How reliable is your memory? | Elizabeth Loftus

Prevodilac: Ivana Korom Lektor: Mile Živković

I'd like to tell you about a legal case that I worked on

Želela bih da vam ispričam o pravnom slučaju na kom sam radila,

involving a man named Steve Titus.

u kom je učestvovao čovek po imenu Stiv Tajtus.

Titus was a restaurant manager.

On je bio upravnik restorana.

He was 31 years old, he lived in Seattle, Washington,

Imao je 31 godinu, živeo u Sijetlu, država Vašington,

he was engaged to Gretchen,

bio veren devojkom Grečen,

about to be married, she was the love of his life.

trebalo je da se venčaju, bila je ljubav njegovog života.

And one night, the couple went out

Jedne večeri su izašli

for a romantic restaurant meal.

na romantičnu večeru u restoran.

They were on their way home,

Bili su na putu kući

and they were pulled over by a police officer.

i zaustavio ih je policajac.

You see, Titus' car sort of resembled

Vidite, Tajtusov auto je ličio

a car that was driven earlier in the evening

na jedan auto koji je vozio, ranije te večeri,

by a man who raped a female hitchhiker,

čovek koji je silovao jednu ženu koja je stopirala,

and Titus kind of resembled that rapist.

a Tajtus je ličio na tog čoveka.

So the police took a picture of Titus,

Policija ga je fotografisala,

they put it in a photo lineup,

stavila fotografiju u niz,

they later showed it to the victim,

pokazala ju je kasnije žrtvi

and she pointed to Titus' photo.

koja je pokazala baš tu fotografiju.

She said, "That one's the closest."

Rekla je: "Ovaj je najsličniji."

The police and the prosecution proceeded with a trial,

Policija i tužilaštvo su pokrenuli proces,

and when Steve Titus was put on trial for rape,

i kada je Stivu Tajtusu suđeno za silovanje,

the rape victim got on the stand

žrtva je svedočila

and said, "I'm absolutely positive that's the man."

i rekla: "Potpuno sam sigurna da je to taj čovek."

And Titus was convicted.

I Tajtus je osuđen.

He proclaimed his innocence,

Objavio je svoju nevinost,

his family screamed at the jury,

njegova porodica je vrištala na porotu,

his fiancée collapsed on the floor sobbing,

verenica se, jecajući, srušila na pod,

and Titus is taken away to jail.

a Tajtus je odveden u zatvor.

So what would you do at this point?

Šta biste vi uradili u tom trenutku?

What would you do?

Šta biste uradili?

Well, Titus lost complete faith in the legal system,

Pa, Tajtus je potpuno izgubio veru u pravni sistem,

and yet he got an idea.

a ipak je imao ideju.

He called up the local newspaper,

Pozvao je lokalne novine,

he got the interest of an investigative journalist,

zainteresovao jednog novinara istraživača,

and that journalist actually found the real rapist,

koji je pronašao pravog silovatelja,

a man who ultimately confessed to this rape,

čoveka koji je na kraju priznao ovo silovanje,

a man who was thought to have committed 50 rapes

čoveka za kog se smatralo da je počinio 50 silovanja

in that area,

u ovoj oblasti,

and when this information was given to the judge,

i kada su te informacije date sudiji,

the judge set Titus free.

Tajtus je bio oslobođen.

And really, that's where this case should have ended.

Stvarno, tu je slučaj trebalo da se završi.

It should have been over.

Trebalo je da se završi.

Titus should have thought of this as a horrible year,

Tajtus je trebalo da ovo smatra užasnom godinom,

a year of accusation and trial, but over.

godinom optužbi i suđenja, ali završenom.

It didn't end that way.

Nije se tako završilo.

Titus was so bitter.

Tajtus je bio toliko ogorčen.

He'd lost his job. He couldn't get it back.

Izgubio je posao, nije mogao da ga vrati.

He lost his fiancée.

Izgubio je verenicu.

She couldn't put up with his persistent anger.

Nije mogla da trpi njegov uporni bes.

He lost his entire savings,

Izgubio je celu ušteđevinu,

and so he decided to file a lawsuit

pa je odlučio da pokrene parnicu

against the police and others whom he felt

protiv policije i ostalih za koje je mislio

were responsible for his suffering.

da su odgovorni za njegovu patnju.

And that's when I really started working on this case,

Tada sam stvarno počela da radim na ovom slučaju,

trying to figure out

pokušavajući da utvrdim

how did that victim go from

kako je žrtva došla sa

"That one's the closest"

"Taj je najsličniji"

to "I'm absolutely positive that's the guy."

do "Potpuno sam sigurna da je on".

Well, Titus was consumed with his civil case.

Tajtusa je ovaj slučaj progutao.

He spent every waking moment thinking about it,

Svakog trenutka je o njemu razmišljao

and just days before he was to have his day in court,

i nekoliko dana pre suđenja,

he woke up in the morning,

probudio se ujutru,

doubled over in pain,

presavio se od bola

and died of a stress-related heart attack.

i umro od srčanog udara izazvanog stresom.

He was 35 years old.

Imao je 35 godina.

So I was asked to work on Titus' case

Pozvana sam da radim na ovom slučaju

because I'm a psychological scientist.

jer sam psiholog.

I study memory. I've studied memory for decades.

Proučavam pamćenje već decenijama.

And if I meet somebody on an airplane --

I ako upoznam nekoga u avionu -

this happened on the way over to Scotland --

ovo se desilo i na putu za Škotsku -

if I meet somebody on an airplane,

ako upoznam nekoga u avionu,

and we ask each other, "What do you do? What do you do?"

i pitamo jedno drugo: "Čime se bavite?"

and I say "I study memory,"

i kažem "Proučavam pamćenje",

they usually want to tell me how they have trouble remembering names,

oni obično žele da mi kažu kako imaju poteškoća da zapamte imena

or they've got a relative who's got Alzheimer's

ili imaju rođaka koji pati od Alchajmerove bolesti

or some kind of memory problem,

ili nekog problema sa pamćenjem,

but I have to tell them

ali moram da im kažem

I don't study when people forget.

da ne proučavam ono kad ljudi zaborave.

I study the opposite: when they remember,

Proučavam suprotno: kada se sećaju,

when they remember things that didn't happen

stvari koje se nisu desile

or remember things that were different

ili pamte stvari drugačijim

from the way they really were.

nego što su zaista bile.

I study false memories.

Proučavam lažna sećanja.

Unhappily, Steve Titus is not the only person

Nažalost, Stiv Tajtus nije jedina osoba

to be convicted based on somebody's false memory.

koja je osuđena na osnovu nečijeg lažnog sećanja.

In one project in the United States,

Jedan projekat u SAD-u

information has been gathered

prikupio je informacije

on 300 innocent people,

o 300 nevinih ljudi,

300 defendants who were convicted of crimes they didn't do.

300 osuđenih za zločine koje nisu počinili.

They spent 10, 20, 30 years in prison for these crimes,

Proveli su 10, 20, 30 godina u zatvoru za ove zločine,

and now DNA testing has proven

i onda je DNK testiranje dokazalo

that they are actually innocent.

da su u stvari nevini.

And when those cases have been analyzed,

Kada su ti slučajevi analizirani,

three quarters of them

tri četvrtine njih

are due to faulty memory, faulty eyewitness memory.

nastalo je zbog netačnog pamćenja, netačnog pamćenja svedoka.

Well, why?

Dakle, zašto?

Like the jurors who convicted those innocent people

Kao porotnici koji su osudili te nevine ljude,

and the jurors who convicted Titus,

kao i porotnici koji su osudili Tajtusa,

many people believe that memory

mnogi ljudi veruju da pamćenje

works like a recording device.

radi kao uređaj za snimanje.

You just record the information,

Samo snimite informacije,

then you call it up and play it back

potom ih prizovete i pustite

when you want to answer questions or identify images.

kada želite da odgovorite na pitanja ili identifikujete slike.

But decades of work in psychology

Ali decenije rada u psihologiji

has shown that this just isn't true.

pokazuju da ovo nije istina.

Our memories are constructive.

Naša sećanja su konstruktivna.

They're reconstructive.

I rekonstruktivna.

Memory works a little bit more like a Wikipedia page:

Pamćenje pre funkcioniše kao stranica Vikipedije:

You can go in there and change it, but so can other people.

možete mu pristupiti i promeniti ga, ali to mogu i drugi ljudi.

I first started studying this constructive memory process

Prvi put sam počela da proučavam proces konstruktivnog pamćenja

in the 1970s.

sedamdesetih.

I did my experiments that involved showing people

Eksperimentisala sam puštajući ljudima

simulated crimes and accidents

simulirane zločine i nesreće

and asking them questions about what they remember.

i postavljajući im pitanja o tome čega se sećaju.

In one study, we showed people a simulated accident

U jednom eksperimentu pokazali smo simuliranu nesreću

and we asked people,

i pitali smo ljude

how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?

koliko brzo su automobili išli kada su se sudarili.

And we asked other people,

Druge smo pitali

how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?

koliko brzo su automobili išli kada su se razvalili.

And if we asked the leading "smashed" question,

Kada smo postavljali pitanje sa "razvalili",

the witnesses told us the cars were going faster,

svedoci su govorili da su automobili išli brže,

and moreover, that leading "smashed" question

štaviše, takvo pitanje

caused people to be more likely to tell us

je navelo ljude da nam kažu

that they saw broken glass in the accident scene

da su videli razbijeno staklo na mestu nesreće,

when there wasn't any broken glass at all.

gde razbijenog stakla nije bilo.

In another study, we showed a simulated accident

U drugoj studiji, prikazali smo simuliranu nesreću

where a car went through an intersection with a stop sign,

gde je auto prošao kroz raskrsnicu sa "stop" znakom,

and if we asked a question that insinuated it was a yield sign,

i kada smo postavili pitanje koje insinuira da je u pitanju trougao,

many witnesses told us they remember seeing a yield sign

mnogi svedoci su rekli da se sećaju da su videli trougao

at the intersection, not a stop sign.

na raskrsnici, a ne "stop".

And you might be thinking, well, you know,

Možda mislite

these are filmed events,

da su ovo snimljeni događaji,

they are not particularly stressful.

nisu naročito stresni.

Would the same kind of mistakes be made

Da li bi iste greške nastale

with a really stressful event?

sa zaista stresnim događajima?

In a study we published just a few months ago,

U jednoj studiji koju smo objavili pre samo nekoliko meseci,

we have an answer to this question,

imamo odgovor na to pitanje,

because what was unusual about this study

jer ono što je neobično u vezi sa ovom studijom,

is we arranged for people to have a very stressful experience.

je da smo namestili da ljudi dožive izuzetno stresno iskustvo.

The subjects in this study

Subjekti ove studije

were members of the U.S. military

bili su članovi američke vojske,

who were undergoing a harrowing training exercise

koji su prolazili kroz užasan trening

to teach them what it's going to be like for them

koji ih uči kako će im biti

if they are ever captured as prisoners of war.

ako ikada postanu ratni zarobljenici.

And as part of this training exercise,

Kao deo ove vežbe,

these soldiers are interrogated in an aggressive,

vojnici su ispitivani na agresivan,

hostile, physically abusive fashion for 30 minutes

neprijateljski, fizički nasilan način 30 minuta

and later on they have to try to identify

i kasnije treba da pokušaju da identifikuju

the person who conducted that interrogation.

osobu koja je sprovodila ispitivanje.

And when we feed them suggestive information

Kada im dajemo sugestivne informacije

that insinuates it's a different person,

koje navode na drugu osobu,

many of them misidentify their interrogator,

mnogi od njih pogrešno identifikuju svog ispitivača,

often identifying someone who doesn't even remotely

često identifikuju nekoga ko nimalo ne liči

resemble the real interrogator.

na pravog ispitivača.

And so what these studies are showing

Dakle, ove studije pokazuju

is that when you feed people misinformation

da, kada ljudima date pogrešne informacije

about some experience that they may have had,

o nekom iskustvu kroz koje su možda prošli,

you can distort or contaminate or change their memory.

možete iskriviti ili zatrovati ili promeniti njihovo pamćenje.

Well out there in the real world,

Pa, pogrešne informacije

misinformation is everywhere.

postoje svuda, u stvarnom svetu.

We get misinformation

Pogrešne informacije dobijamo

not only if we're questioned in a leading way,

ne samo kad smo navođeni u ispitivanju,

but if we talk to other witnesses

nego i ako razgovaramo sa drugim svedocima,

who might consciously or inadvertently feed us

koji mogu svesno ili nesvesno

some erroneous information,

da nam daju neke pogrešne informacije,

or if we see media coverage about some event we might have experienced,

ili kada vidimo medijski izveštaj o nekom događaju koji smo doživeli,

all of these provide the opportunity

sve ovo pruža priliku

for this kind of contamination of our memory.

za menjanje našeg sećanja.

In the 1990s, we began to see

Devedesetih smo počinjali da viđamo

an even more extreme kind of memory problem.

ekstremniju vrstu problema sa sećanjem.

Some patients were going into therapy with one problem --

Neki pacijenti su odlazili na terapiju sa jednim problemom -

maybe they had depression, an eating disorder --

možda depresijom ili poremećajem ishrane -

and they were coming out of therapy

a sa terapije izlazili

with a different problem.

sa drugim problemom.

Extreme memories for horrific brutalizations,

Ekstremna sećanja užasnih brutalizacija,

sometimes in satanic rituals,

ponekad satanističkih rituala,

sometimes involving really bizarre and unusual elements.

ponekad uključujući izuzetno bizarne i neobične elemente.

One woman came out of psychotherapy

Jedna žena je iz psihoterapije izašla

believing that she'd endured years

verujući da je pretrpela godine

of ritualistic abuse, where she was forced into a pregnancy

ritualističkih mučenja, gde je naterana na trudnoću

and that the baby was cut from her belly.

i gde joj je beba isečena iz stomaka.

But there were no physical scars

Ali nisu postojali fizički ožiljci

or any kind of physical evidence

ili bilo kakvi fizički dokazi

that could have supported her story.

koji bi potkrepili njenu priču.

And when I began looking into these cases,

Kada sam počela da istražujem ove slučajeve,

I was wondering,

pitala sam se,

where do these bizarre memories come from?

odakle dolaze ova bizarna sećanja?

And what I found is that most of these situations

Pronašla sam da većina ovih situacija

involved some particular form of psychotherapy.

uključuje neku određenu vrstu psihoterapije.

And so I asked,

I pitala sam

were some of the things going on in this psychotherapy --

da li neke od stvari koje se u toj psihoterapiji odvijaju -

like the imagination exercises

vežbe maštanja,

or dream interpretation,

interpretacije snova

or in some cases hypnosis,

ili u nekim slučajevima hipnoza,

or in some cases exposure to false information --

izlaganje lažnim informacijama -

were these leading these patients

da li to navodi pacijente

to develop these very bizarre,

da razviju ova bizarna,

unlikely memories?

neverovatna sećanja?

And I designed some experiments

Osmislila sam neke eksperimente

to try to study the processes that were being used

da pokušam da proučim procese koji su se koristili

in this psychotherapy so I could study

u ovoj psihoterapiji, da bih mogla da proučim

the development of these very rich false memories.

razvoj ovih bogatih lažnih sećanja.

In one of the first studies we did,

U jednom od prvih eksperimenata,

we used suggestion,

koristili smo sugestiju,

a method inspired by the psychotherapy we saw in these cases,

metod inspirisan psihoterapijom koju smo videli u ovim slučajevima,

we used this kind of suggestion

koristili smo tu vrstu sugestije,

and planted a false memory

i usadili lažno sećanje,

that when you were a kid, five or six years old,

da ste se, kad ste bili dete, sa pet ili šest godina,

you were lost in a shopping mall.

izgubili u tržnom centru.

You were frightened. You were crying.

Bili ste uplašeni. Plakali ste.

You were ultimately rescued by an elderly person

Na kraju vas je spasila starija osoba

and reunited with the family.

i vratila vašoj porodici.

And we succeeded in planting this memory

Uspeli smo da usadimo ovo sećanje

in the minds of about a quarter of our subjects.

u umove otprilike četvrtine naših subjekata.

And you might be thinking, well,

Možda mislite, pa dobro,

that's not particularly stressful.

to nije baš stresno.

But we and other investigators have planted

Ali mi i drugi istraživači smo usadili

rich false memories of things that were

bogata lažna sećanja na stvari koje su bile

much more unusual and much more stressful.

mnogo neuobičajenije i mnogo stresnije.

So in a study done in Tennessee,

U jednoj studiji u Tenesiju,

researchers planted the false memory

istraživači su usadili lažno sećanje

that when you were a kid, you nearly drowned

da ste se, kao mali, skoro udavili

and had to be rescued by a life guard.

i morao je da vam pomogne spasilac.

And in a study done in Canada,

U jednoj studiji u Kanadi,

researchers planted the false memory

istraživači su usadili lažno sećanje

that when you were a kid,

da vam se, kao detetu,

something as awful as being attacked by a vicious animal

desilo nešto strašno kao što je

happened to you,

napad divlje životinje,

succeeding with about half of their subjects.

i to je uspelo kod oko polovine njihovih subjekata.

And in a study done in Italy,

A u studiji u Italiji,

researchers planted the false memory,

istraživači su usadili lažno sećanje

when you were a kid, you witnessed demonic possession.

da ste, kao dete, bili svedok demonske posednutosti.

I do want to add that it might seem

Želim da dodam da možda izgleda

like we are traumatizing these experimental subjects

kao da traumatizujemo ove subjekte

in the name of science,

u ime nauke,

but our studies have gone through thorough evaluation

ali naše studije su prošle kroz detaljnu evaluaciju

by research ethics boards

istraživačkih etičkih komisija,

that have made the decision

koje su odlučile

that the temporary discomfort that some

da je trenutna nelagoda

of these subjects might experience in these studies

koju neki od subjekata možda osete u ovim studijama

is outweighed by the importance of this problem

nadjačana značajem ovog problema

for understanding memory processes

za razumevanje procesa pamćenja

and the abuse of memory that is going on

i zloupotrebe pamćenja koje se dešava

in some places in the world.

na nekim mestima u svetu.

Well, to my surprise,

Pa, na moje iznenađenje,

when I published this work and began to speak out

kada sam objavila ovaj rad i počela da govorim

against this particular brand of psychotherapy,

protiv ove vrste psihoterapije,

it created some pretty bad problems for me:

to mi je stvorilo neke gadne probleme:

hostilities, primarily from the repressed memory therapists,

neprijateljstva, prvenstveno od terapeuta potisnutih sećanja,

who felt under attack,

koji su se osetili napadnutim,

and by the patients whom they had influenced.

i od pacijenata na koje su uticali.

I had sometimes armed guards at speeches

Ponekada sam imala naoružano obezbeđenje

that I was invited to give,

na govorima koje sam držala,

people trying to drum up letter-writing campaigns to get me fired.

ljudi su pokušavali da sprovedu kampanje kojima bi me otpustili.

But probably the worst

Ali možda najgore,

was I suspected that a woman

sumnjala sam da je jedna žena

was innocent of abuse

nevina za zlostavljanje

that was being claimed by her grown daughter.

za koje ju je optužila njena odrasla ćerka.

She accused her mother of sexual abuse

Optužila je majku za seksualno zlostavljanje

based on a repressed memory.

zasnovano na potisnutom sećanju.

And this accusing daughter had actually allowed her story

Ova ćerka je dozvolila da se njena priča

to be filmed and presented in public places.

snimi i prikazuje na javnim mestima.

I was suspicious of this story,

Posumnjala sam u tu priču

and so I started to investigate,

i počela da istražujem,

and eventually found information that convinced me

naposletku našavši informacije koje su me ubedile

that this mother was innocent.

da je ta majka nevina.

I published an exposé on the case,

Objavila sam izveštaj o slučaju,

and a little while later, the accusing daughter

i malo kasnije, ta ćerka

filed a lawsuit.

je podigla tužbu.

Even though I'd never mentioned her name,

Iako nikad nisam pomenula njeno ime,

she sued me for defamation and invasion of privacy.

tužila me je za povredu časti i privatnosti.

And I went through nearly five years

Prošla sam kroz skoro 5 godina

of dealing with this messy, unpleasant litigation,

borbe sa tom haotičnom, neprijatnom parnicom,

but finally, finally, it was over and I could really

ali konačno je sve bilo gotovo

get back to my work.

i mogla sam da se vratim svom poslu.

In the process, however, I became part

Međutim, u tom procesu sam postala deo

of a disturbing trend in America

uznemiravajućeg trenda u Americi,

where scientists are being sued

gde se naučnici tuže

for simply speaking out on matters of great public controversy.

zbog iznošenja mišljenja o stvarima velike javne kontraverze.

When I got back to my work, I asked this question:

Kada sam se vratila poslu, postavila sam sledeće pitanje:

if I plant a false memory in your mind,

ako u vaš um ubacim lažno sećanje,

does it have repercussions?

da li to ima posledica?

Does it affect your later thoughts,

Da li utiče na vaše kasnije misli,

your later behaviors?

vaša kasnija ponašanja?

Our first study planted a false memory

Naš prvi eksperiment ubacio je lažno sećanje

that you got sick as a child eating certain foods:

da ste se kao dete razboleli jedući određenu hranu;

hard-boiled eggs, dill pickles, strawberry ice cream.

tvrdo kuvana jaja, turšiju, sladoled od jagoda.

And we found that once we planted this false memory,

Otkrili smo da, kada ubacimo ova sećanja,

people didn't want to eat the foods as much

ljudi na pikniku nisu više želeli

at an outdoor picnic.

da jedu tu hranu.

The false memories aren't necessarily bad or unpleasant.

Lažna sećanja nisu obavezno loša ili neprijatna.

If we planted a warm, fuzzy memory

Ako ubacimo toplo, prijatno sećanje

involving a healthy food like asparagus,

koje uključuje zdravu hranu kao što je špargla,

we could get people to want to eat asparagus more.

možemo navesti ljude da žele da jedu više špargle.

And so what these studies are showing

Ove studije pokazuju

is that you can plant false memories

da možete ubaciti lažna sećanja

and they have repercussions

i ona imaju posledice

that affect behavior long after the memories take hold.

na ponašanje mnogo vremena kasnije.

Well, along with this ability

Pa, sa ovom sposobnošću

to plant memories and control behavior

za postavljanjem sećanja i kontrolisanjem ponašanja,

obviously come some important ethical issues,

očigledno dolaze i neka važna etička pitanja,

like, when should we use this mind technology?

na primer, kada bi trebalo da koristimo ovu tehnologiju uma?

And should we ever ban its use?

Da li bi trebalo da zabranimo njenu upotrebu?

Therapists can't ethically plant false memories

Terapeuti ne mogu etički da ubacuju lažna sećanja

in the mind of their patients

u umove pacijenata,

even if it would help the patient,

čak i kada bi to pacijentu pomoglo,

but there's nothing to stop a parent

ali ništa ne sprečava roditelja

from trying this out on their overweight or obese teenager.

da ovo isproba na svom gojaznom tinejdžeru.

And when I suggested this publicly,

Kada sam ovo javno rekla,

it created an outcry again.

to je ponovo stvorilo pobunu.

"There she goes. She's advocating that parents lie to their children."

"Evo je opet. Zagovara da roditelji lažu svoju decu".

Hello, Santa Claus. (Laughter)

Zdravo, Deda Mraze. (Smeh)

I mean, another way to think about this is,

Mislim, možete se i zapitati

which would you rather have,

šta biste radije imali,

a kid with obesity, diabetes, shortened lifespan,

dete sa gojaznošću, dijabetesom, kraćim životnim vekom

all the things that go with it,

i svime što sa tim ide

or a kid with one little extra bit of false memory?

ili dete sa jednim lažnim sećanjem više?

I know what I would choose for a kid of mine.

Znam šta bih ja izabrala za svoje dete.

But maybe my work has made me different from most people.

Ali možda je mene moj posao učinio drugačijom od većine.

Most people cherish their memories,

Većina voli svoja sećanja,

know that they represent their identity,

zna da ona predstavljaju njihov identitet,

who they are, where they came from.

ono ko su i odakle dolaze.

And I appreciate that. I feel that way too.

Ja poštujem to. I ja se tako osećam.

But I know from my work

Ali iz svog posla znam

how much fiction is already in there.

koliko je fikcije već prisutno tu.

If I've learned anything from these decades

Ako sam išta naučila iz ovih decenija

of working on these problems, it's this:

rada na ovim problema, to je ovo:

just because somebody tells you something

samo zato što vam neko nešto kaže

and they say it with confidence,

i to čini sa poverenjem,

just because they say it with lots of detail,

samo zato što to kaže sa mnogo detalja

just because they express emotion when they say it,

i sa mnogo emocija,

it doesn't mean that it really happened.

ne znači da se to zaista dogodilo.

We can't reliably distinguish true memories from false memories.

Ne možemo pouzdano razlikovati istinita od lažnih sećanja.

We need independent corroboration.

Potrebni su nam nezavisni dokazi.

Such a discovery has made me more tolerant

To otkriće me je učinilo tolerantnijom

of the everyday memory mistakes

na svakodnevne greške u pamćenju

that my friends and family members make.

koje čine moji prijatelji i porodica.

Such a discovery might have saved Steve Titus,

Takvo otkriće je moglo da spase Stiva Tajtusa,

the man whose whole future was snatched away

čoveka čiju celu budućnost je oduzelo

by a false memory.

jedno lažno sećanje.

But meanwhile, we should all keep in mind,

Ali u međuvremenu, trebalo bi da zapamtimo,

we'd do well to,

bolje da zapamtimo,

that memory, like liberty,

da je pamćenje, kao sloboda,

is a fragile thing.

osetljiva stvar.

Thank you. Thank you.

Hvala vam.

Thank you. (Applause)

Hvala vam. (Aplauz)

Thanks very much. (Applause)

Hvala vam mnogo. (Aplauz)