CERN's supercollider | Brian Cox

1,246,918 views ใƒป 2008-04-29

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: GEORGE ALFRED ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Ayman Mahmoud
00:19
This is the Large Hadron Collider.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุตุงุฏู… ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ.
00:22
It's 27 kilometers in circumference.
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ู…ุญูŠุทู‡ 27 ูƒูŠู„ูˆู…ุชุฑุ›
00:24
It's the biggest scientific experiment ever attempted.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุชุชู… ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุชู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚.
00:27
Over 10,000 physicists and engineers
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ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† 10,000 ู…ู† ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ูˆุงู„ู…ู‡ู†ุฏุณูŠู†
00:30
from 85 countries around the world
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ู…ู† 85 ุจู„ุฏุงู‹ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
00:32
have come together over several decades
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ู‚ุฏู…ูˆุง ู…ุนุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฏู‰ ุนุฏุฉ ุนู‚ูˆุฏ
00:34
to build this machine.
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ู„ุจู†ุงุก ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุขู„ุฉ.
00:36
What we do is we accelerate protons --
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ู…ุง ู†ูุนู„ู‡ ู‡ูˆุฃู†ู†ุง ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุชุนุฌูŠู„ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูˆู†ุงุช --
00:38
so, hydrogen nuclei --
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ู†ูˆุงุฉ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† --
00:40
around 99.999999
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ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 99.999999
00:44
percent the speed of light.
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ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ ู…ู† ุณุฑุนุฉ ุงู„ุถูˆุก.
00:46
Right? At that speed, they go around
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŸ ููŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุณุฑุนุฉุŒ ูˆ ูŠุฏูˆุฑูˆู†
00:48
that 27 kilometers 11,000 times a second.
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11,000ู…ุฑุฉ ูู‰ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‚ุทุฑ ุงู„ุฐู‰ ู…ุณุงุญุชู‡ 27 ูƒูŠู„ูˆู…ุชุฑ.
00:52
And we collide them with another beam of protons
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ูˆู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุตุฏู…ู‡ุง ุจุดุนุงุน ุขุฎุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูˆู†ุงุช
00:54
going in the opposite direction.
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ูŠุณูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุฅุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุงูƒุณ.
00:57
We collide them inside giant detectors.
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ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุตุฏู…ู‡ุง ุฏุงุฎู„ ูƒุงุดูุงุช ุนู…ู„ุงู‚ุฉ.
00:59
They're essentially digital cameras.
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ู‡ูŠ ูƒุงู…ูŠุฑุงุช ุฑู‚ู…ูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ.
01:01
And this is the one that I work on, ATLAS.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃุนู…ู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ูู‰ ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุฃุทู„ุณ.
01:03
You get some sense of the size --
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุฅุญุณุงุณ ุจุงู„ุญุฌู… --
01:05
you can just see these EU standard-size
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ุจุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ ุจุญุฌู… ู…ุนุงูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฅุชุญุงุฏ ุงู„ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจูŠ
01:07
people underneath.
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ุชุญุช ุงู„ุฑุณู….
01:09
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
01:11
You get some sense of the size: 44 meters wide,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฅุญุณุงุณ ุจุงู„ุญุฌู…: 44 ู…ุชุฑ ู„ู„ุนุฑุถุŒ
01:14
22 meters in diameter, 7,000 tons.
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ุจู‚ุทุฑ 22 ู…ุชุฑุŒ 7,000 ุทู†.
01:17
And we re-create the conditions that were present
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ูˆุณู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุชู‡ูŠุฆุฉ ุงู„ุธุฑูˆู ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ
01:20
less than a billionth of a second after the universe began
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ุจุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† --
01:23
up to 600 million times a second
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ุชุตู„ ุฅู„ู‰ 600 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ู…ุฑุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ
01:25
inside that detector -- immense numbers.
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ุฏุงุฎู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒุงุดู -- ุฃุนุฏุงุฏ ู‡ุงุฆู„ุฉ.
01:29
And if you see those metal bits there --
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุชู… ุชุฑูˆู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุทุน ุงู„ู…ุนุฏู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ู…ุบู†ุทุฉ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ --
01:31
those are huge magnets that bend
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ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‡ุงุฆู„ุฉ ู‡ู‰ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุบูŠุฑ ู…ุณุงุฑ
01:33
electrically charged particles,
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ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ุงู„ู…ุดุญูˆู†ุฉ ูƒู‡ุฑุจูŠุงุŒ
01:35
so it can measure how fast they're traveling.
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ุจุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู‚ูŠุงุณ ู…ุฏู‰ ุณุฑุนุฉ ุชุฑุญุงู„ู‡ุง.
01:37
This is a picture about a year ago.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู‚ุจู„ ู†ุญูˆ ุณู†ุฉ.
01:39
Those magnets are in there.
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ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุบู†ุงุทูŠุณุงุช ุจุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ.
01:41
And, again, a EU standard-size, real person,
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ูˆู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ุดุฎุต ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ ุจุญุฌู… ู…ุนุงูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฅุชุญุงุฏ ุงู„ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจูŠ
01:43
so you get some sense of the scale.
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ุญุชู‰ ุชุญุตู„ูˆุง ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฅุญุณุงุณ ุจุงู„ู…ู‚ูŠุงุณ.
01:46
And it's in there that those mini-Big Bangs will be created,
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฅู†ูุฌุงุฑุงุช ุงู„ุนุธูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุตุบุฑุฉ ุณูŠุชู… ุฅู†ุดุงุคู‡ุงุŒ
01:48
sometime in the summer this year.
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ููŠ ูˆู‚ุช ู…ุง ููŠ ุตูŠู ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุงู….
01:50
And actually, this morning, I got an email
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุตุจุงุญุŒ ุชู„ู‚ูŠุช ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ุจุงู„ุจุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠ
01:52
saying that we've just finished, today,
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ุชู‚ูˆู„ ุจุฃู†ู†ุง ู‚ุฏ ุฅู†ุชู‡ูŠู†ุงุŒ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ
01:54
building the last piece of ATLAS.
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ู…ู† ุจู†ุงุก ุขุฎุฑ ู‚ุทุนุฉ ู…ู† ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุฃุทู„ุณ.
01:56
So as of today, it's finished. I'd like to say
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ุฅุนุชุจุงุฑุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ ุฅู†ุชู‡ุช. ุฃูˆุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ ุจุฃู†
01:58
that I planned that for TED,
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ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ุฎุทุทุช ู„ู‡ ู„ู€ TED !
02:00
but I didn't. So it's been completed as of today.
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ู‰ ู„ู… ุฃูุนู„. ุฅุฐุงู‹ ูู‚ุฏ ุชู… ุงู„ุงู†ุชู‡ุงุก ุฅุนุชุจุงุฑุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠูˆู….
02:03
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
02:07
Yeah, it's a wonderful achievement.
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ู†ุนู…ุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ ุฅู†ุฌุงุฒ ุฑุงุฆุน.
02:09
So, you might be asking, "Why?
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ุŒ ู‚ุฏ ุชุชุณุฃู„ูˆู† "ู„ู…ุงุฐุงุŸ
02:11
Why create the conditions that were present
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุฎู„ู‚ ุงู„ุธุฑูˆู ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ
02:13
less than a billionth of a second after the universe began?"
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ุจุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุจู„ูŠูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŸ"
02:16
Well, particle physicists are nothing if not ambitious.
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ุนู„ู…ุงุก ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ู„ุง ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆู† ุทุจูŠุนูŠูˆู†ุ› ุฅู† ู„ู… ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ุทู…ูˆุญูŠู†.
02:19
And the aim of particle physics is to understand
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ูˆุงู„ู‡ุฏู ู…ู† ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ู‡ูˆ ูู‡ู…
02:22
what everything's made of, and how everything sticks together.
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ู…ูƒูˆู†ุงุช ุตู†ุงุนุฉ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุกุŒ ูˆูƒูŠู ุฃู† ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ู„ุชุตู‚ุฉ ู…ุนุงู‹.
02:25
And by everything I mean, of course,
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ูˆ ุจู€ "ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก" ุฃู‚ุตุฏุŒ ุจุงู„ุทุจุนุŒ
02:27
me and you, the Earth, the Sun,
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ุฃู†ุง ูˆ ุฃู†ุชู…ุŒ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถุŒ ุงู„ุดู…ุณุŒ
02:30
the 100 billion suns in our galaxy
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ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุงุฆุฉ ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุดู…ุณ ููŠ ู…ุฌุฑุชู†ุง
02:33
and the 100 billion galaxies
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ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุงุฆุฉ ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ู…ุฌุฑุฉ
02:35
in the observable universe.
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ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ู…ู„ุงุญุธุชู‡ุง ุจุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
02:37
Absolutely everything.
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ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚.
02:39
Now you might say, "Well, OK, but why not just look at it?
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ุงู„ุขู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ : "ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู„ุง ู†ู†ุธุฑ ูู‚ุท ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒุŸ
02:41
You know? If you want to know what I'm made of, let's look at me."
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ู‡ู„ ุชุนู„ู…ุŸ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุชุนุฑู ู…ู…ุง ุฃู†ุง ู…ุตู†ูˆุนุŒ ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ูŠ."
02:44
Well, we found that as you look back in time,
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ุŒ ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุจุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ุฒู…ู†ุŒ
02:47
the universe gets hotter and hotter,
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ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูƒุงู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูˆ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุณุฎูˆู†ุฉุŒ
02:50
denser and denser, and simpler and simpler.
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ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูˆุฃูƒุซุฑ ูƒุซุงูุฉุŒ ูˆุฃูƒุซุฑ ูˆุฃูƒุซุฑ ุจุณุงุทุฉ.
02:53
Now, there's no real reason I'm aware of for that,
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ุงู„ุขู†ุŒ ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุฃู‰ ุณุจุจ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ ู„ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒู‰ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
02:55
but that seems to be the case.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุงู„.
02:58
So, way back in the early times of the universe,
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุจุงู„ุนูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุฃูˆู‚ุงุช ู…ุจูƒุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ
03:00
we believe it was very simple and understandable.
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ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ูˆ ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ู„ู„ูู‡ู….
03:03
All this complexity, all the way to these wonderful things --
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ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุนู‚ูŠุฏุŒ ูˆุตูˆู„ุงู‹ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ --
03:06
human brains -- are a property of an old
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ู…ุฎ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† -- ู‡ูˆ ู…ู„ูƒ ู„ุฃู‚ุฏู…
03:08
and cold and complicated universe.
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ูˆุฃุจุฑุฏ ูƒูˆู† ู…ุนู‚ุฏ.
03:11
Back at the start, in the first billionth of a second,
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ุจุงู„ุนูˆุฏุฉ ู„ู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉุŒ ููŠ ุฃูˆู„ ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุซูˆุงู†ู‰ุŒ
03:14
we believe, or we've observed, it was very simple.
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ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏุŒ ุฃูˆ ู‚ุฏ ู„ุงุญุธู†ุงุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุณุงุทุฉ.
03:16
It's almost like ...
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ู…ุซู„...
03:18
imagine a snowflake in your hand,
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ุชุฎูŠู„ ุฑู‚ุงู‚ุฉ ุซู„ุฌ ููŠ ูŠุฏูƒุŒ
03:20
and you look at it, and it's an incredibly complicated,
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ูˆู†ุธุฑุช ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุงุŒ ูˆุฅู†ู‡ุง ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ู„ุง ูŠุตุฏู‚ุŒ
03:23
beautiful object. But as you heat it up,
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ูƒุงุฆู† ุฌู…ูŠู„. ูˆู„ูƒู† ุจุชุณุฎูŠู†ู‡ุงุŒ
03:26
it'll melt into a pool of water,
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ุณุชุฐูˆุจ ุฅู„ู‰ ุจุฑูƒุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุกุŒ
03:29
and you would be able to see that, actually, it was just made
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ูˆุณุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ุงุฏุฑุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุฐู„ูƒุ› ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ูƒุงู† ูู‚ุท ู…ูƒูˆู†ุงู‹
03:31
of H20, water.
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ู…ู† H2OุŒ ู…ุงุก.
03:34
So it's in that same sense that we look back in time
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุจุงู„ูู‡ู… ู†ูุณู‡ ุฃู† ู†ู†ุธุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ุฒู…ู†
03:36
to understand what the universe is made of.
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ู„ูู‡ู… ู…ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุตู†ูˆุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
03:39
And, as of today, it's made of these things.
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ูˆู„ู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ุญุงุถุฑุŒ ูู‡ูˆ ู…ุตู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก.
03:42
Just 12 particles of matter,
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ูู‚ุท 12 ุฌุฒูŠุฆ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ.
03:44
stuck together by four forces of nature.
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ู…ู„ุชุตู‚ุฉ ู…ุนุงู‹ ุจุฃุฑุจุน ู‚ูˆู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ.
03:48
The quarks, these pink things, are the things that make up protons and neutrons
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ุงู„ูƒูˆุงุฑูƒุงุชุŒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ูˆุฑุฏูŠุฉุŒ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูˆู†ุงุช ูˆุงู„ู†ูŠูˆุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช
03:51
that make up the atomic nuclei in your body.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฐุฑูŠุฉ ููŠ ุฌุณู…ูƒ.
03:54
The electron -- the thing that goes around
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ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู† -- ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฏูˆุฑ ุญูˆู„
03:56
the atomic nucleus --
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ู†ูˆุงุฉ ุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ --
03:58
held around in orbit, by the way, by the electromagnetic force
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ู…ู‚ูŠุฏ ููŠ ู…ุฏุงุฑุŒ ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉุŒ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑูˆู…ุบู†ุงุทูŠุณูŠุฉ
04:01
that's carried by this thing, the photon.
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ุงู„ู…ู†ู‚ูˆู„ุฉ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูŠุกุŒ ุงู„ููˆุชูˆู†.
04:03
The quarks are stuck together by other things called gluons.
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ูˆุงู„ูƒูˆุงุฑูƒุงุช ู…ู„ุชุตู‚ุฉ ู…ุนุงู‹ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุชุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ุบู„ูˆู†ุงุช.
04:06
And these guys, here, they're the weak nuclear force,
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ูˆู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุฑูุงู‚ ู‡ู†ุงุŒ ู‡ู… ุฃุถุนู ู‚ูˆุฉ ุจุงู„ู†ูˆุงุฉุŒ
04:08
probably the least familiar.
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ุฑุจู…ุง ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ุฅู„ูุฉู‹.
04:10
But, without it, the sun wouldn't shine.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ู† ุฏูˆู†ู‡ู… ู„ู† ุชุณุทุน ุงู„ุดู…ุณ.
04:12
And when the sun shines, you get copious quantities
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุณุทุน ุงู„ุดู…ุณุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู…ูŠุงุช ูˆููŠุฑุฉ
04:14
of these things, called neutrinos, pouring out.
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ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุชุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ู†ูŠูˆุชุฑูŠู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุฑุฉ.
04:17
Actually, if you just look at your thumbnail --
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ุฅุฐุง ุฃู„ู‚ูŠุช ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุธูุฑ ุฅุจู‡ุงู…ูƒ --
04:20
about a square centimeter --
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ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุณู†ุชูŠู…ุชุฑ ู…ุฑุจุน -- ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ
04:23
there are something like 60 billion neutrinos per second
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 60 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ู†ูŠูˆุชุฑูŠู†ูˆุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ
04:26
from the sun, passing
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุดู…ุณุŒ ุชุณู‚ุท
04:28
through every square centimeter of your body.
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ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุณู†ุชูŠู…ุชุฑ ู…ุฑุจุน ู…ู† ุฌุณู…ูƒ.
04:30
But you don't feel them, because the weak force
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ูƒ ู„ุง ุชุดุนุฑ ุจู‡ู… ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุฃู† ุชุณู…ูŠุชู‡ู… ุจุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุถุนูŠูุฉ
04:32
is correctly named --
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ุชุณู…ูŠุฉ ุตุญูŠุญุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹.
04:34
very short range and very weak,
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ู…ุฏู‰ ู‚ุตูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ูˆุถุนูŠู ุฌุฏุงู‹ุŒ
04:36
so they just fly through you.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูู‡ูŠ ูู‚ุท ุชู…ุฑ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ูƒ.
04:38
And these particles have been discovered
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ุชู… ุฅูƒุชุดุงูู‡ุง
04:40
over the last century, pretty much.
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ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฏู‰ ุงู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ูƒุจูŠุฑ.
04:42
The first one, the electron, was discovered in 1897,
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ุฃูˆู„ ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ุŒ ุงูƒุชุดู ููŠ ุนุงู… 1897ุŒ
04:44
and the last one, this thing called the tau neutrino,
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ูˆ ุขุฎุฑ ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูŠุก ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุชุงูˆ ู†ูŠูˆุชุฑูŠู†ูˆุŒ
04:47
in the year 2000. Actually just --
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ููŠ ุนุงู… 2000. ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฃุนู„ู‰ --
04:49
I was going to say, just up the road in Chicago. I know it's a big country,
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ูƒู†ุช ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„ุŒ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ููŠ "ุดูŠูƒุงุบูˆ". ูˆุฃู†ุง ุฃุนู„ู… ุฃู†ู‡ ุจู„ุฏ ูƒุจูŠุฑุŒ
04:52
America, isn't it?
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ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุงุŒ ุฃู„ูŠุณ ูƒุฐู„ูƒุŸ
04:55
Just up the road.
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ุฃุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚.
04:58
Relative to the universe, it's just up the road.
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ู†ุณุจุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ ู‡ูˆ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚.
05:01
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
05:03
So, this thing was discovered in the year 2000,
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ุŒ ุชู… ุฅูƒุชุดุงู ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุนุงู… 2000ุŒ
05:05
so it's a relatively recent picture.
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ู„ุฐุง ูู‡ูŠ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ ู†ุณุจูŠุงู‹.
05:08
One of the wonderful things, actually, I find,
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ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุนุฉุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃุฌุฏู‡ุงุŒ
05:10
is that we've discovered any of them, when you realize how tiny they are.
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ู‡ูˆ ุนุซูˆุฑู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุฏุฑูƒ ูƒูŠู ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ.
05:13
You know, they're a step in size
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ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู†ุŒ ุฅู†ู‡ู… ุฎุทูˆุฉ ุจุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ
05:15
from the entire observable universe.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูƒู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ู…ู„ุงุญุธุชู‡.
05:17
So, 100 billion galaxies,
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ 100 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ู…ุฌุฑุฉุŒ
05:19
13.7 billion light years away --
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13.7 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุณู†ุฉ ุถูˆุฆูŠุฉ ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹ --
05:22
a step in size from that to Monterey, actually,
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ุฎุทูˆุฉ ุจุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุนู† ุชู„ูƒ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ "ู…ูˆู†ุชูŠุฑู‰"ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุนุŒ
05:25
is about the same as from Monterey to these things.
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ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู†ูุณู‡ ูƒู…ุง ู…ู† ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ "ู…ูˆู†ุชูŠุฑู‰" ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก.
05:28
Absolutely, exquisitely minute,
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ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฑุงุฆุนุŒ ุจูƒู„ ู…ุนู†ู‰ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ.
05:31
and yet we've discovered pretty much the full set.
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ูˆ ุฑุบู… ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ูู‚ุฏ ุงูƒุชุดูู†ุง ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง" ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ูƒู„ู‡ุง.
05:35
So, one of my most illustrious forebears
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ุฅุฐุงู‹ุŒ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงูƒุซุฑ ุงุณู„ุงูู‰ ู„ู…ุนุงู†ุง".
05:38
at Manchester University, Ernest Rutherford,
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ูู‰ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ู…ุงู†ุดุณุชุฑ, ุฃุฑู†ุณุช ุฑุงุฐุฑููˆุฑุฏ.
05:40
discoverer of the atomic nucleus,
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ู…ูƒุชุดู ู†ูˆุงุฉ ุงู„ุฐุฑุฉุŒ
05:42
once said, "All science is either physics
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ู‚ุงู„ ุฐุงุช ู…ุฑุฉุŒ "ูƒู„ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ู‡ู‰ ุฅู…ุง ููŠุฒูŠุงุก
05:44
or stamp collecting."
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ุงูˆ ุฌู…ุน ุทูˆุงุจุน."
05:46
Now, I don't think he meant to insult
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ุญุณู†ุงุŒ ุงู†ุง ู„ุง ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู†ู‡ ู‚ุฏ ู‚ุตุฏ ุงู‡ุงู†ุฉ
05:49
the rest of science,
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ุจุงู‚ู‰ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู…ุŒ
05:51
although he was from New Zealand, so it's possible.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุงู†ู‡ ูƒุงู† ู…ู† ู†ูŠูˆุฒูŠู„ู†ุฏุงุŒ ู„ุฐุง ูู‡ุฐุง ู…ู…ูƒู†.
05:54
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
05:56
But what he meant was that what we've done, really,
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ู‚ุตุฏู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงู† ู…ุง ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจู‡ุŒ ูู‰ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน
05:58
is stamp collect there.
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ู‡ูˆ ุฌู…ุน ุทูˆุงุจุน ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ--
06:00
OK, we've discovered the particles,
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ุญุณู†ุงุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ุงูƒุชุดูู†ุง ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุชุŒ
06:02
but unless you understand the underlying
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ู„ู… ุชูู‡ู… ุงู„ุณุจุจ
06:04
reason for that pattern -- you know, why it's built the way it is --
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ุงู„ุฎูู‰ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู†ู…ุท -- ุชุนุฑููˆู†ุŒ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุจู†ูŠุช ูƒู…ุง ู‡ู‰ --
06:07
really you've done stamp collecting. You haven't done science.
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ูุงู†ุชู… ูู‰ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู‚ุฏ ู‚ู…ุชู… ุจุฌู…ุน ุงู„ุทูˆุงุจุน -- ู„ู… ุชู…ุงุฑุณูˆุง ุงู„ุนู„ู….
06:10
Fortunately, we have
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ู„ุญุณู† ุงู„ุญุธ ุŒ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง
06:12
probably one of the greatest scientific achievements of the twentieth century
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ุฑุจู…ุง ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงูƒุจุฑ ุงู„ุงู†ุฌุงุฒุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู‚ุฑู† ุงู„20
06:15
that underpins that pattern.
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ุงู„ุฐู‰ ูŠุฏุนู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ู…ุท.
06:17
It's the Newton's laws, if you want,
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ู‡ูˆ ู‚ุงู†ูˆู† ู†ูŠูˆุชู†ุŒ ุงุฐุง ุงุฑุฏุชู…
06:19
of particle physics.
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ู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู….
06:21
It's called the standard model -- beautifully simple mathematical equation.
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ุงุณู…ู‡ "ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณู‰" -- ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุฉ ุจุณูŠุทุฉ
06:24
You could stick it on the front of a T-shirt,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ูˆุถุนู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุŒt-shirt
06:26
which is always the sign of elegance.
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ูˆ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฏุงุฆู…ุง ุนู„ุงู…ุฉ ุงู„ุงู†ุงู‚ุฉ
06:29
This is it.
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ู‡ุง ู‡ูˆ.
06:31
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
06:33
I've been a little disingenuous, because I've expanded it out
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒู†ุช ู…ุฎุงุฏุนุง" ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงุŒ ู„ุฃู†ู‰ ู‚ุฏ ู…ุฏุฏุชู‡
06:35
in all its gory detail.
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ู…ุน ูƒู„ ุชูุงุตูŠู„ู‡ ุงู„ุนู†ูŠูุฉ.
06:37
This equation, though, allows you to calculate everything --
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ู‡ุฐุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฏู„ุฉุŒ ุฑุบู… ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุชุณู…ุญ ู„ูƒ ุจุญุณุงุจ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก --
06:39
other than gravity -- that happens in the universe.
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ู…ุง ุนุฏุง ุงู„ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉ -- ูŠุญุฏุซ ูู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
06:42
So, you want to know why the sky is blue, why atomic nuclei stick together --
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ูุงุฐุง ุงุฑุฏุช ุงู† ุชุนุฑู ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุงู„ุณู…ุงุก ุฒุฑู‚ุงุกุŒ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุชู„ุชุตู‚ ุงู†ูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฐุฑุฉ ู…ุน ุจุนุถู‡ุง --
06:45
in principle, you've got a big enough computer --
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ูู‰ ุงู„ู…ุจุฏุฃุŒ ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ูƒู…ุจูŠูˆุชุฑ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ูƒูุงูŠุฉ --
06:47
why DNA is the shape it is.
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆู‰ ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุฐู‰ ู‡ูˆ ุนู„ูŠู‡.
06:49
In principle, you should be able to calculate it from that equation.
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ูู‰ ุงู„ู…ุจุฏุฃุŒ ูŠู†ุจุบู‰ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‚ุงุฏุฑุง ุนู„ู‰ ุญุณุงุจ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ.
06:52
But there's a problem.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ.
06:55
Can anyone see what it is?
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ู‡ู„ ูŠุณุชุทูŠุน ุงุญุฏ ุงู† ูŠุฑู‰ ู…ุง ู‡ู‰ุŸ
06:59
A bottle of champagne for anyone that tells me.
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ุฒุฌุงุฌุฉ ุดู…ุจุงู†ุจุง ู„ุฃู‰ ุดุฎุต ูŠุฎุจุฑู†ู‰.
07:02
I'll make it easier, actually, by blowing one of the lines up.
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ุณูˆู ุงุณู‡ู„ ุงู„ุงู…ุฑุŒ ูู‰ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุŒ ุจุชูƒุจูŠุฑ ุงุญุฏ ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุท.
07:05
Basically, each of these terms
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ูู‰ ุงู„ุงุณุงุณุŒ ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุตุทู„ุญุงุช
07:07
refers to some of the particles.
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ูŠุดูŠุฑ ุงู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช
07:09
So those Ws there refer to the Ws, and how they stick together.
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ูุญุฑูˆู ุงู„ู€ W ุชุดูŠุฑ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู€ WsุŒ ูˆ ูƒูŠู ุชู„ุชุตู‚ ุจุจุนุถู‡ุง.
07:12
These carriers of the weak force, the Zs, the same.
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ูˆ ุญุงู…ู„ุงุช ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุถุนูŠูุฉ, ุญุฑูˆู ุงู„ู€ ZุŒ ุจุงู„ู…ุซู„.
07:15
But there's an extra symbol in this equation: H.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฑู…ุฒ ุงุถุงูู‰ ูู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ: H
07:17
Right, H.
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ุตุญูŠุญุŒ H
07:19
H stands for Higgs particle.
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H ุชุนุจุฑ ุนู† ุฌุณูŠู… ู‡ูŠุฌุฒ.
07:21
Higgs particles have not been discovered.
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ู„ู… ูŠุชู… ุงูƒุชุดุงู ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ู‡ูŠุฌุฒ .
07:24
But they're necessary: they're necessary
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ -- ู‡ู‰ ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ
07:26
to make that mathematics work.
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ู„ุชุฌุนู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถูŠุงุช ุชุนู…ู„.
07:28
So all the exquisitely detailed calculations we can do
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ู„ุฐุง ููƒู„ ุงู„ุญุณุงุจุงุช ุงู„ู…ูุตู„ุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฑุงุฆุน ุงู„ุชู‰ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ุง
07:30
with that wonderful equation
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ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงุจุฉ
07:32
wouldn't be possible without an extra bit.
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ู„ู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ู…ูƒู†ุฉ ู…ู† ุฏูˆู† ุฌุฒุก ุฅุถุงููŠ.
07:34
So it's a prediction:
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ู„ุฐุง ูู‡ุฐุง ุชู†ุจุค --
07:36
a prediction of a new particle.
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ุชู†ุจุค ุจุฌุณูŠู… ุฌุฏูŠุฏ.
07:38
What does it do?
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ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠูุนู„ุŸ
07:40
Well, we had a long time to come up with good analogies.
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ุญุณู†ุงุŒ ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ูˆู‚ุช ุทูˆูŠู„ ู„ู„ุชูˆุตู„ ุงู„ู‰ ุชุดุจูŠู‡ุงุช ุฌูŠุฏุฉ.
07:42
And back in the 1980s, when we wanted the money
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ูˆ ุณุงุจู‚ุง ูู‰ ุงู„ุซู…ุงู†ูŠู†ุงุชุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุงุฑุฏู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุงู„
07:45
for the LHC from the U.K. government,
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ู…ู† ุงุฌู„ ู…ุตุงุฏู… ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุงู‚ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูƒูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุฉุŒ
07:47
Margaret Thatcher, at the time, said,
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ู‚ุงู„ุช ู…ุงุฑุบุฑูŠุช ุชุงุชุดุฑ ูู‰ ุฐุงูƒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุชุŒ
07:49
"If you guys can explain, in language
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"ุงุฐุง ุงุณุชุทุนุชู… ุงู† ุชุดุฑุญูˆุงุŒ ูู‰ ู„ุบุฉ
07:51
a politician can understand,
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ูŠุณุชุทูŠุน ุณูŠุงุณู‰ ุงู† ูŠูู‡ู…ู‡ุงุŒ
07:53
what the hell it is that you're doing, you can have the money.
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ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐู‰ ุชูุนู„ูˆู†ู‡ุŒ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุงู„
07:56
I want to know what this Higgs particle does."
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ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุงู† ุงุนุฑู ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐู‰ ูŠูุนู„ู‡ ุฌุณูŠู… ู‡ูŠุฌุฒ ุฐู„ูƒ
07:58
And we came up with this analogy, and it seemed to work.
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ูˆ ู‚ุฏ ุชูˆุตู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุดุจูŠู‡ ูˆ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุนู…ู„
08:00
Well, what the Higgs does is, it gives mass to the fundamental particles.
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ุญุณู†ุงุŒ ุงู„ุฐู‰ ูŠูุนู„ู‡ ู‡ูŠุฌุฒ ู‡ูˆ ุงู†ู‡ ูŠุนุทู‰ ูƒุชู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุงุณุงุณูŠุฉ
08:03
And the picture is that the whole universe --
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ูˆ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู‡ู‰ ุงู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูƒู„ู‡
08:05
and that doesn't mean just space, it means me as well, and inside you --
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู„ุง ูŠุนู†ู‰ ูู‚ุท ุงู„ูุถุงุกุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ู‰ ุงู†ุง ุงูŠุถุงุŒ ูˆ ุจุฏุงุฎู„ูƒ --
08:08
the whole universe is full of something called a Higgs field.
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ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูƒู„ู‡ ู…ู„ูŠุก ุจุดูŠุก ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุญู‚ู„ ู‡ูŠุฌุฒ.
08:11
Higgs particles, if you will.
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ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ู‡ูŠุฌุฒุŒ ุงุฐุง ุงุฑุฏุชู….
08:13
The analogy is that these people in a room
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ุงู„ุชุดุจูŠู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงู† ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูู‰ ุบุฑูุฉ
08:15
are the Higgs particles.
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ู‡ู… ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ู‡ูŠุฌุฒ.
08:17
Now when a particle moves through the universe,
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ุงู„ุงู† ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชุญุฑูƒ ุฌุณูŠู… ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ
08:19
it can interact with these Higgs particles.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ุงู„ุชูุงุนู„ ู…ุน ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ู‡ูŠุฌุฒ ุชู„ูƒ.
08:22
But imagine someone who's not very popular moves through the room.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ุชุฎูŠู„ ุดุฎุต ู„ูŠุณุช ู„ู‡ ุดุนุจูŠุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ูŠุชุญุฑูƒ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุบุฑูุฉ.
08:25
Then everyone ignores them. They can just pass through the room very quickly,
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ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ูŠุชุฌุงู‡ู„ู‡ ุงู„ุฌู…ูŠุน. ูŠู…ูƒู†ู‡ ุงู† ูŠู…ุฑ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุบุฑูุฉ ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ.
08:28
essentially at the speed of light. They're massless.
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ุฃุณุงุณุง ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ุงู„ุถูˆุก. ูู‡ูˆ ู„ูŠุณุช ู„ู‡ ูƒุชู„ุฉ.
08:31
And imagine someone incredibly important
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ูˆ ุชุฎูŠู„ ุดุฎุต ู…ู‡ู… ุจุดูƒู„ ู„ุง ูŠุตุฏู‚
08:33
and popular and intelligent
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ูˆ ู„ู‡ ุดุนุจูŠุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ูˆ ุฐูƒู‰
08:35
walks into the room.
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ูŠุฏุฎู„ ุงู„ุบุฑูุฉ.
08:38
They're surrounded by people, and their passage through the room is impeded.
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ุณูˆู ูŠุญูŠุท ุจู‡ ุงู„ู†ุงุณุŒ ูˆ ู…ุฑูˆุฑู‡ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุบุฑูุฉ ุชุชู… ุงุนุงู‚ุชู‡.
08:41
It's almost like they get heavy. They get massive.
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ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ูƒุฃู†ู‡ ูŠุตุจุญ ุงุซู‚ู„. ุชุฒุฏุงุฏ ูƒุชู„ุชู‡.
08:44
And that's exactly the way the Higgs mechanism works.
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ูˆ ู‡ูƒุฐุง ุจุงู„ุถุจุท ุชุนู…ู„ ุชู‚ู†ูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠุฌุฒ.
08:47
The picture is that the electrons and the quarks
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ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู‡ู‰ ุงู† ุงู„ุงู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช ูˆ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงุฑูƒุงุช
08:49
in your body and in the universe that we see around us
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ูู‰ ุฌุณู…ูƒ ูˆ ูู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุฐู‰ ู†ุฑุงู‡ ู…ู† ุญูˆู„ู†ุง
08:52
are heavy, in a sense, and massive,
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ุซู‚ูŠู„ุฉุŒ ุจู…ุนู†ู‰ุŒ ูˆ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ูƒุชู„ุฉุŒ
08:54
because they're surrounded by Higgs particles.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ู…ุญุงุทุฉ ุจุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ู‡ูŠุฌุฒ.
08:56
They're interacting with the Higgs field.
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ูู‡ู‰ ุชุชูุงุนู„ ู…ุน ุญู‚ู„ ู‡ูŠุฌุฒ.
08:59
If that picture's true,
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ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุตุญูŠุญุฉุŒ
09:01
then we have to discover those Higgs particles at the LHC.
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ูุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู† ู†ูƒุชุดู ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ู‡ูŠุฌุฒ ุชู„ูƒ ูู‰ ู…ุตุงุฏู… ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุงู‚.
09:05
If it's not true -- because it's quite a convoluted mechanism,
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ูˆ ุงุฐุง ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ุตุญูŠุญุฉ -- ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุขู„ูŠุฉ ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ุจุนูŠุฏุŒ
09:07
although it's the simplest we've been able to think of --
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุงู†ู‡ุง ุงุจุณุท ู…ุง ุงู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู† ู†ููƒุฑ ููŠู‡ --
09:10
then whatever does the job of the Higgs particles
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ูุฃูŠุง ูƒุงู† ู…ุง ุชูุนู„ู‡ ูˆุธูŠูุฉ ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ู‡ูŠุฌุฒ
09:12
we know have to turn up
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ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุงู† ุงู† ู†ุธู‡ุฑู‡
09:14
at the LHC.
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ูู‰ ู…ุตุงุฏู… ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุงู‚.
09:16
So, that's one of the prime reasons we built this giant machine.
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ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุณุจุงุจ ุงู„ุงูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชู‰ ุฌุนู„ุชู†ุง ู†ุจู†ู‰ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃู„ุฉ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุงู‚ุฉ.
09:19
I'm glad you recognize Margaret Thatcher.
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ุงู†ุง ุณุนูŠุฏ ุงู†ูƒู… ุชุนุฑูุชู… ุนู„ูŠ ู…ุงุฑุบุฑูŠุช ุชุงุชุดุฑ.
09:21
Actually, I thought about making it more culturally relevant, but --
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ูู‰ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ู„ู‚ุฏ ููƒุฑุช ูู‰ ุงู† ุงุฌุนู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงูƒุซุฑ ุตู„ุฉ ุซู‚ุงููŠุง"ุŒ ู„ูƒู† --
09:24
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
09:27
anyway.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ุญุงู„.
09:29
So that's one thing.
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ุงุฐุง" ู‡ุฐุง ุดูŠุก ูˆุงุญุฏ.
09:31
That's essentially a guarantee of what the LHC will find.
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ู‡ุฐุง ูู‰ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณ ุถู…ุงู†ุฉ ู„ู…ุง ุณูˆู ูŠุฌุฏู‡ ู…ุตุงุฏู… ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุงู‚.
09:34
There are many other things. You've heard
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ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงุฎุฑู‰ ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ. ุงู†ุชู… ุนุฑูุชู…
09:36
many of the big problems in particle physics.
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ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนุถู„ุงุช ูู‰ ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช.
09:38
One of them you heard about: dark matter, dark energy.
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ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุณู…ุนุชู… ุนู†ู‡ุง: ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุชู…ุฉุŒ ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุชู…ุฉ.
09:41
There's another issue,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‚ุถูŠุฉ ุงุฎุฑู‰ุŒ
09:43
which is that the forces in nature -- it's quite beautiful, actually --
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ูˆ ู‡ู‰ ุงู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆู‰ ูู‰ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ -- ู‡ุฐุง ุฌู…ูŠู„ ุฌุฏุง" ูู‰ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ --
09:45
seem, as you go back in time,
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ูŠุจุฏูˆุŒ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุชุนูˆุฏ ุจุงู„ุฒู…ู†ุŒ
09:47
they seem to change in strength.
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ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุงู†ู‡ุง ุชุชุบูŠุฑ ูู‰ ุดุฏุชู‡ุง.
09:49
Well, they do change in strength.
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ุญุณู†ุงุŒ ู‡ู‰ ุชุชุบูŠุฑ ูู‰ ุดุฏุชู‡ุง ุจุงู„ูุนู„.
09:51
So, the electromagnetic force, the force that holds us together,
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ุงุฐุง" ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ูƒู‡ุฑูˆู…ุบู†ุงุทูŠุณูŠุฉุŒ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุชู‰ ุชุจู‚ูŠู†ุง ู…ุชู…ุงุณูƒูŠู†,
09:54
gets stronger as you go to higher temperatures.
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ุชุดุชุฏ ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุชุชุญุฑูƒ ุงู„ู‰ ุฏุฑุฌุงุช ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุงุนู„ู‰.
09:57
The strong force, the strong nuclear force, which sticks nuclei together,
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ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุดุฏูŠุฏุฉุŒ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุดุฏูŠุฏุฉุŒ ุงู„ุชู‰ ุชู„ุตู‚ ุงู„ู†ูˆู‰ ุจุจุนุถู‡ุงุŒ
10:00
gets weaker. And what you see is the standard model --
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ุชุถุนู. ูˆ ู…ุง ุชุฑุงู‡ ูู‰ ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณูŠ --
10:03
you can calculate how these change -- is the forces,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู† ุชุญุณุจ ูƒูŠู ุชุชุบูŠุฑ -- ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู‚ูˆู‰ --
10:05
the three forces, other than gravity,
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ุงู„ู‚ูˆู‰ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุŒ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉ --
10:07
almost seem to come together at one point.
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ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ุงู†ู‡ุง ุชุชู„ุงู‚ู‰ ูู‰ ู†ู‚ุทุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ.
10:09
It's almost as if there was one beautiful
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ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ูˆ ูƒุฃู† ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู†ูˆุน ุฌู…ูŠู„
10:11
kind of super-force, back at the beginning of time.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุนุธู…ู‰ุŒ ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุง ุนู†ุฏ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฒู…ู†.
10:14
But they just miss.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ุชุฎูู‚.
10:16
Now there's a theory called super-symmetry,
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ุงู„ุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุงุณู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ุชู†ุงุธุฑ ุงู„ูุงุฆู‚ุŒ
10:18
which doubles the number of particles in the standard model,
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ูˆ ู‡ู‰ ุชุถุงุนู ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ูู‰ ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงุณูŠ.
10:21
which, at first sight, doesn't sound like a simplification.
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ูˆ ุงู„ุฐู‰ุŒ ู„ุฃูˆู„ ูˆู‡ู„ุฉุŒ ู„ุง ูŠุจุฏูˆ ูƒุฃู†ู‡ ุชุจุณูŠุท.
10:23
But actually, with this theory,
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ูู‰ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉุŒ
10:25
we find that the forces of nature
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ู†ุฌุฏ ุงู† ู‚ูˆู‰ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ
10:27
do seem to unify together, back at the Big Bang --
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ุชุจุฏูˆ ุงู†ู‡ุง ุชุชุญุฏ ู…ุน ุจุนุถู‡ุงุŒ ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุง ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ุงู†ูุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ุนุธูŠู….
10:30
absolutely beautiful prophecy. The model wasn't built to do that,
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ู†ุจุคุฉ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ุจุญู‚. ุงู† ุงู„ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ู„ู… ูŠูุจู†ู‰ ู„ูŠูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒุŒ
10:33
but it seems to do it.
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุงู†ู‡ ูŠูุนู„ู‡.
10:35
Also, those super-symmetric particles
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ุงูŠุถุงุŒ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ูุงุฆู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชู†ุงุธุฑ
10:37
are very strong candidates for the dark matter.
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ู‡ู‰ ู…ุฑุดุญ ู‚ูˆู‰ ุงู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุชู…ุฉ.
10:39
So a very compelling theory
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ุงุฐุง" ู†ุธุฑูŠุฉ ุชูุฑุถ ู†ูุณู‡ุง ุจุดุฏุฉ
10:41
that's really mainstream physics.
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ูˆ ู‡ู‰ ูู‰ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุชุนู…ูŠู… ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก.
10:43
And if I was to put money on it, I would put money on --
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ูˆ ุงุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุณุฃุถุน ุงู„ู…ุงู„ ููŠู‡ุงุŒ ู„ูƒู†ุช ูˆุถุนุช ุงู„ู…ุงู„ --
10:45
in a very unscientific way -- that
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ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุงุทู„ุงู‚ุง" -- ุฃู†
10:47
that these things would also crop up at the LHC.
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ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุณุชุธู‡ุฑ ูู‰ ู…ุตุงุฏู… ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุงู‚.
10:50
Many other things that the LHC could discover.
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ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงุฎุฑู‰ ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู† ูŠูƒุชุดูู‡ุง ู…ุตุงุฏู… ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุงู‚.
10:53
But in the last few minutes, I just want to give you
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู† ูู‰ ุงู„ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉุŒ ุงุฑูŠุฏ ุงู† ุงุนุทูŠูƒู…
10:56
a different perspective
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ู…ู†ุธูˆุฑ ู…ุฎุชู„ู
10:58
of what I think -- what particle physics
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ู„ู…ุง ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ -- ู…ุง ุชุนู†ูŠู‡ ู„ู‰ ูู‰ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ
11:00
really means to me -- particle physics and cosmology.
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ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช -- ููŠุฒูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ูˆ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ูŠุงุช.
11:03
And that's that I think it's given us a wonderful
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ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ุงู†ู‰ ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู†ู‡ุง ุงุนุทุชู†ุง ุณุฑุฏ
11:06
narrative -- almost a creation story,
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ุฑุงุฆุน -- ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง ู‚ุตุฉ ุฎู„ู‚ุŒ
11:09
if you'd like -- about the universe,
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ุงุฐุง ุงุฑุฏุชู… -- ุนู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู†ุŒ
11:11
from modern science over the last few decades.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฏุงุฑ ุงู„ุนู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑุฉ.
11:14
And I'd say that it deserves,
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ูˆ ุงุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู† ุงู‚ูˆู„ ุงู†ู‡ุง ุชุณุชุญู‚ุŒ
11:16
in the spirit of Wade Davis' talk,
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ูู‰ ุฑูˆุญ ุญุฏูŠุซ ูˆุงูŠุฏ ุฏุงููŠุณุŒ
11:18
to be at least put up there with these wonderful creation stories
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ุงู† ุชูˆุถุน ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ูู‰ ุงู„ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ุน ู‚ุตุต ุงู„ุฎู„ู‚ ุงู„ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ุชู„ูƒ
11:21
of the peoples of the high Andes and the frozen north.
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ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ ู…ู† ุฌุจุงู„ ุงู„ุฃู†ุฏูŠุฒ ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ ุงู„ู…ุชุฌู…ุฏ.
11:25
This is a creation story, I think, equally as wonderful.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‚ุตุฉ ุฎู„ู‚ุŒ ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู†ู‡ุง ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุฑ.
11:29
The story goes like this: we know that
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ุงู„ู‚ุตุฉ ู‡ู‰ ูƒุงู„ุชุงู„ู‰: ู†ุญู† ู†ุนู„ู… ุงู†
11:31
the universe began 13.7 billion years ago,
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ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุฅุจุชุฏุฃ ู…ู†ุฐ 13.7 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุณู†ุฉ ู…ุถุชุŒ
11:34
in an immensely hot, dense state,
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ูู‰ ุญุงู„ุฉ ุดุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ูƒุซุงูุฉุŒ
11:37
much smaller than a single atom.
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ุงุตุบุฑ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุฐุฑุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ.
11:39
It began to expand about
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ูˆ ุงุจุชุฏุฃ ูŠุชู…ุฏุฏ ุญูˆุงู„ู‰
11:41
a million, billion, billion, billion billionth
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ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ู…ู† ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ู…ู† ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ู…ู†
11:44
of a second -- I think I got that right -- after the Big Bang.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ -- ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู†ู‰ ุงุตุจุช ูู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ -- ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุฅู†ูุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ุนุธูŠู….
11:48
Gravity separated away from the other forces.
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ุงู†ูุตู„ุช ุงู„ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉ ุจุนูŠุฏุง" ุนู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
11:50
The universe then underwent
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ูˆ ุฎุถุน ุงู„ูƒูˆู†
11:52
an exponential expansion called inflation.
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ู„ุชู…ุฏุฏ ุฃุณู‰ ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ุชุถุฎู….
11:55
In about the first billionth of a second or so,
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ูู‰ ุญูˆุงู„ู‰ ุงูˆู„ ุจู„ูŠูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงุŒ
11:57
the Higgs field kicked in, and the quarks
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ุจุฏุฃ ุญู‚ู„ ู‡ูŠุฌุฒ ูู‰ ุงู„ุธู‡ูˆุฑุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงุฑูƒุงุช
11:59
and the gluons and the electrons
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ูˆ ุงู„ุบู„ูˆู†ุงุช ูˆ ุงู„ุฅู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ุงุช
12:02
that make us up got mass.
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ุงู„ุชู‰ ุชูƒูˆู†ู†ุง ุงูƒุชุณุจุช ูƒุชู„ุฉ.
12:04
The universe continued to expand and cool.
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ูˆ ุงุณุชู…ุฑ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ูู‰ ุงู„ุชู…ุฏุฏ ูˆ ุชู†ุงู‚ุต ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุญุฑุงุฑุชู‡.
12:07
After about a few minutes,
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ูˆ ุจุนุฏ ุฏู‚ุงุฆู‚ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉุŒ
12:09
there was hydrogen and helium in the universe. That's all.
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ูˆุฌุฏ ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† ูˆ ุงู„ู‡ูŠู„ูŠูˆู… ูู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†. ู‡ุฐุง ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก.
12:12
The universe was about 75 percent hydrogen,
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ูƒุงู† ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ุญูˆุงู„ู‰ 75 ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฆุฉ ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ุŒ
12:15
25 percent helium. It still is today.
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25 ุจุงู„ู…ุงุฆุฉ ู‡ูŠู„ูŠูˆู…. ูˆ ู‡ูˆ ู„ุง ูŠุฒุงู„ ู‡ูƒุฐุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู….
12:18
It continued to expand
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ูˆ ุงุณุชู…ุฑ ูู‰ ุงู„ุชู…ุฏุฏ
12:20
about 300 million years.
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ุญูˆุงู„ู‰ 300 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุนุงู….
12:22
Then light began to travel through the universe.
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ุซู… ุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุถูˆุก ูู‰ ุงู„ุณูุฑ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
12:24
It was big enough to be transparent to light,
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ูƒุงู† ูƒุจูŠุฑุง ูƒูุงูŠุฉ ู„ูŠูƒูˆู† ุถูˆุกุง" ุดูุงูุง"ุŒ
12:26
and that's what we see in the cosmic microwave background
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ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ู†ุฑุงู‡ ูู‰ ุฎู„ููŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌุงุช ุงู„ุตุบุฑู‰
12:28
that George Smoot described
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ูˆ ุงู„ุฐู‰ ูˆุตูู‡ ุฌูˆุฑุฌ ุณู…ูˆูˆุช
12:30
as looking at the face of God.
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ูƒุฃู†ู‡ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุงู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ู„ู‡.
12:32
After about 400 million years, the first stars formed,
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ุจุนุฏ ุญูˆุงู„ู‰ 400 ู…ู„ูŠูˆู† ุนุงู…ุŒ ุชุดูƒู„ุช ุงูˆุงุฆู„ ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู…ุŒ
12:35
and that hydrogen, that helium, then began to cook
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ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†ุŒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู‡ูŠู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ ุจุฏุฃุช ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุจุงู„ุชุดูƒู„
12:37
into the heavier elements.
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ุงู„ู‰ ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุงุซู‚ู„ุŒ
12:39
So the elements of life --
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ุงุฐุง" ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ --
12:41
carbon, and oxygen and iron,
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ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู†ุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† ูˆ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุฏุŒ
12:43
all the elements that we need to make us up --
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ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุงู„ุชู‰ ู†ุญุชุงุฌู‡ุง ู„ุชูƒูˆู†ู†ุง --
12:45
were cooked in those first generations of stars,
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ุชู… ุชุดูƒูŠู„ู‡ุง ูู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฌูŠุงู„ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู…ุŒ
12:48
which then ran out of fuel, exploded,
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ูˆ ุงู„ุชู‰ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ู†ูุฏ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ูˆู‚ูˆุฏุŒ ูˆ ุงู†ูุฌุฑุชุŒ
12:50
threw those elements back into the universe.
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ุฑู…ุช ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆู† ู…ุฑุฉ ุงุฎุฑู‰.
12:53
They then re-collapsed into another generation
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ุซู… ุชุฌู…ุนุช ู…ุฑุฉ ุงุฎุฑู‰ ู„ุชูƒูˆู† ุฌูŠู„ ุฌุฏูŠุฏ
12:55
of stars and planets.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู… ูˆ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ.
12:58
And on some of those planets, the oxygen, which had been created
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ูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจุŒ ุงู„ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† ุงู„ุฐู‰ ุชู… ุฎู„ู‚ู‡
13:01
in that first generation of stars, could fuse with hydrogen
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ูู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฌูŠู„ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู… ุงู…ูƒู†ู‡ ุงู† ูŠู†ุฏู…ุฌ ู…ุน ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†
13:04
to form water, liquid water on the surface.
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ู„ูŠูƒูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุงุกุŒ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุณุงุฆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณุทุญ.
13:07
On at least one, and maybe only one of those planets,
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ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ุŒ ูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูู‚ุท ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุฑุฌุญ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒูˆุงูƒุจุŒ
13:10
primitive life evolved,
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ุชุทูˆุฑุช ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุจุฏุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ
13:13
which evolved over millions of years into
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ูˆ ุงู„ุชู‰ ุชุทูˆุฑุช ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุฏู‰ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุงู„ุณู†ูŠู† ุงู„ู‰
13:15
things that walked upright and left footprints
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ุงุดูŠุงุก ุณุงุฑุช ู…ู†ุชุตุจุฉ ูˆ ุชุฑูƒุช ุฃุซุงุฑ ุฃู‚ุฏุงู…
13:17
about three and a half million years ago in the mud flats of Tanzania,
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ู…ู†ุฐ ุญูˆุงู„ู‰ ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุณู†ุฉ ูˆ ู†ุตู ู…ุถุช ูู‰ ุณู‡ูˆู„ ุงู„ุทูŠู† ูู‰ ุชู†ุฒุงู†ูŠุงุŒ
13:20
and eventually
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ูˆ ุฃุฎูŠุฑุง"
13:22
left a footprint on another world.
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ุชุฑูƒุช ุฃุซุฑ ู‚ุฏู… ุนู„ู‰ ุนุงู„ู… ุฃุฎุฑ.
13:24
And built this civilization,
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ูˆ ุจู†ุช ู‡ุฐุฉ ุงู„ุญุถุงุฑุฉุŒ
13:26
this wonderful picture,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฎู„ุงุจุฉุŒ
13:28
that turned the darkness into light,
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ุงู„ุชู‰ ุญูˆู„ุช ุงู„ุธู„ุงู… ุงู„ู‰ ู†ูˆุฑุŒ
13:31
and you can see the civilization from space.
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ูˆ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุงู† ุชุฑู‰ ุงู„ุญุถุงุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ูุถุงุก.
13:33
As one of my great heroes, Carl Sagan, said,
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ูˆ ูƒู…ุง ู‚ุงู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงุจุทุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนุธู…ุงุกุŒ ูƒุงุฑู„ ุณุงุฌุงู†ุŒ
13:36
these are the things -- and actually, not only these,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก -- ูˆ ูู‰ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุกุŒ
13:38
but I was looking around -- these are the things,
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ูˆ ู„ูƒู†ู‰ ูƒู†ุช ุงู†ุธุฑ ุญูˆู„ู‰ -- ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุกุŒ
13:40
like Saturn V rockets, and Sputnik,
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ู…ุซู„ ุตูˆุงุฑูŠุฎ ุณุงุชูˆุฑู†V ุŒ ูˆ ุณุจูˆุชู†ูŠูƒุŒ
13:43
and DNA, and literature and science --
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ูˆ ุงู„ุญู…ุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆู‰ุŒ ูˆ ุงู„ุฃุฏุจ ูˆ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… --
13:45
these are the things that hydrogen atoms do
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชู‰ ุชูุนู„ู‡ุง ุฐุฑุงุช ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู†
13:47
when given 13.7 billion years.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุนุทู‰ 13.7 ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑ ุนุงู….
13:51
Absolutely remarkable.
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ู‚ุทุนุง" ุฌุฏูŠุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ู„ุงุญุธุฉ.
13:53
And, the laws of physics. Right?
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ูˆ ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุกุŒ ุตุญูŠุญุŸ
13:55
So, the right laws of physics --
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ุงุฐุง"ุŒ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญุฉ ู„ู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุก --
13:57
they're beautifully balanced.
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ู…ุชูˆุงุฒู†ุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌู…ูŠู„.
13:59
If the weak force had been a little bit different,
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ุงุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ุงู„ุถุนูŠูุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุง"ุŒ
14:01
then carbon and oxygen wouldn't be stable
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ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู† ูˆ ุงู„ุฃูƒุณุฌูŠู† ู„ูŠูƒูˆู†ุง ู…ุณุชู‚ุฑูŠู†
14:03
inside the hearts of stars,
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ูู‰ ุฏุงุฎู„ ู‚ู„ูˆุจ ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู…ุŒ
14:05
and there would be none of that in the universe.
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ูˆ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ู„ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃู‰ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ูู‰ ุงู„ูƒูˆู†.
14:08
And I think that's
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ูˆ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡
14:10
a wonderful and significant story.
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ู‚ุตุฉ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ูˆ ุฐุงุช ู…ุบุฒู‰.
14:12
50 years ago, I couldn't have told that story,
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ู‚ุจู„ 50 ุนุงู…ุง" ู„ู… ุงูƒู† ู„ุฃุณุชุทูŠุน ุฑูˆุงูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุตุฉุŒ
14:14
because we didn't know it.
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ู„ู… ู†ูƒู† ู†ุนุฑูู‡ุง.
14:16
It makes me really feel that
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ูˆ ู‡ู‰ ุชุฌุนู„ู†ู‰ ูุนู„ุง" ุงุดุนุฑ ุฃู†
14:18
that civilization --
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุถุงุฑุฉ --
14:20
which, as I say, if you believe
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ูˆ ุงู„ุชู‰ ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุงู‚ูˆู„ุŒ ุงุฐุง ุตุฏู‚ุชู…
14:22
the scientific creation story,
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ู‚ุตุฉ ุงู„ุฎู„ู‚ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉุŒ
14:24
has emerged purely as a result of the laws of physics,
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ู‚ุฏ ุจุฑุฒุช ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ ูƒู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู„ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู† ุงู„ููŠุฒูŠุงุกุŒ
14:27
and a few hydrogen atoms --
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ูˆ ุจุนุถ ุฐุฑุงุช ุงู„ู‡ูŠุฏุฑูˆุฌูŠู† --
14:29
then I think, to me anyway,
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ูˆ ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุงุนุชู‚ุฏุŒ ู„ู†ูุณู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู‰ ุญุงู„ุŒ
14:32
it makes me feel incredibly valuable.
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ุชุฌุนู„ู†ู‰ ุงุดุนุฑ ุจุฃู†ู‰ ุฐูˆ ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ุชุฌุงู‡ ู†ูุณู‰ .
14:34
So that's the LHC.
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ุงุฐุง ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุตุงุฏู… ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุงู‚.
14:36
The LHC is certainly, when it turns on in summer,
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ุงู† ู…ุตุงุฏู… ุงู„ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุงู„ุนู…ู„ุงู‚ ู‡ูˆ ุญู‚ุงุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุนู…ู„ ุงู„ุตูŠู ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุŒ
14:39
going to write the next chapter of that book.
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ุณูˆู ูŠูƒุชุจ ุงู„ูุตู„ ุงู„ุชุงู„ู‰ ูู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจ.
14:42
And I'm certainly looking forward with
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ูˆ ุงู†ุง ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุงุชุทู„ุน
14:44
immense excitement to it being turned on.
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ุจุฅุซุงุฑุฉ ุจุงู„ุบุฉ ู„ุฃู† ูŠุนู…ู„.
14:46
Thanks.
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ุดูƒุฑุง.
14:48
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)

Original video on YouTube.com
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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