CERN's supercollider | Brian Cox

1,243,700 views ใƒป 2008-04-29

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shaike Katz
00:19
This is the Large Hadron Collider.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืื™ืฅ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
00:22
It's 27 kilometers in circumference.
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ื”ื™ืงืคื• 27 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื;
00:24
It's the biggest scientific experiment ever attempted.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœืขืฉื•ืชื•.
00:27
Over 10,000 physicists and engineers
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ืžืขืœ 10,000 ืคื™ืกื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื
00:30
from 85 countries around the world
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ืž 85 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
00:32
have come together over several decades
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ื—ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื
00:34
to build this machine.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
00:36
What we do is we accelerate protons --
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื -
00:38
so, hydrogen nuclei --
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ืื•, ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ -
00:40
around 99.999999
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ื‘ืขืจืš 99.999999
00:44
percent the speed of light.
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ืื—ื•ื– ืžืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
00:46
Right? At that speed, they go around
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ื›ืŸ? ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื•, ื”ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื
00:48
that 27 kilometers 11,000 times a second.
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ืืช 27 ื”ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื 11,000 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”.
00:52
And we collide them with another beam of protons
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืขื ืงืจืŸ ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื
00:54
going in the opposite direction.
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ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš.
00:57
We collide them inside giant detectors.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ืœืื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื.
00:59
They're essentially digital cameras.
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ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช.
01:01
And this is the one that I work on, ATLAS.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื’ืœืื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืื˜ืœืก.
01:03
You get some sense of the size --
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ -
01:05
you can just see these EU standard-size
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืืจื•ืคืื™ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™
01:07
people underneath.
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ืžืชื—ืชื™ื•.
01:09
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ืงื”ืœ)
01:11
You get some sense of the size: 44 meters wide,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืงืฆืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœื• : ืจื•ื—ื‘ื• 44 ืžื˜ืจ,
01:14
22 meters in diameter, 7,000 tons.
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ืงื•ื˜ืจื• 22 ืžื˜ืจ, ื•ืžืฉืงืœื• 7,000 ื˜ื•ืŸ.
01:17
And we re-create the conditions that were present
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื—ื–ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืฉืจืจื•
01:20
less than a billionth of a second after the universe began
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ -
01:23
up to 600 million times a second
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ืขื“ 600 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”
01:25
inside that detector -- immense numbers.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ืœืื™ ื”ื–ื” - ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื.
01:29
And if you see those metal bits there --
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืฉื -
01:31
those are huge magnets that bend
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ืืœื” ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืžืกื™ื˜ื™ื
01:33
electrically charged particles,
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ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช,
01:35
so it can measure how fast they're traveling.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ื”ื ื ืขื™ื.
01:37
This is a picture about a year ago.
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ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืžืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื”.
01:39
Those magnets are in there.
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ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื.
01:41
And, again, a EU standard-size, real person,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืืœื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืืจื•ืคืื™ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™,
01:43
so you get some sense of the scale.
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืงืฆืช ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
01:46
And it's in there that those mini-Big Bangs will be created,
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ื•ืฉื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื• ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืคืฆื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
01:48
sometime in the summer this year.
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ืžืชื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื”ืฉื ื”.
01:50
And actually, this morning, I got an email
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื, ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื“ื•ื"ืœ
01:52
saying that we've just finished, today,
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ืฉืืžืจ ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืกื™ื™ืžื ื•, ื”ื™ื•ื,
01:54
building the last piece of ATLAS.
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ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื˜ืœืก.
01:56
So as of today, it's finished. I'd like to say
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ืื– ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื•ื ื’ืžื•ืจ. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“
01:58
that I planned that for TED,
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ืฉืชื›ื ื ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ TED,
02:00
but I didn't. So it's been completed as of today.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื. ืื– ื”ื•ื ื’ืžื•ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื.
02:03
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
02:07
Yeah, it's a wonderful achievement.
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ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ืฉื’ ื ืคืœื.
02:09
So, you might be asking, "Why?
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ืื– ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉื•ืืœื™ื , "ืœืžื”?
02:11
Why create the conditions that were present
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ืœืžื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ืฉืฉืจืจื•
02:13
less than a billionth of a second after the universe began?"
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ืœ?"
02:16
Well, particle physicists are nothing if not ambitious.
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ืžืคื ื™, ืฉืคื™ื–ื™ืงืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืืคืชื ื™ืช.
02:19
And the aim of particle physics is to understand
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ื•ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
02:22
what everything's made of, and how everything sticks together.
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ืžืžื” ื”ื›ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™, ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื›ืœ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
02:25
And by everything I mean, of course,
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ื•ื‘"ื”ื›ืœ" ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
02:27
me and you, the Earth, the Sun,
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ืืœื™ ื•ืืœื™ื›ื, ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืœืฉืžืฉ,
02:30
the 100 billion suns in our galaxy
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ืžืื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
02:33
and the 100 billion galaxies
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ื•ืžืื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช
02:35
in the observable universe.
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ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ืฆืคื”.
02:37
Absolutely everything.
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ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ.
02:39
Now you might say, "Well, OK, but why not just look at it?
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืชื’ื™ื“ื•, "ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื– ืœืžื” ืœื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื” ?
02:41
You know? If you want to know what I'm made of, let's look at me."
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื? ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžืžื” ืื ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™."
02:44
Well, we found that as you look back in time,
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ืื–, ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ,
02:47
the universe gets hotter and hotter,
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื—ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:50
denser and denser, and simpler and simpler.
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ื“ื—ื•ืก ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:53
Now, there's no real reason I'm aware of for that,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื” ืฉื›ืš ื–ื”,
02:55
but that seems to be the case.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื”.
02:58
So, way back in the early times of the universe,
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ืื–, ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
03:00
we believe it was very simple and understandable.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
03:03
All this complexity, all the way to these wonderful things --
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืขื“ ืœืื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื ื”ืืœื” -
03:06
human brains -- are a property of an old
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ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื - ื”ื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืงื•ื ื–ืงืŸ
03:08
and cold and complicated universe.
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ืงืจ ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
03:11
Back at the start, in the first billionth of a second,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
03:14
we believe, or we've observed, it was very simple.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื, ืื• ื›ืš ื”ื‘ื—ื ื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
03:16
It's almost like ...
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ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื•....
03:18
imagine a snowflake in your hand,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืคืชื™ืช ืฉืœื’ ื‘ื™ื“ื›ื,
03:20
and you look at it, and it's an incredibly complicated,
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ื•ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื,
03:23
beautiful object. But as you heat it up,
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ืขืฆื ืžื•ืคืœื. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ืื•ืชื•,
03:26
it'll melt into a pool of water,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืžืก ืœืฉืœื•ืœื™ืช ืžื™ื,
03:29
and you would be able to see that, actually, it was just made
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™
03:31
of H20, water.
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ืžื—ืžืฆืŸ ื“ื• ืžื™ืžื ื™, ืžื™ื.
03:34
So it's in that same sense that we look back in time
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ื–ื• ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
03:36
to understand what the universe is made of.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืžื” ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™.
03:39
And, as of today, it's made of these things.
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ื•ืžื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:42
Just 12 particles of matter,
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ืจืง 12 ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ,
03:44
stuck together by four forces of nature.
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ื“ื‘ื•ืงื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
03:48
The quarks, these pink things, are the things that make up protons and neutrons
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ื”ืงื•ื•ืืจืงื™ื, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื™ื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื
03:51
that make up the atomic nuclei in your body.
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ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืื˜ื•ื ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื.
03:54
The electron -- the thing that goes around
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ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ - ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘
03:56
the atomic nucleus --
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ืœื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ื•ื -
03:58
held around in orbit, by the way, by the electromagnetic force
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ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™
04:01
that's carried by this thing, the photon.
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ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” - ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืŸ.
04:03
The quarks are stuck together by other things called gluons.
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ื”ืงื•ื•ืืจืงื™ื ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื’ืœื•ืื•ื ื™ื.
04:06
And these guys, here, they're the weak nuclear force,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืืŸ, ื”ื ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ืœืฉ,
04:08
probably the least familiar.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจ ืžื›ื•ืœื.
04:10
But, without it, the sun wouldn't shine.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื• ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœื ืชื–ืจื—.
04:12
And when the sun shines, you get copious quantities
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื–ื•ืจื—ืช, ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืคืข
04:14
of these things, called neutrinos, pouring out.
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ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื• ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
04:17
Actually, if you just look at your thumbnail --
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ืื ืจืง ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœื›ื -
04:20
about a square centimeter --
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข -
04:23
there are something like 60 billion neutrinos per second
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ื‘ืขืจืš 60 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื• ืœืฉื ื™ื”
04:26
from the sun, passing
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ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื
04:28
through every square centimeter of your body.
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ื“ืจืš ื›ืœ ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื.
04:30
But you don't feel them, because the weak force
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ืœืฉ
04:32
is correctly named --
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ืงืจื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
04:34
very short range and very weak,
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ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืงืฆืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื—ืœืฉ ืžืื•ื“,
04:36
so they just fly through you.
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ืื– ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืคื™ื ื“ืจื›ื›ื.
04:38
And these particles have been discovered
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ืชื’ืœื•
04:40
over the last century, pretty much.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
04:42
The first one, the electron, was discovered in 1897,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘1897,
04:44
and the last one, this thing called the tau neutrino,
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ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื ื™ื•ื˜ืจื™ื ื•,
04:47
in the year 2000. Actually just --
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000. ื‘ืขืฆื ืจืง -
04:49
I was going to say, just up the road in Chicago. I know it's a big country,
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ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืงื’ื•. ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื• ืืจืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
04:52
America, isn't it?
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ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ืœื ื›ืŸ?
04:55
Just up the road.
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.
04:58
Relative to the universe, it's just up the road.
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื™ืงื•ื ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.
05:01
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:03
So, this thing was discovered in the year 2000,
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ืื–, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000,
05:05
so it's a relatively recent picture.
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ืื– ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช.
05:08
One of the wonderful things, actually, I find,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
05:10
is that we've discovered any of them, when you realize how tiny they are.
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ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื.
05:13
You know, they're a step in size
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืื—ืจ
05:15
from the entire observable universe.
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ืžื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ืฆืคื”.
05:17
So, 100 billion galaxies,
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ืื– 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช,
05:19
13.7 billion light years away --
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 13.7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ -
05:22
a step in size from that to Monterey, actually,
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ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืื—ืจ ืžืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื™, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช,
05:25
is about the same as from Monterey to these things.
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ื›ืžื• ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
05:28
Absolutely, exquisitely minute,
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ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืคืœืื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
05:31
and yet we've discovered pretty much the full set.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื˜.
05:35
So, one of my most illustrious forebears
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ืื–, ืื—ื“ ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ ื”ืžื”ื•ืœืœื™ื
05:38
at Manchester University, Ernest Rutherford,
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ, ืืจื ืกื˜ ืจืืช'ืคื•ืจื“,
05:40
discoverer of the atomic nucleus,
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ืžื’ืœื” ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ื•ื,
05:42
once said, "All science is either physics
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ืืžืจ ืคืขื, "ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”
05:44
or stamp collecting."
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ืื• ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื•ืœื™ื."
05:46
Now, I don't think he meant to insult
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื™ื‘
05:49
the rest of science,
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ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื“ืข,
05:51
although he was from New Zealand, so it's possible.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“, ืื– ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™.
05:54
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:56
But what he meant was that what we've done, really,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื,
05:58
is stamp collect there.
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ื–ื” ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื•ืœื™ื -
06:00
OK, we've discovered the particles,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื,
06:02
but unless you understand the underlying
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืœื ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”
06:04
reason for that pattern -- you know, why it's built the way it is --
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ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืœืชื‘ื ื™ืช - ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื›ื›ื” -
06:07
really you've done stamp collecting. You haven't done science.
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ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื ื–ื” ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื•ืœื™ื - ืœื ืขืฉื™ืชื ืžื“ืข.
06:10
Fortunately, we have
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ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
06:12
probably one of the greatest scientific achievements of the twentieth century
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ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื
06:15
that underpins that pattern.
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ืฉืชืžืš ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
06:17
It's the Newton's laws, if you want,
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ืืœื” ื—ื•ืงื™ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื ืชืจืฆื•,
06:19
of particle physics.
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ืฉืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
06:21
It's called the standard model -- beautifully simple mathematical equation.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™" = ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
06:24
You could stick it on the front of a T-shirt,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœืฆื”,
06:26
which is always the sign of elegance.
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ืฉื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
06:29
This is it.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ื.
06:31
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:33
I've been a little disingenuous, because I've expanded it out
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืจื—ื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืชื”
06:35
in all its gory detail.
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื“ืžืžื™ื ืฉืœื”.
06:37
This equation, though, allows you to calculate everything --
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ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื–ื•, ื‘ืขืฆื, ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื›ื ืœื—ืฉื‘ -
06:39
other than gravity -- that happens in the universe.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” - ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
06:42
So, you want to know why the sky is blue, why atomic nuclei stick together --
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืœืžื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืœืžื” ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ื•ื ืœื ืžืชืคืจืง -
06:45
in principle, you've got a big enough computer --
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื—ื–ืง ืžืกืคื™ืง -
06:47
why DNA is the shape it is.
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ืœืžื” ืœDNA ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:49
In principle, you should be able to calculate it from that equation.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ื”ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:52
But there's a problem.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื”.
06:55
Can anyone see what it is?
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื™ื ?
06:59
A bottle of champagne for anyone that tells me.
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ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืฉืžืคื ื™ื” ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื™.
07:02
I'll make it easier, actually, by blowing one of the lines up.
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ืื ื™ ืืงืœ ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
07:05
Basically, each of these terms
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ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
07:07
refers to some of the particles.
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ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
07:09
So those Ws there refer to the Ws, and how they stick together.
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ืื– ื” W ื”ืืœื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœ W, ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
07:12
These carriers of the weak force, the Zs, the same.
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ืืœื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ืœืฉ, ื”Z, ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ.
07:15
But there's an extra symbol in this equation: H.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืžืฉื•ื•ืื”, H.
07:17
Right, H.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, H.
07:19
H stands for Higgs particle.
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H ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ืœืงื™ืง ื”ื™ื’ืก.
07:21
Higgs particles have not been discovered.
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ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื™ื’ืก ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ืžืฆืื•.
07:24
But they're necessary: they're necessary
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื - ื”ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื
07:26
to make that mathematics work.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
07:28
So all the exquisitely detailed calculations we can do
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
07:30
with that wonderful equation
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ืขื ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื ื”ื“ืจืช ื”ื–ื•
07:32
wouldn't be possible without an extra bit.
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ืœื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื”.
07:34
So it's a prediction:
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ืื– ื–ื” ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ -
07:36
a prediction of a new particle.
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ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื—ื“ืฉ.
07:38
What does it do?
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ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”?
07:40
Well, we had a long time to come up with good analogies.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
07:42
And back in the 1980s, when we wanted the money
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืฉืจืฆื™ื ื• ื›ืกืฃ
07:45
for the LHC from the U.K. government,
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ืœ LHC ืžืžืžืฉืœืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
07:47
Margaret Thatcher, at the time, said,
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ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ืชืืฆ'ืจ, ืืžืจื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื•,
07:49
"If you guys can explain, in language
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"ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ,
07:51
a politician can understand,
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ื‘ืฉืคื” ืฉืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ,
07:53
what the hell it is that you're doing, you can have the money.
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ืžื” ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ.
07:56
I want to know what this Higgs particle does."
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื”ื™ื’ืก ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื”."
07:58
And we came up with this analogy, and it seemed to work.
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ื•ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
08:00
Well, what the Higgs does is, it gives mass to the fundamental particles.
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ืื–, ืžื” ืฉื”ื”ื™ื’ืก ืขื•ืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืกื” ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื.
08:03
And the picture is that the whole universe --
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ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ื•ืœื• -
08:05
and that doesn't mean just space, it means me as well, and inside you --
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ืืœื” ื’ื ืื ื™ ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื›ื -
08:08
the whole universe is full of something called a Higgs field.
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืœื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก.
08:11
Higgs particles, if you will.
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ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื™ื’ืก, ืื ืชืจืฆื•.
08:13
The analogy is that these people in a room
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ื”ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ
08:15
are the Higgs particles.
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ื”ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื™ื’ืก.
08:17
Now when a particle moves through the universe,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉื—ืœืงื™ืง ื ืข ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
08:19
it can interact with these Higgs particles.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื”ื™ื’ืก ื”ืืœื”.
08:22
But imagine someone who's not very popular moves through the room.
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื ืข ื‘ื—ื“ืจ.
08:25
Then everyone ignores them. They can just pass through the room very quickly,
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ืื– ื›ื•ืœื ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžืžื ื•. ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืจ,
08:28
essentially at the speed of light. They're massless.
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ. ื”ื ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืžืกื”.
08:31
And imagine someone incredibly important
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ื•ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœื›ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
08:33
and popular and intelligent
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ื•ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™
08:35
walks into the room.
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ื ื›ื ืก ืœื—ื“ืจ.
08:38
They're surrounded by people, and their passage through the room is impeded.
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ื”ื ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืžื•ืื˜ืช.
08:41
It's almost like they get heavy. They get massive.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื”ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
08:44
And that's exactly the way the Higgs mechanism works.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืก.
08:47
The picture is that the electrons and the quarks
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื•ื•ืืจืงื™ื
08:49
in your body and in the universe that we see around us
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ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•
08:52
are heavy, in a sense, and massive,
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ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ื•ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
08:54
because they're surrounded by Higgs particles.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื™ื’ืก.
08:56
They're interacting with the Higgs field.
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ื”ื ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก.
08:59
If that picture's true,
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ืื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
09:01
then we have to discover those Higgs particles at the LHC.
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ืื– ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื”ื™ื’ืก ื‘LHC.
09:05
If it's not true -- because it's quite a convoluted mechanism,
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ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ - ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš,
09:07
although it's the simplest we've been able to think of --
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• -
09:10
then whatever does the job of the Higgs particles
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ื”ื™ื’ืก
09:12
we know have to turn up
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข
09:14
at the LHC.
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ื‘ LHC.
09:16
So, that's one of the prime reasons we built this giant machine.
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ืื– ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืขื ืงื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
09:19
I'm glad you recognize Margaret Thatcher.
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ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืฉืืชื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ืชืืฆ'ืจ.
09:21
Actually, I thought about making it more culturally relevant, but --
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืจืœื•ื ื˜ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ -
09:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:27
anyway.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื”.
09:29
So that's one thing.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“.
09:31
That's essentially a guarantee of what the LHC will find.
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ื–ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœืžื” ืฉื” LHC ื™ืžืฆื.
09:34
There are many other things. You've heard
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ
09:36
many of the big problems in particle physics.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
09:38
One of them you heard about: dark matter, dark energy.
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ืขืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืฉืžืขืชื: ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ , ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืคืœื”.
09:41
There's another issue,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื ื•ืฉื,
09:43
which is that the forces in nature -- it's quite beautiful, actually --
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข - ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื™ืคื” ืœืžืขืฉื” -
09:45
seem, as you go back in time,
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ื ืจืื™ื, ื›ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ,
09:47
they seem to change in strength.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืชื.
09:49
Well, they do change in strength.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืชื.
09:51
So, the electromagnetic force, the force that holds us together,
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ืื– ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™, ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื•,
09:54
gets stronger as you go to higher temperatures.
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ืžืชื—ื–ืง ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืœื•ืช.
09:57
The strong force, the strong nuclear force, which sticks nuclei together,
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื–ืง, ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืง, ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื,
10:00
gets weaker. And what you see is the standard model --
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ื ื—ืœืฉ. ื•ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ -
10:03
you can calculate how these change -- is the forces,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืื™ืš ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” - ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช -
10:05
the three forces, other than gravity,
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ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” -
10:07
almost seem to come together at one point.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
10:09
It's almost as if there was one beautiful
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคืจ-ื›ื•ื—
10:11
kind of super-force, back at the beginning of time.
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ืื—ื“ ื™ืคื”ืคื”, ืขื“ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
10:14
But they just miss.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืคืกืคืกื™ื.
10:16
Now there's a theory called super-symmetry,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ืช ืขืœ,
10:18
which doubles the number of particles in the standard model,
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ืฉืžื›ืคื™ืœื” ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™.
10:21
which, at first sight, doesn't sound like a simplification.
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ืฉื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืœื ื ืจืืช ื›ื”ืคืฉื˜ื”.
10:23
But actually, with this theory,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื, ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
10:25
we find that the forces of nature
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืฉื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
10:27
do seem to unify together, back at the Big Bang --
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ื›ืŸ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
10:30
absolutely beautiful prophecy. The model wasn't built to do that,
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ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื”. ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœื ื ื‘ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
10:33
but it seems to do it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืžื ื•.
10:35
Also, those super-symmetric particles
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ-ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
10:37
are very strong candidates for the dark matter.
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ื”ื ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืคืœ.
10:39
So a very compelling theory
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ืื– ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉื›ื ืขืช
10:41
that's really mainstream physics.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื–ืจื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
10:43
And if I was to put money on it, I would put money on --
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ื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืกืฃ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ -
10:45
in a very unscientific way -- that
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืžื“ืขื™ืช -
10:47
that these things would also crop up at the LHC.
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฆื•ืฆื• ื‘ LHC.
10:50
Many other things that the LHC could discover.
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื” LHC ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช.
10:53
But in the last few minutes, I just want to give you
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ืœื›ื
10:56
a different perspective
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืื—ืจืช
10:58
of what I think -- what particle physics
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ - ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ
11:00
really means to me -- particle physics and cosmology.
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ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ - ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื•ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
11:03
And that's that I think it's given us a wonderful
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ื•ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœื ื•
11:06
narrative -- almost a creation story,
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ืขืœื™ืœื” ื ืคืœืื” - ื›ืžืขื˜ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื”,
11:09
if you'd like -- about the universe,
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ืื ืชืจืฆื• - ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
11:11
from modern science over the last few decades.
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ืžื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
11:14
And I'd say that it deserves,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื•,
11:16
in the spirit of Wade Davis' talk,
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ื‘ืจื•ื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ืก,
11:18
to be at least put up there with these wonderful creation stories
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ืœื”ื™ื›ืœืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ื ืคืœืื™ื
11:21
of the peoples of the high Andes and the frozen north.
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืื ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืงืคื•ื.
11:25
This is a creation story, I think, equally as wonderful.
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ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื ืคืœื ื›ืžื•ืชื.
11:29
The story goes like this: we know that
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ืœืš ื›ืš: ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
11:31
the universe began 13.7 billion years ago,
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ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคื ื™ 13.7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื,
11:34
in an immensely hot, dense state,
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื—ื ื•ื“ื—ื•ืก ืœืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ,
11:37
much smaller than a single atom.
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ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื˜ื•ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
11:39
It began to expand about
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืื—ืจื™
11:41
a million, billion, billion, billion billionth
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ืช
11:44
of a second -- I think I got that right -- after the Big Bang.
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ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื” - ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ - ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
11:48
Gravity separated away from the other forces.
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ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืงื” ืžืฉืืจ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช.
11:50
The universe then underwent
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืื–
11:52
an exponential expansion called inflation.
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ืชืคื™ื—ื” ืืงืกืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉื ืงืจืื” ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”.
11:55
In about the first billionth of a second or so,
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ืชื•ืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš,
11:57
the Higgs field kicked in, and the quarks
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ื ื›ื ืก ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื’ืก, ื•ื”ืงื•ื•ืืจืงื™ื
11:59
and the gluons and the electrons
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ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื
12:02
that make us up got mass.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžืกื”.
12:04
The universe continued to expand and cool.
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื•ืœื”ืชืงืจืจ.
12:07
After about a few minutes,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช,
12:09
there was hydrogen and helium in the universe. That's all.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื. ื•ื–ื”ื•.
12:12
The universe was about 75 percent hydrogen,
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 75 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื™ืžืŸ,
12:15
25 percent helium. It still is today.
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ื• 25 ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืœื™ื•ื. ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื•ื.
12:18
It continued to expand
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜
12:20
about 300 million years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 300 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
12:22
Then light began to travel through the universe.
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ืื– ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
12:24
It was big enough to be transparent to light,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืฃ ืœืื•ืจ.
12:26
and that's what we see in the cosmic microwave background
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ืจืงืข ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช
12:28
that George Smoot described
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ืฉื’'ื•ืจื’' ืกืžื•ื˜ ืชืืจ
12:30
as looking at the face of God.
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ื›'ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื'.
12:32
After about 400 million years, the first stars formed,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื‘ืขืจืš 400 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”, ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื•,
12:35
and that hydrogen, that helium, then began to cook
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ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ื”ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชื‘ืฉืœ
12:37
into the heavier elements.
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ืœื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:39
So the elements of life --
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ืื– ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื -
12:41
carbon, and oxygen and iron,
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ืคื—ืžืŸ, ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื–ืœ,
12:43
all the elements that we need to make us up --
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ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• -
12:45
were cooked in those first generations of stars,
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ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ื“ื•ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
12:48
which then ran out of fuel, exploded,
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ืฉืื– ื ื’ืžืจ ืœื• ื”ื“ืœืง, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ,
12:50
threw those elements back into the universe.
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ื–ืจืง ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื™ืงื•ื.
12:53
They then re-collapsed into another generation
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ื”ื ืื– ืงืจืกื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื
12:55
of stars and planets.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช.
12:58
And on some of those planets, the oxygen, which had been created
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ื•ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ
13:01
in that first generation of stars, could fuse with hydrogen
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ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืื—ื“ ืขื ืžื™ืžืŸ
13:04
to form water, liquid water on the surface.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ื, ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
13:07
On at least one, and maybe only one of those planets,
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ื•ืขืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื—ืช, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืจืง ืขืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช,
13:10
primitive life evolved,
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ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
13:13
which evolved over millions of years into
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ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื
13:15
things that walked upright and left footprints
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ื–ืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืขืงื‘ื•ืช
13:17
about three and a half million years ago in the mud flats of Tanzania,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื˜ื ื–ื ื™ื”,
13:20
and eventually
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
13:22
left a footprint on another world.
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ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจ.
13:24
And built this civilization,
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ื•ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
13:26
this wonderful picture,
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื ืคืœืื” ื”ื–ืืช,
13:28
that turned the darkness into light,
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืœืื•ืจ
13:31
and you can see the civilization from space.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื”ื—ืœืœ.
13:33
As one of my great heroes, Carl Sagan, said,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™, ืงืืจืœ ืกื™ื™ื’ืŸ, ืืžืจ,
13:36
these are the things -- and actually, not only these,
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ืืœื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื - ื•ื‘ืขืฆื, ืœื ืจืง ืืœื”,
13:38
but I was looking around -- these are the things,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ - ืืœื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
13:40
like Saturn V rockets, and Sputnik,
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ื›ืžื• ื˜ื™ืœื™ ื”ืกืื˜ื•ืจืŸ 5, ื•ืกืคื•ื˜ื ื™ืง,
13:43
and DNA, and literature and science --
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ื• DNA, ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืžื“ืข -
13:45
these are the things that hydrogen atoms do
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ืืœื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ื
13:47
when given 13.7 billion years.
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ื›ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื 13.7 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื”.
13:51
Absolutely remarkable.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
13:53
And, the laws of physics. Right?
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ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”. ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
13:55
So, the right laws of physics --
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ืื–, ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื -
13:57
they're beautifully balanced.
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ื”ื ืžืื•ื–ื ื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
13:59
If the weak force had been a little bit different,
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ืื ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ืœืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืขื˜,
14:01
then carbon and oxygen wouldn't be stable
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ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื
14:03
inside the hearts of stars,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืœื‘ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
14:05
and there would be none of that in the universe.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
14:08
And I think that's
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” -
14:10
a wonderful and significant story.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืคื”ืคื” ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
14:12
50 years ago, I couldn't have told that story,
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ืœืคื ื™ 50 ืฉื ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
14:14
because we didn't know it.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืื•ืชื•.
14:16
It makes me really feel that
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ
14:18
that civilization --
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ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช -
14:20
which, as I say, if you believe
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ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ, ืื ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
14:22
the scientific creation story,
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ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™,
14:24
has emerged purely as a result of the laws of physics,
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ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”,
14:27
and a few hydrogen atoms --
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ืžื™ืžืŸ -
14:29
then I think, to me anyway,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืฉืœื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช,
14:32
it makes me feel incredibly valuable.
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ืจื‘.
14:34
So that's the LHC.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื” LHC.
14:36
The LHC is certainly, when it turns on in summer,
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ื” LHC , ื›ืฉื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ,
14:39
going to write the next chapter of that book.
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืคืจืง ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืกืคืจ.
14:42
And I'm certainly looking forward with
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืฆืคื” ืขื
14:44
immense excitement to it being turned on.
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ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคืขืœื” ืฉืœื•.
14:46
Thanks.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
14:48
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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