki način, masivni,
08:54
because they're surrounded by Higgs particles.
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jer su okruženi Higsovim česticama.
08:56
They're interacting with the Higgs field.
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Oni medjusobno deluju sa Higsovim poljem.
08:59
If that picture's true,
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Ako je ova ideja tačna,
09:01
then we have to discover those Higgs particles at the LHC.
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onda moramo da otkrijemo te Higsove čestice u LHC-u.
09:05
If it's not true -- because it's quite a convoluted mechanism,
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Ako nije tačna -- jer je to dosta zamršeni mehanizam,
09:07
although it's the simplest we've been able to think of --
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iako je najjednostavniji koji smo mogli da smislimo --
09:10
then whatever does the job of the Higgs particles
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onda šta god vrši posao Higsovih čestica
09:12
we know have to turn up
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znamo da mora da se pojavi
09:14
at the LHC.
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u LHC-u.
09:16
So, that's one of the prime reasons we built this giant machine.
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To je glavni razlog zašto smo napravili ovu ogromnu mašinu.
09:19
I'm glad you recognize Margaret Thatcher.
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Drago mi je što prepoznajete Margaret Thatcher.
09:21
Actually, I thought about making it more culturally relevant, but --
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Zapravo, hteo sam da bude kulturno relevantnije, ali --
09:24
(Laughter)
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(smeh)
09:27
anyway.
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kako god.
09:29
So that's one thing.
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To je jedno.
09:31
That's essentially a guarantee of what the LHC will find.
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To je u suštini garancija onoga što će LHC naći.
09:34
There are many other things. You've heard
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Postoje mnoge druge stvari. Čuli ste
09:36
many of the big problems in particle physics.
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za mnoge velike probleme u fizici čestica.
09:38
One of them you heard about: dark matter, dark energy.
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Za ovo ste čuli: tamna materija, tamna energija.
09:41
There's another issue,
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Postoji još jedno pitanje,
09:43
which is that the forces in nature -- it's quite beautiful, actually --
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a to je da sile u prirodi - ovo je zapravo veoma lepo --
09:45
seem, as you go back in time,
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izgleda, kako idete u prošlost,
09:47
they seem to change in strength.
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izgleda menjaju jačinu.
09:49
Well, they do change in strength.
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Zapravo, one zaista menjaju jačinu.
09:51
So, the electromagnetic force, the force that holds us together,
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Tako, elektromagnetna sila, koja nas drži zajedno,
09:54
gets stronger as you go to higher temperatures.
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postaje jača na višim temperaturama.
09:57
The strong force, the strong nuclear force, which sticks nuclei together,
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Jaka sila, jaka nuklearna sila, koja drži jezgra zajedno,
10:00
gets weaker. And what you see is the standard model --
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slabi. I ono što vidite je standardni model --
10:03
you can calculate how these change -- is the forces,
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možete izračunati kako ove promene - sile --
10:05
the three forces, other than gravity,
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tri sile, osim gravitacije --
10:07
almost seem to come together at one point.
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se izgleda skoro spajaju u jednom trenutku.
10:09
It's almost as if there was one beautiful
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Skoro kao da postoji jedna lepa
10:11
kind of super-force, back at the beginning of time.
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vrsta supersile, na početku postojanja vremena.
10:14
But they just miss.
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Ali se promaše za malo.
10:16
Now there's a theory called super-symmetry,
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Postoji teorija koja se zove supersimetrija,
10:18
which doubles the number of particles in the standard model,
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koja udvostručuje broj čestica u standardnom modelu.
10:21
which, at first sight, doesn't sound like a simplification.
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Što se na prvi pogled ne čini pojednostavljivanjem.
10:23
But actually, with this theory,
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Ali zapravo, sa ovom teorijom,
10:25
we find that the forces of nature
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otkrili smo da sile prirode
10:27
do seem to unify together, back at the Big Bang --
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se izgleda sjedinjavaju, kod Velikog praska.
10:30
absolutely beautiful prophecy. The model wasn't built to do that,
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Apsolutno divno predviđanje. Model nije napravljen da to radi,
10:33
but it seems to do it.
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ali izgleda da radi.
10:35
Also, those super-symmetric particles
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Takođe, ove supersimetrične čestice
10:37
are very strong candidates for the dark matter.
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su veoma ozbiljni kandidati za tamnu materiju.
10:39
So a very compelling theory
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Znači veoma ubedljiva teorija
10:41
that's really mainstream physics.
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to je stvarno osnovna fizika.
10:43
And if I was to put money on it, I would put money on --
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I kad bih hteo da se kladim, kladio bih se --
10:45
in a very unscientific way -- that
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na veoma nenaučni način -- da
10:47
that these things would also crop up at the LHC.
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će se ove stvari pojaviti u LHC-u.
10:50
Many other things that the LHC could discover.
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Ima mnogo drugih stvari koje LHC može da otkrije.
10:53
But in the last few minutes, I just want to give you
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Ali u proteklih par minuta, hteo sam samo da vam pokažem
10:56
a different perspective
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drugačiji ugao gledanja
10:58
of what I think -- what particle physics
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onogo što ja mislim -- što fizika čestica
11:00
really means to me -- particle physics and cosmology.
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stvarno znači meni -- fizika čestica i kosmologija.
11:03
And that's that I think it's given us a wonderful
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I to mislim da je to ono što nam je dalo divnu
11:06
narrative -- almost a creation story,
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priču -- skoro priču o postanju,
11:09
if you'd like -- about the universe,
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ako hoćete -- o svemiru,
11:11
from modern science over the last few decades.
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od savremene nauke tokom proteklih nekoliko decenija.
11:14
And I'd say that it deserves,
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I rekao bih da zaslužuje,
11:16
in the spirit of Wade Davis' talk,
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u duhu predavanja Wade-a Davis-a,
11:18
to be at least put up there with these wonderful creation stories
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da barem stoji tu sa ovim divnim pričama o postanju
11:21
of the peoples of the high Andes and the frozen north.
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naroda koji žive visoko u Andima i hladnom severu.
11:25
This is a creation story, I think, equally as wonderful.
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Ovo je pričao o postanju, za koju mislim da je podjednako divna.
11:29
The story goes like this: we know that
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Priča ide ovako: znamo da
11:31
the universe began 13.7 billion years ago,
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je svemir nastao pre 13,7 milijardi godina,
11:34
in an immensely hot, dense state,
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u neizmerno vrućem, gustom stanju,
11:37
much smaller than a single atom.
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mnogo manjem od jednog atoma.
11:39
It began to expand about
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Počeo je da se širi oko
11:41
a million, billion, billion, billion billionth
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miliona milijarde milijarde milijarde milijarditog dela
11:44
of a second -- I think I got that right -- after the Big Bang.
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sekunde - mislim da sam dobro rekao - nakon Velikog praska.
11:48
Gravity separated away from the other forces.
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Gravitacija se odvojila od ostalih sila.
11:50
The universe then underwent
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Svemir je prošao kroz
11:52
an exponential expansion called inflation.
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eksponencionalno širenje nazvano inflacija.
11:55
In about the first billionth of a second or so,
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U otprilike prvom milijarditom delu sekunde ili tu negde,
11:57
the Higgs field kicked in, and the quarks
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Higsovo polje se trglo i kvarkovi
11:59
and the gluons and the electrons
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gluoni i elektroni
12:02
that make us up got mass.
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od kojih se mi sastojimo su stekli masu.
12:04
The universe continued to expand and cool.
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Svemir je nastavio da se širi i hladi.
12:07
After about a few minutes,
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Nakon nekih par minuta,
12:09
there was hydrogen and helium in the universe. That's all.
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nastali su vodonik i helijum u svemiru. To je sve.
12:12
The universe was about 75 percent hydrogen,
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Svemir se sastojao od 75 posto vodonika,
12:15
25 percent helium. It still is today.
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25 posto helijuma. I danas je tako.
12:18
It continued to expand
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Nastavio je da se širi
12:20
about 300 million years.
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oko 300 miliona godina.
12:22
Then light began to travel through the universe.
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Svetlost je počela da putuje kroz svemir.
12:24
It was big enough to be transparent to light,
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Bio je dovoljno veliki da bude transparentan za svetlost,
12:26
and that's what we see in the cosmic microwave background
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i to vidimo u kosmičkoj mikrotalasnoj pozadini
12:28
that George Smoot described
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koju je George Smoot opisao
12:30
as looking at the face of God.
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kao da gleda u lice Boga.
12:32
After about 400 million years, the first stars formed,
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Nakon oko 400 miliona godina, nastale su prve zvezde,
12:35
and that hydrogen, that helium, then began to cook
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i onda su taj vodonik i helijum počeli da se kuvaju
12:37
into the heavier elements.
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u teže elemente.
12:39
So the elements of life --
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Tako da elementi života --
12:41
carbon, and oxygen and iron,
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ugljenik, kiseonik i gvožđe,
12:43
all the elements that we need to make us up --
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i svi elementi koji su nam potrebni da postojimo --
12:45
were cooked in those first generations of stars,
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su nastali u tim prvim generacijama zvezda,
12:48
which then ran out of fuel, exploded,
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koje su onda potrošile gorivo, eksplodirale
12:50
threw those elements back into the universe.
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i vratile te elemente nazad u svemir.
12:53
They then re-collapsed into another generation
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Onda su one ponovo pretrpele kolaps u sledeću generaciju
12:55
of stars and planets.
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zvezda i planeta.
12:58
And on some of those planets, the oxygen, which had been created
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I na nekim od tih planeta, kiseonik koji je nastao
13:01
in that first generation of stars, could fuse with hydrogen
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u toj prvoj generaciji zvezda je mogao da se spoji sa vodonikom
13:04
to form water, liquid water on the surface.
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da formira vodu, tečnu vodu na površini.
13:07
On at least one, and maybe only one of those planets,
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Na barem jednoj i možda jedinoj od tih planeta,
13:10
primitive life evolved,
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razvio se primitivni život,
13:13
which evolved over millions of years into
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koji se tokom miliona godina razvio u
13:15
things that walked upright and left footprints
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bića koja hodaju uspravno i ostavljaju tragove stopala
13:17
about three and a half million years ago in the mud flats of Tanzania,
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i oko tri i po miliona godina na ravnoj muljevitoj obali Tanzanije,
13:20
and eventually
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i na kraju
13:22
left a footprint on another world.
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su ostavila otisak stopala na drugom svetu.
13:24
And built this civilization,
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I izgradili ovu civilizaciju,
13:26
this wonderful picture,
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ovu divnu sliku,
13:28
that turned the darkness into light,
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koja je pretvorila tamu u svetlost,
13:31
and you can see the civilization from space.
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i možete videti tu civilizaciju iz svemira.
13:33
As one of my great heroes, Carl Sagan, said,
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Kao što reče jedan od mojih velikih heroja, Carl Sagan,
13:36
these are the things -- and actually, not only these,
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ovo su stvari -- i zapravo, ne samo ove,
13:38
but I was looking around -- these are the things,
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ali sam gledao okolo -- ovo su stvari,
13:40
like Saturn V rockets, and Sputnik,
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poput raketa Saturn V i Sputnika
13:43
and DNA, and literature and science --
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i DNK i književnosti i nauke --
13:45
these are the things that hydrogen atoms do
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to su stvari koje rade atomi vodonika
13:47
when given 13.7 billion years.
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kada im date 13,7 milijardi godina.
13:51
Absolutely remarkable.
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Stvarno izuzetno.
13:53
And, the laws of physics. Right?
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I zakoni fizike. Jel' tako?
13:55
So, the right laws of physics --
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I tako, pravi zakoni fizike --
13:57
they're beautifully balanced.
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su u divnoj ravnoteži.
13:59
If the weak force had been a little bit different,
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Da je slaba sila bila malo drugačija,
14:01
then carbon and oxygen wouldn't be stable
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onda ugljenik i kiseonik ne bi bili stabilni
14:03
inside the hearts of stars,
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u srcu zvezda,
14:05
and there would be none of that in the universe.
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i ništa od toga ne bi bilo u svemiru.
14:08
And I think that's
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I mislim da je to--
14:10
a wonderful and significant story.
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divna i važna priča.
14:12
50 years ago, I couldn't have told that story,
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Pre 50 godina ne bih mogao da vam ispričam ovu priču,
14:14
because we didn't know it.
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jer je nismo znali.
14:16
It makes me really feel that
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Zato stvarno mislim da
14:18
that civilization --
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da civilizacija --
14:20
which, as I say, if you believe
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koja, kao što rekoh, ako verujete
14:22
the scientific creation story,
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u naučnu priču postanja,
14:24
has emerged purely as a result of the laws of physics,
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je nastala iskljčivo kao posledica zakona fizike,
14:27
and a few hydrogen atoms --
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i sa par atoma vodonika --
14:29
then I think, to me anyway,
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onda ja barem smatram,
14:32
it makes me feel incredibly valuable.
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da se osećam neverovatno vrednim.
14:34
So that's the LHC.
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I to je LHC.
14:36
The LHC is certainly, when it turns on in summer,
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LHC će svakako, kada se uključi na leto,
14:39
going to write the next chapter of that book.
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napisati sledeće poglavlje te knjige.
14:42
And I'm certainly looking forward with
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I tome se svakako radujem
14:44
immense excitement to it being turned on.
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sa velikim uzbuđenjem čekam da se uključi.
14:46
Thanks.
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Hvala.
14:48
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)

Original video on YouTube.com
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