Peter Doolittle: How your "working memory" makes sense of the world

Prevodilac: Lidija Misic Lektor: Mile Živković

So yesterday, I was out in the street

Juče sam izašao na ulicu,

in front of this building,

ispred ove zgrade,

and I was walking down the sidewalk,

i polako sam koračao po pločniku,

and I had company, several of us,

i bio sam u društvu, nas nekoliko

and we were all abiding by the rules

i svi smo postupali po pravilima

of walking down sidewalks.

koja su nalagala kako se hoda trotoarom.

We're not talking each other. We're facing forward.

Ne pričamo jedni s drugima. Svi gledamo pravo.

We're moving.

Krećemo se.

When the person in front of me slows down.

Kada odjednom, osoba ispred mene uspori.

And so I'm watching him, and he slows down,

I ja ga tako posmatram dok se on sporo kreće

and finally he stops.

i konačno staje.

Well, that wasn't fast enough for me,

Pa, to nije bilo dovoljno brzo za mene,

so I put on my turn signal, and I walked around him,

zato signalizujem da ću da skrenem i da ga prođem

and as I walked, I looked to see what he was doing,

ali dok sam hodao, pogledao sam ga da vidim šta radi

and he was doing this.

a on je radio ovo.

He was texting,

Pisao je poruku,

and he couldn't text and walk at the same time.

a nije mogao da kuca i hoda u isto vreme.

Now we could approach this

Mogli bismo da pristupimo ovom problemu

from a working memory perspective

sa tačke gledišta radne memorije

or from a multitasking perspective.

ili sa tačke gledišta obavljanja više stvari istovremeno.

We're going to do working memory today.

Danas ćemo govoriti o tački gledišta radne memorije.

Now, working memory

Naime, radna memorija

is that part of our consciousness that we are

je deo naše svesti kojeg smo

aware of at any given time of day.

svesni u svakom momentu.

You're going it right now.

Mi je i sada pokrećemo.

It's not something we can turn off.

To nije nešto što možemo da isključimo.

If you turn it off, that's called a coma, okay?

Ako je isključimo, onda smo u stanju koje zovemo koma, u redu?

So right now, you're doing just fine.

Tako da smo sada sasvim u redu.

Now working memory has four basic components.

Radna memorija ima 4 osnovne komponente.

It allows us to store some immediate experiences

Omogućava nam da sačuvamo neka neposredna iskustva

and a little bit of knowledge.

i malo znanja.

It allows us to reach back into our long-term memory

Pomože nam da posegnemo nazad u naše dugoročno pamćenje

and pull some of that in as we need it,

i da izvučemo na površinu ono što nam je neophodno

mixes it, processes it

meša, obrađuje

in light of whatever our current goal is.

u cilju onoga što nam je trenutni cilj.

Now the current goal isn't something like,

Trenutni cilj nije nešto poput,

I want to be president or the best surfer in the world.

želim da budem predsednk ili najbolji surfer na svetu.

It's more mundane. I'd like that cookie,

U pitanju je naša svakodnevnica. Voleo bih taj kolač,

or I need to figure out how to get into my hotel room.

ili moram da shvatim kako da uđem u svoju hotelsku sobu.

Now working memory capacity

Kapacitet radne memorije

is our ability to leverage that,

jeste naša sposobnost da utičemo na to,

our ability to take what we know

naša sposobnost da iskoristimo što znamo

and what we can hang onto

i ono za šta smo uvereni da je tako

and leverage it in ways that allow us to satisfy

i da to iskoristimo na načine koji doprinose

our current goal.

našem trenutnom cilju.

Now working memory capacity

Kapacitet radne memorije

has a fairly long history,

ima poprilično dugu istoriju

and it's associated with a lot of positive effects.

koja je povezana za mnogim pozitivnim efektima.

People with high working memory capacity

Ljudi koji imaju visok kapacitet radne memorije

tend to be good storytellers.

imaju tendenciju da budu dobri pripovedači.

They tend to solve and do well on standardized tests,

Skloni su dobrim rezultatima na standardizovanim testovima

however important that is.

koliko god to bilo bitno.

They're able to have high levels of writing ability.

Imaju visoko razvijenu sposobnost pisanja.

They're also able to reason at high levels.

Takođe su sposobni da rezonuju na visokim nivoima.

So what we're going to do here is play a little bit with some of that.

Sada ćemo se malo poigrati sa tim činjenicama.

So I'm going to ask you to perform a couple tasks,

Zamoliću vas da obavite nekoliko zadataka,

and we're going to take your working memory out for a ride.

i izvešćemo vašu radnu memoriju na vožnju.

You up for that? Okay.

Jeste li spremni? U redu.

I'm going to give you five words,

Daću vam 5 reči,

and I just want you to hang on to them.

i želim samo da ih zadržite.

Don't write them down. Just hang on to them.

Nemojte ih zapisivati. Samo ih zadržite.

Five words.

5 reči.

While you're hanging on to them, I'm going to ask you to answer three questions.

Dok ih zadržavate, postaviću vam 3 pitanja.

I want to see what happens with those words.

Želim da vidim šta se dešava sa tim rečima.

So here's the words:

Pa evo reči:

tree,

drvo,

highway,

autoput,

mirror,

ogledalo,

Saturn

Saturn,

and electrode.

i ekeltroda.

So far so good?

Za sada je dobro.

Okay. What I want you to do

U redu. Ono što želim da vi uradite

is I want you to tell me what the answer is

jeste da mi kažete koliko je

to 23 times eight.

23 x 8.

Just shout it out.

Recite na glas.

(Mumbling) (Laughter)

(Mrmljanje) (Smeh)

In fact it's -- (Mumbling) -- exactly. (Laughter)

U stvari, to je - (Mrmljanje) - tačno. (Smeh)

All right. I want you to take out your left hand

U redu. Želim da spremite vašu levu ruku

and I want you to go, "One, two, three, four, five,

i želim da brojite: 1, 2, 3,4, 5,

six, seven, eight, nine, 10."

6, 7, 8, 9, 10.

It's a neurological test, just in case you were wondering.

Za one koji su se zapitali zašto, ovo je neurološki test.

All right, now what I want you to do

U redu, sada želim da

is to recite the last five letters

izrecitujete poslednjih 5 slova

of the English alphabet backwards.

engleskog alfabeta unazad.

You should have started with Z.

Trebalo bi da ste počeli sa slovom Z.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

All right. How many people here are still pretty sure

U redu. Koliko ljudi ovde je i dalje sigurno

you've got all five words?

da su zapamtili svih 5 reči?

Okay. Typically we end up with about less than half,

Ok. Po običaju završimo sa oko manje od pola,

right, which is normal. There will be a range.

što je i normalno, zar ne. Biće tu raspon.

Some people can hang on to five.

Neki ljudi mogu da zapamte do 5 reči.

Some people can hang on to 10.

Neki ljudi mogu i do 10.

Some will be down to two or three.

Neki i manje, od 2 do 3.

What we know is this is really important to the way we function, right?

Znamo da je ovo vrlo bitno za shvatanje kako funcionišemo, zar ne?

And it's going to be really important here at TED

I to će biti zaista važno ovde na TED-u

because you're going to be exposed to so many different ideas.

jer ćemo biti izloženi raznoraznim idejama.

Now the problem that we have

Problem s kojim se susrećemo

is that life comes at us,

je život koji nam preti

and it comes at us very quickly,

i brzo prolazi,

and what we need to do is to take that amorphous

a ono što mi moramo da uradimo jeste da preuzmemo taj bezoblični

flow of experience and somehow

protok iskustva i da na neki način

extract meaning from it

izvučemo značenje iz njega

with a working memory

koristeći radnu memoriju

that's about the size of a pea.

koja je veličine graška.

Now don't get me wrong, working memory is awesome.

Nemojte pogrešno da me shvatite, radna memorija je fantastična.

Working memory allows us

Radna memorija nam omogućava

to investigate our current experience

da istražujemo iskustvo kroz koje trenutno prolazimo

as we move forward.

dok se u isto vreme krećemo napred.

It allows us to make sense of the world around us.

Pomaže nam da nađemo smisao u svetu oko nas.

But it does have certain limits.

Ali u određenim granicama.

Now working memory is great for allowing us to communicate.

Radna memorija je sjajna jer nam dozvoljava da komuniciramo.

We can have a conversation,

Možemo razgovarati,

and I can build a narrative around that

i mogu izgraditi priču na osnovu toga,

so I know where we've been and where we're going

tako da znam gde smo bili i kuda idemo

and how to contribute to this conversation.

i na koji način mogu da doprinesem ovom razgovoru.

It allows us to problem-solve, critical think.

Dozvoljava nam da rešavamo probleme, da razmišljamo kritički.

We can be in the middle of a meeting,

Možemo se naći na sred sastanka,

listen to somebody's presentation, evaluate it,

slušati prezentaciju, procenjivati je

decide whether or not we like it,

odlučivati da li nam se sviđa,

ask follow-up questions.

i postavljati propratna pitanja.

All of that occurs within working memory.

Sve se ovo dešava u okviru radne memorije.

It also allows us to go to the store

Takođe nam omogućava da odemo do prodavnice

and allows us to get milk and eggs and cheese

i kupimo mleko, jaja i sir,

when what we're really looking for

dok smo u stvari u potrazi za

is Red Bull and bacon. (Laughter)

Red Bulom i slaninom. (Smeh)

Gotta make sure we're getting what we're looking for.

Uverimo se da dobijemo ono što tražimo.

Now, a central issue with working memory

Glavni problem u radnoj memoriji

is that it's limited.

je činjenica da je ograničena.

It's limited in capacity, limited in duration,

Ograničena je u pogledu kapaciteta i trajanja,

limited in focus.

kao i fokusa.

We tend to remember about four things.

Pokušavamo da se setimo 4 stvari.

Okay? It used to be seven,

U redu? Pre ih je bilo 7,

but with functional MRIs, apparently it's four,

ali uz funkcionalnu magnetnu rezonancu ih je očigledno 4,

and we were overachieving.

a mi napredujemo bolje nego što smo očekivali.

Now we can remember those four things

Sada možemo da se prisetimo te 4 stvari,

for about 10 to 20 seconds

na oko 10 do 20 sekundi,

unless we do something with it,

osim ako uradimo nešto sa njima,

unless we process it, unless we apply it to something,

osim ako ih obradimo, osim ako ih primenimo na nešto,

unless we talk to somebody about it.

osim ako pričamo nekome o njima.

When we think about working memory,

Kada razmislimo o radnoj memoriji,

we have to realize that this limited capacity

moramo shvatiti da ova ograničenost kapaciteta

has lots of different impacts on us.

ima mnoštvo raznih uticaja na nas.

Have you ever walked from one room to another

Da li ste ikad hodali od jedne do druge sobe,

and then forgotten why you're there?

a potom zaboravili zašto ste došli?

You do know the solution to that, right?

Svi već znate kako rešiti taj problem, zar ne?

You go back to that original room. (Laughter)

Vratiti se u sobu iz koje ste pošli. (Smeh)

Have you ever forgotten your keys?

Da li ste nekad zaboravili ključeve?

You ever forgotten your car?

Da li ste nekad zaboravili auto?

You ever forgotten your kids?

Da li ste nekad zaboravili svoju decu?

Have you ever been involved in a conversation,

Da li ste ikad učestvovali u razgovoru

and you realize that the conversation to your left

samo da biste shvatili da je razgovor koji je dopirao sa vaše leve strane

is actually more interesting? (Laughter)

bio u stvari zanimljiviji? (Smeh)

So you're nodding and you're smiling,

Klimate glavnom i smejete se,

but you're really paying attention to this one over here,

ali ono na šta zaista obraćate pažnju se nalazi na drugoj strani,

until you hear that last word go up,

sve dok se reči ne utišaju,

and you realize,

a vi shvatite

you've been asked a question. (Laughter)

da vam je neko postavio pitanje. (Smeh)

And you're really hoping the answer is no,

I zapravo se nadate da je odgovor na pitanje ne,

because that's what you're about to say.

jer je to upravo ono što se spremate da kažete.

All of that talks about working memory,

Svuda se radi o radnoj memoriji,

what we can do and what we can't do.

šta možemo uraditi a šta ne.

We need to realize that working memory

Moramo shvatiti da radna memorija

has a limited capacity,

funkcioniše sa ograničenim kapacitetom

and that working memory capacity itself is how we negotiate that.

i da je taj kapacitet radne memorije razlog zbog kog to i zagovaramo.

We negotiate that through strategies.

Zagovaramo kroz strategije.

So what I want to do is talk a little bit about a couple of strategies here,

Želim da još malo pojasnim nekoliko strategija u ovom domenu,

and these will be really important

koje će biti zaista važne

because you are now in an information target-rich environment

jer ste sada u okruženju prepunom informacija,

for the next several days.

u sledećih nekoliko dana.

Now the first part of this that we need to think about

Prvo što moramo da uradimo jeste da razmislimo o tome

and we need to process our existence, our life,

i moramo da obradimo naše postojanje, naš život,

immediately and repeatedly.

u ovom trenutku, nekoliko puta.

We need to process what's going on

Moramo da shvatimo šta se događa,

the moment it happens, not 10 minutes later,

u momentu u kom se događa, ne 10 minuta kasnije,

not a week later, at the moment.

ne nedelju dana kasnije, već u ovom momentu.

So we need to think about, well, do I agree with him?

Dakle moramo da razmislimo o tome, pa, da li se ja slažem sa njim?

What's missing? What would I like to know?

Šta nedostaje? Šta bih još želeo da znam?

Do I agree with the assumptions?

Da li se slažem sa pretpostavkama?

How can I apply this in my life?

Na koji način mogu da ih primenim na svoj život?

It's a way of processing what's going on

To je način na koji obrađujete ono što se dešava

so that we can use it later.

tako da bude korisno za kasnije.

Now we also need to repeat it. We need to practice.

Takođe moramo da ponovimo. Moramo da vežbamo.

So we need to think about it here.

Moramo da razmislimo o tome ovde.

In between, we want to talk to people about it.

U međuvremenu, želimo da pričamo sa ljudima o tome.

We're going to write it down, and when you get home,

To ćemo i zapisati, a kada dođete kući

pull out those notes and think about them

izvucite te beleške i razmislite o njima

and end up practicing over time.

i vežbajte s vremena na vreme.

Practice for some reason became a very negative thing.

Vežbanje je iz nekog razloga postala omražena radnja.

It's very positive.

Ali je vrlo pozitivna.

The next thing is, we need to think elaboratively

Sledeće što moramo da uradimo jeste da razmišljamo

and we need to think illustratively.

na slikovit način.

Oftentimes, we think that we have to relate new knowledge to prior knowledge.

Vrlo često mislimo da moramo da povežemo novo znanje sa prethodnim.

What we want to do is spin that around.

Ono što želimo da uradimo je da ga zavrtimo.

We want to take all of our existence

Želimo da uzmemo naše postojanje

and wrap it around that new knowledge

i ogrnemo ga oko novog znanja

and make all of these connections and it becomes more meaningful.

i na taj način ostvarimo značajnije veze.

We also want to use imagery. We are built for images.

Takođe želimo i da koristimo slike. Mi smo stvoreni za slike.

We need to take advantage of that.

Moramo to da iskoristimo.

Think about things in images,

Razmišljate o stvarima u slikama,

write things down that way.

i zapište to onako kako vidite.

If you read a book, pull things up.

Ako čitate knjigu, podignite stvari na viši nivo.

I just got through reading "The Great Gatsby,"

Upravo sam završio knjigu ,,Veliki Getsbi"

and I have a perfect idea of what he looks like

i u glavi imam detaljnu zamisao njegovog lika,

in my head, so my own version.

dakle, pričam o svojoj sopstvenoj verziji.

The last one is organization and support.

Poslednji korak je organizacija i podrška.

We are meaning-making machines. It's what we do.

Mi smo mašine koje traže smisao. To je ono što mi radimo.

We try to make meaning out of everything that happens to us.

Pokušavamo da damo značenje svemu što se događa oko nas.

Organization helps, so we need to structure

Organizacija pomaže, tako da moramo da izgradimo

what we're doing in ways that make sense.

ono što radimo na način da ima smisla.

If we are providing knowledge and experience,

Ako pružamo znanje i iskustvo,

we need to structure that.

to moramo i da organizujemo.

And the last one is support.

I poslednje, podrška.

We all started as novices.

Svi smo počeli kao početnici.

Everything we do is an approximation of sophistication.

Sve što radimo je približavanje sofisticiranosti.

We should expect it to change over time. We have to support that.

Možemo očekivati da se to promeni vremenom. Moramo to da podržimo.

The support may come in asking people questions,

Ova podrška može da bude u vidu postavljanja pitanja,

giving them a sheet of paper that has an organizational chart on it

popunjavanja organizacionih šema na listu papira,

or has some guiding images,

ili u vodećim slikama,

but we need to support it.

ali u svakom slučaju, to moramo da podržimo.

Now, the final piece of this, the take-home message

I sad, poslednji deo, poruka koju nosite kući

from a working memory capacity standpoint is this:

sa tačke gledišta kapaciteta radne memorije. Poruka glasi:

what we process, we learn.

ono što obradimo, mi i naučimo.

If we're not processing life, we're not living it.

Ako nismo sposobni da obradimo život, onda ga i ne živimo.

Live life. Thank you.

Živite život. Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)