How reliable is your memory? | Elizabeth Loftus

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

I'd like to tell you about a legal case that I worked on

Želim vam reći o pravnom slučaju na kojem sam radila

involving a man named Steve Titus.

koji uključuje čovjeka pod imenom Steve Titus.

Titus was a restaurant manager.

Titus je bio voditelj restorana.

He was 31 years old, he lived in Seattle, Washington,

Imao je 31 godinu, živio je u Seattleu u Washingtonu,

he was engaged to Gretchen,

bio je zaručen za Gretchen,

about to be married, she was the love of his life.

trebao se ženiti, bila je ljubav njegova života.

And one night, the couple went out

I jedne večeri par je izašao van

for a romantic restaurant meal.

na romantičnu večeru u restoran.

They were on their way home,

Vraćali su se kući

and they were pulled over by a police officer.

i zaustavio ih je policajac.

You see, Titus' car sort of resembled

Znate, Titusov auto je nekako sličio

a car that was driven earlier in the evening

autu kojeg je ranije te noći vozio

by a man who raped a female hitchhiker,

čovjek koji je silovao autostopericu

and Titus kind of resembled that rapist.

i Titus je nekako ličio na tog silovatelja.

So the police took a picture of Titus,

Tako je policija uslikala Titusa,

they put it in a photo lineup,

stavili su sliku u listu,

they later showed it to the victim,

koju su kasnije pokazali žrtvi

and she pointed to Titus' photo.

i ona je pokazala na Titusovu sliku.

She said, "That one's the closest."

Rekla je:"Taj je najbliže."

The police and the prosecution proceeded with a trial,

Policija i optužba su nastavili sa suđenjem

and when Steve Titus was put on trial for rape,

i kad je Steveu Titusu suđeno za silovanje,

the rape victim got on the stand

žrtva silovanja je svjedočila:

and said, "I'm absolutely positive that's the man."

"Apsolutno sam sigurna da je to taj čovjek."

And Titus was convicted.

I Titus je osuđen.

He proclaimed his innocence,

Oglasio se nedužnim,

his family screamed at the jury,

njegova obitelj je vikala na porotu,

his fiancée collapsed on the floor sobbing,

njegova zaručnica se srušila na pod plačući

and Titus is taken away to jail.

i Titus je zatvoren.

So what would you do at this point?

Što biste učinili u tom trenutku?

What would you do?

Što biste napravili?

Well, Titus lost complete faith in the legal system,

Pa, Titus je izgubio potpuno povjerenje u pravni sustav,

and yet he got an idea.

ali je opet dobio ideju.

He called up the local newspaper,

Nazvao je lokalne novine,

he got the interest of an investigative journalist,

dobio pažnju istražnog novinara

and that journalist actually found the real rapist,

i taj novinar je zapravo našao pravog silovatelja,

a man who ultimately confessed to this rape,

čovjeka koji je na kraju priznao to silovanje,

a man who was thought to have committed 50 rapes

čovjek za kojeg se mislilo da je počinio 50 silovanja

in that area,

u tom području,

and when this information was given to the judge,

i kad je ta informacija dana sucu,

the judge set Titus free.

sudac je oslobodio Titusa.

And really, that's where this case should have ended.

I stvarno, to je mjesto gdje je taj slučaj trebao završiti.

It should have been over.

Trebalo je biti gotovo.

Titus should have thought of this as a horrible year,

Titus je trebao razmišljati o tom kao o groznoj godini,

a year of accusation and trial, but over.

godini optužaba i suđenja, ali gotovoj.

It didn't end that way.

Nije završilo tako.

Titus was so bitter.

Titus je bio jako ogorčen.

He'd lost his job. He couldn't get it back.

Izgubio je posao. Nije ga mogao dobiti nazad.

He lost his fiancée.

Izgubio je zaručnicu.

She couldn't put up with his persistent anger.

Nije mogla podnijeti njegovu stalnu ljutnju.

He lost his entire savings,

Izgubio je svu svoju ušteđevinu

and so he decided to file a lawsuit

i odlučio je podnijeti tužbu

against the police and others whom he felt

protiv policije i drugih za koje je smatrao

were responsible for his suffering.

da su odgovorni za njegovu patnju.

And that's when I really started working on this case,

I to je kad sam stvarno počela raditi na ovom slučaju,

trying to figure out

pokušavajući shvatiti

how did that victim go from

kako je ta žrtva otišla od

"That one's the closest"

"Taj je najbliže"

to "I'm absolutely positive that's the guy."

do "Apsolutno sam sigurna da je to taj tip".

Well, Titus was consumed with his civil case.

Pa, Titus je bio obuzet svojim građanskim slučajem.

He spent every waking moment thinking about it,

Provodio je svaki budni trenutak razmišljajući o tom

and just days before he was to have his day in court,

samo dane prije nego je trebao imati svoj dan na sudu,

he woke up in the morning,

probudio se ujutro,

doubled over in pain,

savio od boli

and died of a stress-related heart attack.

i umro od srčanog napadaja povezanog sa stresom.

He was 35 years old.

Imao je samo 35 godina.

So I was asked to work on Titus' case

Zamoljena sam da radim na Titusovom slučaju

because I'm a psychological scientist.

jer sam psihološki znanstvenik.

I study memory. I've studied memory for decades.

Proučavam sjećanja. Proučavala sam sjećanja desetljećima.

And if I meet somebody on an airplane --

I ako upoznam nekog u avionu -

this happened on the way over to Scotland --

to se dogodilo na putu za Škotsku -

if I meet somebody on an airplane,

ako upoznam nekoga u avionu

and we ask each other, "What do you do? What do you do?"

i pitamo jedno drugo "Čime se bavite? Što radite?"

and I say "I study memory,"

i ja kažem "Proučavam sjećanja,"

they usually want to tell me how they have trouble remembering names,

oni mi inače žele reći kako imaju problema s pamćenjem imena

or they've got a relative who's got Alzheimer's

ili imaju rođaka koji ima Alzheimerovu

or some kind of memory problem,

ili neki problem sa sjećanjem,

but I have to tell them

ali im moram reći

I don't study when people forget.

da ne proučavam kad ljudi zaborave.

I study the opposite: when they remember,

Proučavam suprotno: kad se sjete,

when they remember things that didn't happen

kad se sjete stvari koje se nisu dogodile

or remember things that were different

ili se sjete stvari koje su drugačije

from the way they really were.

od onog kakve su stvarno bile.

I study false memories.

Proučavam lažna sjećanja.

Unhappily, Steve Titus is not the only person

Na nesreću, Steve Titus nije jedina osoba

to be convicted based on somebody's false memory.

koja je bila osuđena na temelju nečijeg lažnog sjećanja.

In one project in the United States,

U jednom projektu u Sjedinjenim Državama,

information has been gathered

skupljene su informacije

on 300 innocent people,

o 300 nevinih ljudi,

300 defendants who were convicted of crimes they didn't do.

300 branjenika koji su osuđeni za zločin koji nisu počinili.

They spent 10, 20, 30 years in prison for these crimes,

Proveli su 10, 20, 30 godina u zatvoru za te zločine

and now DNA testing has proven

i sada je DNK testiranje dokazalo

that they are actually innocent.

da su zapravo nevini.

And when those cases have been analyzed,

I kad su ti slučajevi analizirani,

three quarters of them

tri četvrtine njih

are due to faulty memory, faulty eyewitness memory.

su zbog lošeg pamćenja,lošeg pamćenja svjedoka.

Well, why?

Pa, zašto?

Like the jurors who convicted those innocent people

Poput porote koje su osudile te nevine ljude

and the jurors who convicted Titus,

i porote koja je osudila Titusa,

many people believe that memory

mnogi ljudi vjeruju da sjećanje

works like a recording device.

funkcionira poput stroja za snimanje.

You just record the information,

Samo snimite informaciju,

then you call it up and play it back

onda ju pozovete i pustite

when you want to answer questions or identify images.

kad želite odgovoriti na pitanja ili identificirati slike.

But decades of work in psychology

Ali desetljeća rada u psihologiji

has shown that this just isn't true.

su pokazala da to jednostavno nije istina.

Our memories are constructive.

Naša sjećanja su konstruktivna.

They're reconstructive.

Ona su rekonstruktivna.

Memory works a little bit more like a Wikipedia page:

Sjećanje radi otprilike kao i stranica Wikipedije:

You can go in there and change it, but so can other people.

Možete otići tamo i promijeniti ju, ali isto tako mogu i drugi ljudi.

I first started studying this constructive memory process

Započela sam proučavati taj proces konstruktivnih sjećanja

in the 1970s.

1970-ih.

I did my experiments that involved showing people

Radila sam eksperimente koji su uključivali pokazivanje ljudima

simulated crimes and accidents

simulirane zločine i nesreće

and asking them questions about what they remember.

i ispitujući ih o tom čega se sjećaju.

In one study, we showed people a simulated accident

U jednoj studiji, pokazali smo ljudima simuliranu nesreću

and we asked people,

i pitali ih,

how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?

koliko brzo su išli auti kad su udarili jedan drugog?

And we asked other people,

I pitali smo druge ljude

how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?

koliko su brzo išli auti kad su se smrskali jedan o drugoga.

And if we asked the leading "smashed" question,

I ako bismo pitali navodljivo "smrskano" pitanje,

the witnesses told us the cars were going faster,

svjedoci bi rekli da su auti išli brže,

and moreover, that leading "smashed" question

štoviše, to navodljivo "smrskano" pitanje

caused people to be more likely to tell us

uzrokovalo je da su ljudi skloniji reći nam

that they saw broken glass in the accident scene

da su vidjeli razbijeno staklo u sceni nesreće

when there wasn't any broken glass at all.

u kojoj uopće nije bilo nikakvog razbijenog stakla.

In another study, we showed a simulated accident

U drugoj studiji, pokazali smo simuliranu nesreću

where a car went through an intersection with a stop sign,

gdje je auto prošao križanje sa stop znakom

and if we asked a question that insinuated it was a yield sign,

i ako bismo pitali pitanje koje je insinuiralo da je to bio znak prednosti prolaza,

many witnesses told us they remember seeing a yield sign

mnogi svjedoci bi nam rekli da se sjećaju da su vidjeli znak prednosti prolaza

at the intersection, not a stop sign.

na raskrižju, a ne stop znak.

And you might be thinking, well, you know,

I vjerojatno razmišljate, pa, znate,

these are filmed events,

to su snimljeni događaji,

they are not particularly stressful.

nisu pretjerano stresni.

Would the same kind of mistakes be made

Bi li iste greške bile napravljene

with a really stressful event?

s jako stresnim događajem?

In a study we published just a few months ago,

U studiji koju smo objavili prije par mjeseci,

we have an answer to this question,

imamo odgovor na ovo pitanje

because what was unusual about this study

jer što je bilo neobično kod ove studije

is we arranged for people to have a very stressful experience.

je da smo organizirali da ljudi imaju jako stresno iskustvo.

The subjects in this study

Subjekti u ovoj studiji

were members of the U.S. military

bili su članovi američke vojske

who were undergoing a harrowing training exercise

koji su prolazili naporne trening vježbe

to teach them what it's going to be like for them

koje bi ih trebale naučiti kako će im biti

if they are ever captured as prisoners of war.

ako ikad budu ratni zarobljenici.

And as part of this training exercise,

I kao dio tih vježbi,

these soldiers are interrogated in an aggressive,

ti vojnici su bili ispitivani na agresivan,

hostile, physically abusive fashion for 30 minutes

neprijateljski i fizički zlostavljački način 30 minuta

and later on they have to try to identify

i nakon tog trebaju pokušati identificirati

the person who conducted that interrogation.

osobu koja je vodila ispitivanje.

And when we feed them suggestive information

I kad ih nahranimo sugestivnim informacijama

that insinuates it's a different person,

koje insinuiraju da je druga osoba,

many of them misidentify their interrogator,

mnogi od njih krivo identificiraju svog ispitivača,

often identifying someone who doesn't even remotely

često identificirajući nekog tko nimalo

resemble the real interrogator.

ne sliči na pravog ispitivača.

And so what these studies are showing

Ono što ove studije pokazuju

is that when you feed people misinformation

jest da kad ljude hranite dezinformacijama

about some experience that they may have had,

o nekom iskustva koje su možda imali,

you can distort or contaminate or change their memory.

možete iskriviti, ili zagaditi ili izmijeniti njihovo sjećanje.

Well out there in the real world,

U pravom svijetu,

misinformation is everywhere.

dezinformacije su posvuda.

We get misinformation

Dobivamo dezinformacije

not only if we're questioned in a leading way,

samo ako smo ispitivani na navodljiv način,

but if we talk to other witnesses

ali ako pričamo s drugim svjedocima

who might consciously or inadvertently feed us

koji bi mogli svjesno ili nenamjerno hraniti nas

some erroneous information,

nekim krivim informacijama

or if we see media coverage about some event we might have experienced,

ili ako vidimo medijsku objavu o nekom događaju koji smo iskusili,

all of these provide the opportunity

sve to može pružiti priliku

for this kind of contamination of our memory.

za takvu vrstu zagađenja našeg sjećanja.

In the 1990s, we began to see

U 1990-ima, počeli smo viđati

an even more extreme kind of memory problem.

sve ekstremnije vrste problema sa sjećanjem.

Some patients were going into therapy with one problem --

Neki pacijenti su išli na terapiju s jednim problemom -

maybe they had depression, an eating disorder --

možda su imali depresiju, poremećaj prehrane -

and they were coming out of therapy

- i izlazili su iz terapije

with a different problem.

s drugačijim problemom.

Extreme memories for horrific brutalizations,

Ekstremna sjećanja za grozne brutalizacije,

sometimes in satanic rituals,

ponekad satanskih rituala,

sometimes involving really bizarre and unusual elements.

ponekad uključujući bizarne i neobične elemente.

One woman came out of psychotherapy

Jedna žena je došla iz psihoterapije

believing that she'd endured years

vjerujući da je izdržala godine

of ritualistic abuse, where she was forced into a pregnancy

ritualističkog zlostavljanja, gdje je siljena u trudnoću

and that the baby was cut from her belly.

i da je dijete izrezano iz njenog trbuha.

But there were no physical scars

Ali nije bilo fizičkih ožiljaka

or any kind of physical evidence

ili bilo kakvog oblika fizičkog dokaza

that could have supported her story.

koji bi mogli poduprijeti njenu priču.

And when I began looking into these cases,

I kad sam počela provjeravati te slučajeve,

I was wondering,

pitala sam se,

where do these bizarre memories come from?

otkud dolaze ta bizarna sjećanja?

And what I found is that most of these situations

I što sam saznala je da većina ovih situacija

involved some particular form of psychotherapy.

uključuje neku vrstu psihoterapije.

And so I asked,

I tako sam pitala,

were some of the things going on in this psychotherapy --

jesu li neke od stvari koje se događaju na psihoterapiji -

like the imagination exercises

poput vježbi mašte

or dream interpretation,

ili tumačenja snova,

or in some cases hypnosis,

ili u nekim slučajevima hipnoze,

or in some cases exposure to false information --

ili u nekim slučajevima izloženost lažnim informacijama -

were these leading these patients

jesu li one navodile pacijente

to develop these very bizarre,

da razviju ova jako bizarna,

unlikely memories?

nevjerojatna sjećanja?

And I designed some experiments

I osmislila sam neke eksperimente

to try to study the processes that were being used

kako bih pokušala proučiti procese koji su se koristili

in this psychotherapy so I could study

u psihoterapiji kako bih mogla proučiti

the development of these very rich false memories.

razvoj tih vrlo bogato lažnih sjećanja.

In one of the first studies we did,

U jednoj od prvih studija koje smo napravili,

we used suggestion,

koristili smo sugestiju,

a method inspired by the psychotherapy we saw in these cases,

metodu inspiriranu psihoterapijom koju smo vidjeli u ovim slučajevima,

we used this kind of suggestion

koristili smo takav oblik sugestije

and planted a false memory

i posadili lažno sjećanje

that when you were a kid, five or six years old,

da kad ste bili dijete, pet ili šest godina stari,

you were lost in a shopping mall.

bili ste izgubljeni u trgovačkom centru.

You were frightened. You were crying.

Bili ste prestrašeni. Plakali ste.

You were ultimately rescued by an elderly person

Bili ste na kraju spašeni od strane starije osobe

and reunited with the family.

i ujedinjeni s obitelji.

And we succeeded in planting this memory

I uspjeli smo u usađivanju tih sjećanja

in the minds of about a quarter of our subjects.

u umove otprilike četvrtine naših subjekata.

And you might be thinking, well,

I možda si mislite, pa,

that's not particularly stressful.

to nije pretjerano stresno.

But we and other investigators have planted

Ali mi i drugi istražitelji smo posadili

rich false memories of things that were

bogata lažna sjećanja o stvarima koje su bile

much more unusual and much more stressful.

mnogo neobičnije i puno stresnije.

So in a study done in Tennessee,

Tako u studiji rađenoj u Tennesseeju,

researchers planted the false memory

istraživači su posadili lažno sjećanje

that when you were a kid, you nearly drowned

da ste se gotovo utopili kad ste bili dijete

and had to be rescued by a life guard.

te da vas je morao spasiti spasilac.

And in a study done in Canada,

I u studiji rađenoj u Kanadi,

researchers planted the false memory

istraživači su posadili lažno sjećanje

that when you were a kid,

da, kad ste bili dijete,

something as awful as being attacked by a vicious animal

nešto grozno poput napada opasne životinje

happened to you,

vam se dogodilo,

succeeding with about half of their subjects.

uspijevajući s otprilike pola svojih subjekata.

And in a study done in Italy,

I jedna studija rađena u Italiji,

researchers planted the false memory,

istraživači su posadili lažno sjećanje,

when you were a kid, you witnessed demonic possession.

kad ste bili dijete, da ste svjedočili demonskom opsjedanju.

I do want to add that it might seem

Želim dodati da se može činiti

like we are traumatizing these experimental subjects

kao da traumatiziramo eksperimentalne subjekte

in the name of science,

u ime znanosti,

but our studies have gone through thorough evaluation

ali naša studija je prošla kroz detaljnu evaluaciju

by research ethics boards

odbora za istraživačku etiku

that have made the decision

koji su donijeli odluku

that the temporary discomfort that some

da je privremena nelagoda koju neki

of these subjects might experience in these studies

od ovih subjekata mogu iskusiti u ovim studijama

is outweighed by the importance of this problem

prevagnuta važnošću ovog problema

for understanding memory processes

za shvaćanje procesa sjećanja

and the abuse of memory that is going on

i zloupotrebe sjećanja koje se događa

in some places in the world.

u nekim mjestima u svijetu.

Well, to my surprise,

Pa, na moje iznenađenje,

when I published this work and began to speak out

kad sam objavila taj rad i počela govoriti

against this particular brand of psychotherapy,

protiv ove vrste psihoterapije,

it created some pretty bad problems for me:

stvorio je neke poprilično loše probleme za mene:

hostilities, primarily from the repressed memory therapists,

neprijateljstvo, prvenstveno od strane uvrijeđenih terapeuta koji rade na sjećanjima,

who felt under attack,

koji su se osjećali napadnuti,

and by the patients whom they had influenced.

i od strane pacijenata na koje su utjecali.

I had sometimes armed guards at speeches

Imala sam ponekad naoružane zaštitare na govorima

that I was invited to give,

gdje sam pozvana govoriti,

people trying to drum up letter-writing campaigns to get me fired.

ljudi su pokušavali nagovoriti ljude na kampanje pisanja pisama da dobijem otkaz.

But probably the worst

Ali je vjerojatno najgore

was I suspected that a woman

bilo što sam sumnjala da je jedna žena

was innocent of abuse

bila krivo optužena za zlostavljanje

that was being claimed by her grown daughter.

kako je tvrdila njena odrasla kćer.

She accused her mother of sexual abuse

Optužila je svoju majku za seksualno zlostavljanje

based on a repressed memory.

utemeljeno na potisnutom sjećanju.

And this accusing daughter had actually allowed her story

I ta optužujuća kćer je zapravo dopustila da se njena priča

to be filmed and presented in public places.

snimi i predstavi na javnim mjestima.

I was suspicious of this story,

Bila sam sumnjičava u vezi s tom pričom

and so I started to investigate,

pa sam tako počela istraživati

and eventually found information that convinced me

i na kraju saznala informaciju koja me uvjerila

that this mother was innocent.

da je ta majka bila nedužna.

I published an exposé on the case,

Objavila sam ekspoze o tom slučaju

and a little while later, the accusing daughter

i malo kasnije je optužujuća kćer

filed a lawsuit.

pokrenula parnicu.

Even though I'd never mentioned her name,

Iako nikad nisam spomenula njeno ime,

she sued me for defamation and invasion of privacy.

tužila me za klevetu i invaziju privatnosti.

And I went through nearly five years

I provela sam skoro pet godina

of dealing with this messy, unpleasant litigation,

noseći se s tom neurednom, neugodnom parnicom,

but finally, finally, it was over and I could really

ali napokon, napokon, završilo je i mogla sam se stvarno

get back to my work.

vratiti svom poslu.

In the process, however, I became part

U tom procesu, ipak, postala sam dio

of a disturbing trend in America

uznemiravajućeg trenda u Americi

where scientists are being sued

gdje su znanstvenici bili tuženi

for simply speaking out on matters of great public controversy.

za jednostavno govorenje o temama koje su bile dio velike javne polemike.

When I got back to my work, I asked this question:

Kad sam se vratila svom radu, pitala sam ovo pitanje:

if I plant a false memory in your mind,

ako posadim lažno sjećanje u vaš um,

does it have repercussions?

ima li to posljedice?

Does it affect your later thoughts,

Utječe li na vaše daljnje misli,

your later behaviors?

na vaše daljnje ponašanje?

Our first study planted a false memory

Naša je prva studija posadila lažno sjećanje

that you got sick as a child eating certain foods:

da ste se razboljeli kao dijete jedući određenu hranu:

hard-boiled eggs, dill pickles, strawberry ice cream.

tvrdo kuhana jaja, kisele krastavce, sladoled od jagode.

And we found that once we planted this false memory,

I saznali smo da nakon što smo posadili to lažno sjećanje,

people didn't want to eat the foods as much

ljudi nisu htjeli jesti hranu kao prije

at an outdoor picnic.

na pikniku.

The false memories aren't necessarily bad or unpleasant.

Lažno sjećanje nije nužno loše ili neugodno.

If we planted a warm, fuzzy memory

Ako bismo posadili toplo, ugodno sjećanje

involving a healthy food like asparagus,

koje uključuje zdravu hranu poput šparoga,

we could get people to want to eat asparagus more.

mogli bismo navesti ljude da žele jesti više šparoga.

And so what these studies are showing

I tako, ono što ove studije pokazuju

is that you can plant false memories

jest da možete posaditi lažna sjećanja

and they have repercussions

i da ona imaju posljedice

that affect behavior long after the memories take hold.

koje utječu na ponašanja dugo nakon što se sama sjećanja stvore.

Well, along with this ability

Pa, zajedno s tom sposobnošću

to plant memories and control behavior

da se posade sjećanja i kontrolira ponašanje

obviously come some important ethical issues,

očito dolaze neki bitni etički problemi,

like, when should we use this mind technology?

poput, kad bismo trebali koristiti tu umnu tehnologiju?

And should we ever ban its use?

I bismo li trebali ikada zabraniti njezinu upotrebu?

Therapists can't ethically plant false memories

Terapeuti ne mogu etički posaditi lažna sjećanja

in the mind of their patients

u umove svojih pacijenata

even if it would help the patient,

čak i kad bi to pomoglo pacijentu,

but there's nothing to stop a parent

ali ne postoji ništa što bi zaustavilo roditelja

from trying this out on their overweight or obese teenager.

da iskuša ovo na svom gojaznom ili pretilom tinejdžeru.

And when I suggested this publicly,

I kad sam predložila ovo javno,

it created an outcry again.

stvorilo je opet negodovanje.

"There she goes. She's advocating that parents lie to their children."

"Eto nje. Zagovara da roditelji lažu svojoj djeci."

Hello, Santa Claus. (Laughter)

Bok, Djede Mraze. (Smijeh)

I mean, another way to think about this is,

Mislim, drugačiji način da se razmišlja o tom je,

which would you rather have,

što biste radije imali,

a kid with obesity, diabetes, shortened lifespan,

dijete s pretilosti, dijabetesom, skraćenim životnim vijekom,

all the things that go with it,

svim stvarima koje idu s tim,

or a kid with one little extra bit of false memory?

ili dijete s malenim viškom lažnog sjećanja?

I know what I would choose for a kid of mine.

Znam što bih ja odabrala za svoje dijete.

But maybe my work has made me different from most people.

Ali me možda moj rad učinio drugačijom od većine ljudi.

Most people cherish their memories,

Većina ljudi cijeni svoja sjećanja,

know that they represent their identity,

znaju da predstavljaju njihov identitet,

who they are, where they came from.

tko su, otkud su došli.

And I appreciate that. I feel that way too.

I ja cijenim to. Isto se tako osjećam.

But I know from my work

Ali znam od svog rada

how much fiction is already in there.

koliko fikcije već postoji.

If I've learned anything from these decades

Ako sam išta naučila od ovih desetljeća

of working on these problems, it's this:

radeći na tim problemima, to je ovo:

just because somebody tells you something

samo zato što vam netko kaže nešto

and they say it with confidence,

i to vam kažu samouvjereno,

just because they say it with lots of detail,

samo zato što to kažu s puno detalja,

just because they express emotion when they say it,

samo zato što izraze osjećaje kad to kažu,

it doesn't mean that it really happened.

to ne znači da se zbilja dogodilo.

We can't reliably distinguish true memories from false memories.

Ne možemo sa sigurnošću razlikovati istinita sjećanja od lažnih sjećanja.

We need independent corroboration.

Trebamo nezavisnu potvrdu.

Such a discovery has made me more tolerant

Takvo otkriće me učinilo tolerantnijom

of the everyday memory mistakes

prema svakodnevnim pogreškama sjećanja

that my friends and family members make.

koje moji prijatelji i članovi obitelji počine.

Such a discovery might have saved Steve Titus,

Takvo je otkriće moglo spasiti Stevea Titusa,

the man whose whole future was snatched away

čovjeka čija je budućnost ugrabljena

by a false memory.

od strane lažnog sjećanja.

But meanwhile, we should all keep in mind,

Ali u međuvremenu, trebali bismo svi imati na umu,

we'd do well to,

trebali bismo,

that memory, like liberty,

da je sjećanje, kao i sloboda,

is a fragile thing.

krhka stvar.

Thank you. Thank you.

Hvala vam. Hvala vam.

Thank you. (Applause)

Hvala vam. (Pljesak)

Thanks very much. (Applause)

Hvala puno. (Pljesak)