Peter Doolittle: How your "working memory" makes sense of the world

730,275 views ใƒป 2013-11-22

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: coral fr
00:12
So yesterday, I was out in the street
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ืื– ืืชืžื•ืœ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘
00:14
in front of this building,
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ืžื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
00:17
and I was walking down the sidewalk,
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ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืžื“ืจื›ื”,
00:20
and I had company, several of us,
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ื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” , ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
00:22
and we were all abiding by the rules
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฉืžืจื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื
00:23
of walking down sidewalks.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ืžื“ืจื›ื•ืช.
00:26
We're not talking each other. We're facing forward.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”. ืื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
00:28
We're moving.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืขื™ื.
00:29
When the person in front of me slows down.
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ื›ืฉืื“ื ืžื•ืœื™ ืžืื˜
00:33
And so I'm watching him, and he slows down,
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ื•ื›ืš, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืื˜,
00:35
and finally he stops.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฆืจ.
00:36
Well, that wasn't fast enough for me,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขื‘ื•ืจื™,
00:38
so I put on my turn signal, and I walked around him,
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ืื– ืฉืžืชื™ ืืช ืื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื™, ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•,
00:42
and as I walked, I looked to see what he was doing,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”
00:45
and he was doing this.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช.
00:47
He was texting,
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ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืžืก,
00:49
and he couldn't text and walk at the same time.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืกืžืก ื•ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
00:51
Now we could approach this
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ื›ืขืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื–ื”
00:53
from a working memory perspective
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
00:55
or from a multitasking perspective.
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ืื• ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช.
00:57
We're going to do working memory today.
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ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:00
Now, working memory
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ื›ืขืช, ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
01:02
is that part of our consciousness that we are
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ืขืชื ื• ืฉืื ื•
01:05
aware of at any given time of day.
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ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:07
You're going it right now.
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ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืžืžืฉ ื›ืขืช.
01:09
It's not something we can turn off.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช.
01:11
If you turn it off, that's called a coma, okay?
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ืื ืืชื ืžื›ื‘ื™ื ื–ืืช ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืชืจื“ืžืช, ื˜ื•ื‘?
01:14
So right now, you're doing just fine.
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ืื– ื›ืจื’ืข ืืชื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืกื“ืจ
01:17
Now working memory has four basic components.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ืฉ 4 ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื
01:19
It allows us to store some immediate experiences
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ื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืื—ืกืŸ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช
01:22
and a little bit of knowledge.
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ื•ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื“ืข.
01:24
It allows us to reach back into our long-term memory
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ื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืืจื•ืš ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•
01:27
and pull some of that in as we need it,
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ื•ืœืฉืœื•ืฃ ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื• ื›ืฉืื ื• ื ื–ืงืงื™ื ืœื•,
01:29
mixes it, processes it
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ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื•, ืžืขื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื•
01:31
in light of whatever our current goal is.
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ืœืื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื.
01:33
Now the current goal isn't something like,
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ื›ืขืช, ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•,
01:35
I want to be president or the best surfer in the world.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื, ืื• ื”ื’ื•ืœืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:37
It's more mundane. I'd like that cookie,
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ื–ื” ืืจืฆื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ื’ื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
01:40
or I need to figure out how to get into my hotel room.
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ืื• ืฉืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื“ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืžืœื•ืŸ
01:43
Now working memory capacity
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ื›ืขืช, ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
01:45
is our ability to leverage that,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžื ืฃ ืืช ื–ื”,
01:47
our ability to take what we know
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
01:50
and what we can hang onto
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืื—ื– ื‘ื•
01:51
and leverage it in ways that allow us to satisfy
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ื•ืœืžื ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื• ืœืกืคืง
01:55
our current goal.
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ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:57
Now working memory capacity
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ื›ืขืช, ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
01:59
has a fairly long history,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืœืžื“ื™,
02:01
and it's associated with a lot of positive effects.
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
02:03
People with high working memory capacity
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ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
02:05
tend to be good storytellers.
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ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
02:07
They tend to solve and do well on standardized tests,
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ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื™ื,
02:11
however important that is.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘
02:14
They're able to have high levels of writing ability.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”.
02:18
They're also able to reason at high levels.
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ื”ื ื’ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช
02:20
So what we're going to do here is play a little bit with some of that.
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ืœืฉื—ืง ืžืขื˜ ืขื ื›ืžื” ืžืืœื”.
02:23
So I'm going to ask you to perform a couple tasks,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืชื›ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื›ืžื” ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช,
02:26
and we're going to take your working memory out for a ride.
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ื•ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘
02:29
You up for that? Okay.
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ืืชื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื–ื”? ื˜ื•ื‘.
02:32
I'm going to give you five words,
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื 5 ืžื™ืœื™ื,
02:34
and I just want you to hang on to them.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื™ืื—ื–ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ
02:36
Don't write them down. Just hang on to them.
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ืืœ ืชื›ืชื‘ื• ืื•ืชืŸ, ืจืง ื”ื™ืื—ื–ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ
02:37
Five words.
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5 ืžื™ืœื™ื
02:39
While you're hanging on to them, I'm going to ask you to answer three questions.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืชื ื ืฆืžื“ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ 3 ืฉืืœื•ืช.
02:42
I want to see what happens with those words.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืขื ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:44
So here's the words:
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื:
02:46
tree,
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ืขืฅ,
02:49
highway,
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ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ,
02:52
mirror,
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ืžืจืื”,
02:54
Saturn
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ืฉื‘ืชืื™
02:57
and electrode.
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ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื”.
02:59
So far so good?
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ืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
03:01
Okay. What I want you to do
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืขืฉื•
03:02
is I want you to tell me what the answer is
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ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืชื ื• ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
03:06
to 23 times eight.
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ืœ- 23 ื›ืคื•ืœ 8
03:08
Just shout it out.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชืฆืขืงื• ืื•ืชื”
03:12
(Mumbling) (Laughter)
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(ืžื™ืœืžื•ืœื™ื) (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:16
In fact it's -- (Mumbling) -- exactly. (Laughter)
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” -- (ืžื™ืœืžื•ืœื™ื) -- ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:18
All right. I want you to take out your left hand
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืงื—ื• ืืช ื™ื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœื›ื
03:22
and I want you to go, "One, two, three, four, five,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืกืคืจื•,"ืื—ื“, ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ืืจื›ืข, ื—ืžืฉ,
03:24
six, seven, eight, nine, 10."
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ืฉืฉ, ืฉื‘ืข, ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ืชืฉืข, 10."
03:26
It's a neurological test, just in case you were wondering.
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ื–ื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืจืง ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉืชื”ื™ืชื.
03:29
All right, now what I want you to do
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื›ืขืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืขืฉื•
03:31
is to recite the last five letters
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืชื“ืงืœืžื• ืืช ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
03:33
of the English alphabet backwards.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืคื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ืคื•ืš.
03:38
You should have started with Z.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื Z.
03:40
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:43
All right. How many people here are still pretty sure
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื
03:45
you've got all five words?
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื?
03:48
Okay. Typically we end up with about less than half,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืฆื™,
03:51
right, which is normal. There will be a range.
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ื›ืŸ, ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™. ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื•ื—
03:53
Some people can hang on to five.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื—ืžืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื.
03:55
Some people can hang on to 10.
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘-10.
03:56
Some will be down to two or three.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืœื” ืฉื™ืจื“ื• ืœ- 2 ืื• 3.
03:58
What we know is this is really important to the way we function, right?
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:02
And it's going to be really important here at TED
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืืŸ ื‘- TED
04:04
because you're going to be exposed to so many different ideas.
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ื›ื™ ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
04:07
Now the problem that we have
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
04:09
is that life comes at us,
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ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื ื•,
04:11
and it comes at us very quickly,
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ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื”,
04:13
and what we need to do is to take that amorphous
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื–ืจื
04:17
flow of experience and somehow
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ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžื•ืจืคื™ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•
04:18
extract meaning from it
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ืœื—ืœืฅ ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
04:20
with a working memory
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
04:21
that's about the size of a pea.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืืคื•ื ื”.
04:23
Now don't get me wrong, working memory is awesome.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืœ ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืื“ื™ืจ.
04:26
Working memory allows us
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื•
04:28
to investigate our current experience
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ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
04:30
as we move forward.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ืœืื”.
04:32
It allows us to make sense of the world around us.
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื•.
04:35
But it does have certain limits.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.
04:37
Now working memory is great for allowing us to communicate.
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ื›ืขืช, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื“ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืชืงืฉืจ.
04:41
We can have a conversation,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืฉื™ื—ื”.
04:42
and I can build a narrative around that
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื–ื”
04:45
so I know where we've been and where we're going
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื•ืœืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื
04:47
and how to contribute to this conversation.
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ื•ืื™ืš ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ื•.
04:49
It allows us to problem-solve, critical think.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช.
04:51
We can be in the middle of a meeting,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืคื’ื™ืฉื”,
04:53
listen to somebody's presentation, evaluate it,
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ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืžืฆื’ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื–ื”,
04:55
decide whether or not we like it,
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ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
04:57
ask follow-up questions.
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ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืขืงื‘.
04:58
All of that occurs within working memory.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
05:02
It also allows us to go to the store
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืœื›ืช ืœื—ื ื•ืช
05:04
and allows us to get milk and eggs and cheese
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ืœื‘, ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ื™ื ื”
05:07
when what we're really looking for
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื
05:09
is Red Bull and bacon. (Laughter)
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ื”ื•ื ืจื“-ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื•ืŸ. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:12
Gotta make sure we're getting what we're looking for.
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื.
05:15
Now, a central issue with working memory
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืขื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
05:18
is that it's limited.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ.
05:19
It's limited in capacity, limited in duration,
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช, ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ,
05:21
limited in focus.
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ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืงื•ืก.
05:23
We tend to remember about four things.
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ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื›ืืจื‘ืขื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
05:26
Okay? It used to be seven,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ? ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ืฉื‘ืข,
05:28
but with functional MRIs, apparently it's four,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช MRI ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื–ื” ืืจื‘ืข.
05:30
and we were overachieving.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ.
05:32
Now we can remember those four things
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื”
05:34
for about 10 to 20 seconds
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ืœืžืฉืš ื›- 10 ืขื“ 20 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช
05:36
unless we do something with it,
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ืืœื ืื ื ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืขื ื–ื”,
05:38
unless we process it, unless we apply it to something,
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ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ืืช, ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ื–ืืช ืœืžืฉื”ื•.
05:40
unless we talk to somebody about it.
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ืืœื ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”
05:44
When we think about working memory,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
05:47
we have to realize that this limited capacity
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื–ื•
05:51
has lots of different impacts on us.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื•.
05:53
Have you ever walked from one room to another
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ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ื”ืœื›ืชื ืžื—ื“ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™
05:56
and then forgotten why you're there?
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ื•ืื– ืฉื›ื—ืชื ืœืžื” ืืชื ืฉื?
05:59
You do know the solution to that, right?
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ืืชื ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื–ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:01
You go back to that original room. (Laughter)
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ืืชื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:04
Have you ever forgotten your keys?
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ืื™ ืคืขื ืฉื›ื—ืชื ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื?
06:08
You ever forgotten your car?
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ืื™ ืคืขื ืฉื›ื—ืชื ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื?
06:10
You ever forgotten your kids?
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ื”ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ืฉื›ื—ืชื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื?
06:13
Have you ever been involved in a conversation,
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื™ ืคืขื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื”,
06:15
and you realize that the conversation to your left
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ื•ืื– ืงืœื˜ืชื ืฉื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืžืฉืžืืœื›ื
06:17
is actually more interesting? (Laughter)
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ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช? (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:20
So you're nodding and you're smiling,
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ืื– ืืชื ืžื”ื ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ื™ื,
06:22
but you're really paying attention to this one over here,
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. ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื–ื” ืฉื›ืืŸ,
06:24
until you hear that last word go up,
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ืขื“ ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืขื•ืœื”,
06:26
and you realize,
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ื•ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื,
06:28
you've been asked a question. (Laughter)
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ืฉื ืฉืืœืชื ืฉืืœื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:31
And you're really hoping the answer is no,
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ื•ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื,
06:33
because that's what you're about to say.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืืžืจ.
06:36
All of that talks about working memory,
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
06:39
what we can do and what we can't do.
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ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ื•ืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
06:41
We need to realize that working memory
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
06:42
has a limited capacity,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช,
06:44
and that working memory capacity itself is how we negotiate that.
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ื•ื›ื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืขื ื–ื”.
06:47
We negotiate that through strategies.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช.
06:49
So what I want to do is talk a little bit about a couple of strategies here,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ,
06:52
and these will be really important
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ื•ืืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
06:53
because you are now in an information target-rich environment
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ื›ื™ ืืชื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื™ืขื“ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข
06:57
for the next several days.
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ืœืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
06:59
Now the first part of this that we need to think about
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•
07:02
and we need to process our existence, our life,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
07:05
immediately and repeatedly.
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ืžื™ื“, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
07:06
We need to process what's going on
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”
07:09
the moment it happens, not 10 minutes later,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ืœื 10 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
07:12
not a week later, at the moment.
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ืœื ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืข.
07:14
So we need to think about, well, do I agree with him?
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ, ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืชื•?
07:18
What's missing? What would I like to know?
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ืžื” ื—ืกืจ? ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช?
07:20
Do I agree with the assumptions?
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ื”ืื ืื ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืขื ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช?
07:23
How can I apply this in my life?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•?
07:24
It's a way of processing what's going on
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ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”
07:26
so that we can use it later.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:28
Now we also need to repeat it. We need to practice.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”. ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ.
07:31
So we need to think about it here.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ.
07:34
In between, we want to talk to people about it.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
07:36
We're going to write it down, and when you get home,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื’ื™ืขื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”,
07:39
pull out those notes and think about them
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ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืคืชืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื
07:41
and end up practicing over time.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ.
07:43
Practice for some reason became a very negative thing.
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ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืกื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืžืื•ื“ .
07:46
It's very positive.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ .
07:47
The next thing is, we need to think elaboratively
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ
07:50
and we need to think illustratively.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื”.
07:52
Oftentimes, we think that we have to relate new knowledge to prior knowledge.
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ,ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื™ื“ืข ืงื•ื“ื.
07:56
What we want to do is spin that around.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื”
07:58
We want to take all of our existence
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•
07:59
and wrap it around that new knowledge
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ื•ืœืขื˜ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื”
08:01
and make all of these connections and it becomes more meaningful.
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:05
We also want to use imagery. We are built for images.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื.
08:08
We need to take advantage of that.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื–ื”.
08:10
Think about things in images,
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช,
08:12
write things down that way.
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ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื•.
08:14
If you read a book, pull things up.
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ืื ืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืกืคืจ, ืฉื™ืœืคื• ืžืžื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
08:16
I just got through reading "The Great Gatsby,"
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ื–ื” ืขืชื” ืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช "ื’ื˜ืกื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ"
08:18
and I have a perfect idea of what he looks like
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื”
08:21
in my head, so my own version.
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ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืœื™, ืื– ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื™.
08:24
The last one is organization and support.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืžื™ื›ื”.
08:26
We are meaning-making machines. It's what we do.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
08:28
We try to make meaning out of everything that happens to us.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœื ื•.
08:32
Organization helps, so we need to structure
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ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืกื™ื™ืข, ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
08:34
what we're doing in ways that make sense.
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ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
08:36
If we are providing knowledge and experience,
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ืื ืื ื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื™ื“ืข ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ,
08:38
we need to structure that.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
08:40
And the last one is support.
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ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื›ื”.
08:42
We all started as novices.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื›ื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื.
08:44
Everything we do is an approximation of sophistication.
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ื›ื•ื.
08:47
We should expect it to change over time. We have to support that.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฉืชื ื” ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื–ื”.
08:50
The support may come in asking people questions,
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ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืœื•ืช
08:52
giving them a sheet of paper that has an organizational chart on it
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ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฉื•ืจื˜ื˜ ืชืจืฉื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”
08:56
or has some guiding images,
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ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื—ื•ืช,
08:58
but we need to support it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื–ื”.
09:00
Now, the final piece of this, the take-home message
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื”, ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงื—ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”
09:06
from a working memory capacity standpoint is this:
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื•:
09:09
what we process, we learn.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื.
09:12
If we're not processing life, we're not living it.
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ืื ืื ื• ืœื ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื.
09:16
Live life. Thank you.
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืชื•ื“ื”.
09:18
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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