How reliable is your memory? | Elizabeth Loftus

2,406,922 views ใƒป 2013-09-23

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: K Bang ๊ฒ€ํ† : lin piao
00:12
I'd like to tell you about a legal case that I worked on
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ผํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฒ•์ • ์‚ฌ๋ก€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
involving a man named Steve Titus.
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์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํƒ€์ดํ„ฐ์Šค๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
Titus was a restaurant manager.
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ํƒ€์ดํ„ฐ์Šค๋Š” ์‹๋‹น ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ธ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:23
He was 31 years old, he lived in Seattle, Washington,
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31์‚ด์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์™€์‹ฑํ„ด์ฃผ ์‹œ์• ํ‹€์— ์‚ด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
he was engaged to Gretchen,
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๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ฒธ๊ณผ ์•ฝํ˜ผํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜€์ง€์š”.
00:29
about to be married, she was the love of his life.
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์ด์ œ ๋ง‰ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•  ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
And one night, the couple went out
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์–ด๋Š ๋‚  ๋ฐค, ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
00:34
for a romantic restaurant meal.
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๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์‹๋‹น์œผ๋กœ ์ €๋…์„ ๋จน์œผ๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
They were on their way home,
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์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๋Š” ๊ธธ์—
00:39
and they were pulled over by a police officer.
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ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
You see, Titus' car sort of resembled
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ํƒ€์ดํ„ฐ์Šค์˜ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋‚  ์ด๋ฅธ ์ €๋…
00:45
a car that was driven earlier in the evening
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ํ•œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ํŽธ์Šน์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ชฐ๋˜
00:49
by a man who raped a female hitchhiker,
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์ฐจ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:52
and Titus kind of resembled that rapist.
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ํƒ€์ดํ„ฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„๋ฒ”๊ณผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ฎ์•˜์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
So the police took a picture of Titus,
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๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ํƒ€์ดํ„ฐ์Šค์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์–ด
00:59
they put it in a photo lineup,
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ํฌํ†  ๋ผ์ธ์— ๋ผ์›Œ๋„ฃ์–ด
01:01
they later showed it to the victim,
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ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:03
and she pointed to Titus' photo.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํƒ€์ดํ„ฐ์Šค์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ง€๋ชฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
She said, "That one's the closest."
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” " ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น„์Šทํ•ด์š”."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:09
The police and the prosecution proceeded with a trial,
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๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ฐฐ์€ ์žฌํŒ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
01:13
and when Steve Titus was put on trial for rape,
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์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํƒ€์ดํ„ฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์žฌํŒ์— ํšŒ๋ถ€๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
01:16
the rape victim got on the stand
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๊ทธ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋Š” ์ฆ์–ธ๋Œ€์— ์„œ์„œ
01:19
and said, "I'm absolutely positive that's the man."
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์ €์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งž๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์‹ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
01:23
And Titus was convicted.
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ํƒ€์ดํ„ฐ์Šค๋Š” ์œ ์ฃ„ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ฃ .
01:26
He proclaimed his innocence,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฌด์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๊ณ 
01:28
his family screamed at the jury,
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๊ฐ€์กฑ์€ ๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์›๋“ค์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
his fiancรฉe collapsed on the floor sobbing,
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๊ทธ์˜ ์•ฝํ˜ผ์ž๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋‚ด์–ด ์šธ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๊ณ 
01:33
and Titus is taken away to jail.
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ํƒ€์ดํ„ฐ์Šค๋Š” ์ˆ˜๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:37
So what would you do at this point?
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์ด ์‹œ์ ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์…จ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:40
What would you do?
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:42
Well, Titus lost complete faith in the legal system,
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ํƒ€์ดํ„ฐ์Šค๋Š” ๋ฒ• ์ œ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์žƒ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
01:46
and yet he got an idea.
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์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
He called up the local newspaper,
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์ง€์—ญ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์— ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
01:50
he got the interest of an investigative journalist,
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๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ์ž์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์–ป์–ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
and that journalist actually found the real rapist,
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ง„๋ฒ”์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”.
01:58
a man who ultimately confessed to this rape,
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์ง„๋ฒ”์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ž๋ฐฑํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:01
a man who was thought to have committed 50 rapes
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ 50๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฒ”ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
02:05
in that area,
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๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
and when this information was given to the judge,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํŒ์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜์ž
02:09
the judge set Titus free.
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ํŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํƒ€์ดํ„ฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ์„๋ฐฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
And really, that's where this case should have ended.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์ข…๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
It should have been over.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋๋‚ฌ์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:17
Titus should have thought of this as a horrible year,
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ํƒ€์ดํ„ฐ์Šค๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์•„์ฃผ ์šด ๋‚˜์œ ํ•ด๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜์–ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
a year of accusation and trial, but over.
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์‹œ๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žฌํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ์š”.
02:24
It didn't end that way.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
02:26
Titus was so bitter.
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ํƒ€์ดํ„ฐ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํž˜๋“  ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
He'd lost his job. He couldn't get it back.
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์ง์žฅ์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ง์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
02:31
He lost his fiancรฉe.
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์•ฝํ˜ผ์ž๋„ ์žƒ์—ˆ์ฃ .
02:33
She couldn't put up with his persistent anger.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํƒ€์ดํ„ฐ์Šค์˜ ๋ถ„๋…ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ๋ŽŒ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
He lost his entire savings,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ €์ถ•๋„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํƒ•์ง„ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
02:38
and so he decided to file a lawsuit
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์†Œ์†ก์„ ๊ฑธ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
02:41
against the police and others whom he felt
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๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒช์€ ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด
02:43
were responsible for his suffering.
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์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:45
And that's when I really started working on this case,
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๊ทธ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
02:50
trying to figure out
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ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๊ฐ€
02:52
how did that victim go from
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ
02:54
"That one's the closest"
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"๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ"์—์„œ
02:56
to "I'm absolutely positive that's the guy."
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"๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ €์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•œ๋‹ค."๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
03:00
Well, Titus was consumed with his civil case.
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ํƒ€์ดํ„ฐ์Šค๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋น ์ ธ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
He spent every waking moment thinking about it,
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๋งค ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๊ณ 
03:07
and just days before he was to have his day in court,
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๋ฒ•์ •์—์„œ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋ถˆ๊ณผ ๋ฉฐ์น ์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘๊ณ 
03:11
he woke up in the morning,
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์•„์นจ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ
03:13
doubled over in pain,
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๊ณ ํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ๊ดด๋กœ์›Œํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€
03:15
and died of a stress-related heart attack.
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์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ด€๋ จ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋งˆ๋น„๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
He was 35 years old.
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๊ทธ๋Š” 35์„ธ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
So I was asked to work on Titus' case
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
03:26
because I'm a psychological scientist.
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ํƒ€์ดํ„ฐ์Šค์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ์ผํ•ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์š”์ฒญ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
I study memory. I've studied memory for decades.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ธฐ์–ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ•ด์™”๋˜ ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
03:32
And if I meet somebody on an airplane --
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๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ฉด --
03:35
this happened on the way over to Scotland --
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์ฝ”ํŠธ๋žœ๋“œ์— ์˜ฌ ๋•Œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š” --
03:37
if I meet somebody on an airplane,
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๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด
03:39
and we ask each other, "What do you do? What do you do?"
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์„œ๋กœ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฌป๊ณค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”?"
03:42
and I say "I study memory,"
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์ œ๊ฐ€ "๊ธฐ์–ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์š”." ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ•˜๋ฉด
03:44
they usually want to tell me how they have trouble remembering names,
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๊ทธ ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฒช์€ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:47
or they've got a relative who's got Alzheimer's
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์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ์นœ์ฒ™,
03:50
or some kind of memory problem,
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์‹œ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
but I have to tell them
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ง๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
03:54
I don't study when people forget.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:58
I study the opposite: when they remember,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์—์š”: ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ๋•Œ,
04:01
when they remember things that didn't happen
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์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ผ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
04:03
or remember things that were different
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„
04:05
from the way they really were.
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๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด์š”.
04:07
I study false memories.
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์ €๋Š” ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
Unhappily, Steve Titus is not the only person
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๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํƒ€์ดํ„ฐ์Šค๊ฐ€
04:16
to be convicted based on somebody's false memory.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•ด์„œ ์œ ์ฃ„ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
In one project in the United States,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์—์„œ
04:24
information has been gathered
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300๋ช…์˜ ๋ฌด๊ณ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
04:26
on 300 innocent people,
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์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
300 defendants who were convicted of crimes they didn't do.
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๋ฒ”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋กœ ์œ ์ฃ„ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋˜ ํ”ผ์˜์ž๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
04:34
They spent 10, 20, 30 years in prison for these crimes,
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ๋ช…๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ 10๋…„, 20๋…„, 30๋…„์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
04:39
and now DNA testing has proven
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DNA ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋•๋ถ„์—
04:42
that they are actually innocent.
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๋ฌด์ฃ„๊ฐ€ ์ž…์ฆ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
And when those cases have been analyzed,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ณด๋‹ˆ
04:47
three quarters of them
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3/4์ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ธฐ์–ต,
04:49
are due to faulty memory, faulty eyewitness memory.
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๊ฑฐ์ง“ ๊ธฐ์–ต์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ฆ์–ธ ํƒ“์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
Well, why?
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์ž, ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
04:56
Like the jurors who convicted those innocent people
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์ด๋“ค ๋ฌด๊ณ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ฃ„ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋˜ ๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์›๋“ค์ด๋‚˜
05:00
and the jurors who convicted Titus,
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ํƒ€์ดํ„ฐ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ฃ„ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐฐ์‹ฌ์›๋“ค ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
05:02
many people believe that memory
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์–ต์€
05:04
works like a recording device.
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๋…น์Œ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
You just record the information,
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
05:08
then you call it up and play it back
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๋˜์‚ด๋ ค๋‚ด์–ด ์ง„์ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:11
when you want to answer questions or identify images.
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
05:14
But decades of work in psychology
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
05:16
has shown that this just isn't true.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
Our memories are constructive.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต์€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ ์ด์—์š”.
05:22
They're reconstructive.
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์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
05:24
Memory works a little bit more like a Wikipedia page:
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๊ธฐ์–ต์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ„ํ‚คํ”ผ๋””์•„์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
05:27
You can go in there and change it, but so can other people.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:32
I first started studying this constructive memory process
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์ €๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์–ต ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
in the 1970s.
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1970๋…„๋Œ€์˜€์ฃ .
05:40
I did my experiments that involved showing people
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์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
05:44
simulated crimes and accidents
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๋ชจ์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ 
05:47
and asking them questions about what they remember.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:50
In one study, we showed people a simulated accident
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ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ 
05:54
and we asked people,
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๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?
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์ž๋™์ฐจ๋“ค์ด ์ถฉ๋Œํ•  ๋•Œ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ ? ๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
05:58
And we asked other people,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„
06:00
how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?
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์„œ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•  ๋•Œ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋‹ฌ๋ ธ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
And if we asked the leading "smashed" question,
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"์ถฉ๋Œ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
06:07
the witnesses told us the cars were going faster,
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๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:10
and moreover, that leading "smashed" question
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ "์ถฉ๋Œ"์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ์ง€
06:14
caused people to be more likely to tell us
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์„œ์ง„ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฐฝ ์กฐ๊ฐ์„
06:17
that they saw broken glass in the accident scene
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๋ดค๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ชฝ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
06:20
when there wasn't any broken glass at all.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ฐฝ์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๊นจ์ง„ ๋ฐ” ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
In another study, we showed a simulated accident
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์ฃ .
06:27
where a car went through an intersection with a stop sign,
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์ •์ง€ ํ‘œ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ต์ฐจ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
06:30
and if we asked a question that insinuated it was a yield sign,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ํ‘œ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์–‘๋ณด ํ‘œ์‹œ์˜€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์Šฌ์ฉ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง€๋ฉด
06:35
many witnesses told us they remember seeing a yield sign
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๋งŽ์€ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ต์ฐจ๋กœ์—์„œ ์ •์ง€ ํ‘œ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์–‘๋ณด ํ‘œ์ง€๋ฅผ
06:39
at the intersection, not a stop sign.
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๋ดค๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
And you might be thinking, well, you know,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์•„๋งˆ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค์ง€๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ผ์š”.
06:45
these are filmed events,
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์ด๊ฑด ์˜์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๊ณ 
06:46
they are not particularly stressful.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์—ˆ์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”.
06:48
Would the same kind of mistakes be made
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์ •๋ง ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ
06:51
with a really stressful event?
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
06:54
In a study we published just a few months ago,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ์ „์— ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ
06:57
we have an answer to this question,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
because what was unusual about this study
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋…ํŠนํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
07:02
is we arranged for people to have a very stressful experience.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
07:07
The subjects in this study
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€
07:10
were members of the U.S. military
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๋ฏธ๊ตฐ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:12
who were undergoing a harrowing training exercise
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๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ฐธํ˜นํ•œ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
to teach them what it's going to be like for them
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๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ „์Ÿ ํฌ๋กœ๋กœ ์žกํ˜”์„ ๋•Œ
07:19
if they are ever captured as prisoners of war.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ƒํ™ฉ์ผ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:23
And as part of this training exercise,
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์ด ํ›ˆ๋ จ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ์จ,
07:26
these soldiers are interrogated in an aggressive,
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์ด ๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ด๊ณ 
07:29
hostile, physically abusive fashion for 30 minutes
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์ ๋Œ€์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์œก์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตด์š•์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ 30๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ์‹ฌ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ›„์—
07:34
and later on they have to try to identify
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๊ทธ ์‹ฌ๋ฌธ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„
07:37
the person who conducted that interrogation.
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์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
And when we feed them suggestive information
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž„์„ ์—ฐ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”
07:44
that insinuates it's a different person,
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์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด
07:47
many of them misidentify their interrogator,
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‹ฌ๋ฌธ๊ด€์„ ์ž˜๋ชป ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
07:51
often identifying someone who doesn't even remotely
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ์‹ฌ๋ฌธ๊ด€๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‹ฎ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„
07:55
resemble the real interrogator.
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์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:58
And so what these studies are showing
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”
08:00
is that when you feed people misinformation
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์˜ˆ์ „์— ๊ฒช์—ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
08:04
about some experience that they may have had,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด
08:07
you can distort or contaminate or change their memory.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์™œ๊ณกํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜ผ๋™ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
Well out there in the real world,
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์ž ์‹ค์ œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ
08:15
misinformation is everywhere.
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์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์–ด๋””์—๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
We get misinformation
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
08:19
not only if we're questioned in a leading way,
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์œ ๋„์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ๋•Œ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
08:22
but if we talk to other witnesses
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ฐ€
08:25
who might consciously or inadvertently feed us
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์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜น์€ ์˜๋„์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ
08:28
some erroneous information,
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์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ˜๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
08:30
or if we see media coverage about some event we might have experienced,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒช์—‡์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ธ๋ก  ๋ณด๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š”
08:35
all of these provide the opportunity
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
08:37
for this kind of contamination of our memory.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ˜ผ๋™์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:42
In the 1990s, we began to see
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1990๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ €ํฌ๋Š”
08:46
an even more extreme kind of memory problem.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
Some patients were going into therapy with one problem --
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
maybe they had depression, an eating disorder --
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์šฐ์šธ์ฆ์ด ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์‹์Šต๊ด€ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์š” --
08:56
and they were coming out of therapy
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์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚  ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€
08:59
with a different problem.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
Extreme memories for horrific brutalizations,
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๊ทน๋„์˜ ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ํญ๋ ฅ์ด๋‚˜
09:05
sometimes in satanic rituals,
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์•…๋งˆ์˜ ์˜์‹,
09:07
sometimes involving really bizarre and unusual elements.
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋“œ๋ฌธ ์š”์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
One woman came out of psychotherapy
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์•ˆ ์—ฌ์ธ์ด ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ
09:15
believing that she'd endured years
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์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
09:17
of ritualistic abuse, where she was forced into a pregnancy
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์•…๋งˆ์˜ ์˜์‹์—์„œ ์ œ๋ฌผ์ด ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ์ž„์‹ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
09:21
and that the baby was cut from her belly.
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์•„์ด๋Š” ์˜†๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ด์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
But there were no physical scars
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจํ• 
09:26
or any kind of physical evidence
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๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋„
09:28
that could have supported her story.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:31
And when I began looking into these cases,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
09:34
I was wondering,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜์•„์‹ฌ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
09:35
where do these bizarre memories come from?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์€ ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ์–ด๋””์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ง€?
09:38
And what I found is that most of these situations
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
09:42
involved some particular form of psychotherapy.
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์ผ๋ถ€ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—์š”.
09:47
And so I asked,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๋˜์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
were some of the things going on in this psychotherapy --
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ๋“ค์ด --
09:52
like the imagination exercises
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์ƒ์ƒ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์ด๋‚˜
09:55
or dream interpretation,
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ํ•ด๋ชฝ,
09:57
or in some cases hypnosis,
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ํ˜น์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ตœ๋ฉด์ด๋‚˜
10:00
or in some cases exposure to false information --
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๋˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ •๋ณด์— ๋…ธ์ถœ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด --
10:03
were these leading these patients
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„
10:06
to develop these very bizarre,
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ธฐ๊ดดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ธฐ์–ต์œผ๋กœ
10:09
unlikely memories?
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์ด๋„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ?
10:12
And I designed some experiments
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์—์„œ
10:14
to try to study the processes that were being used
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์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„
10:19
in this psychotherapy so I could study
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๊ธฐํšํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ
10:22
the development of these very rich false memories.
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๊ฑฐ์ง“ ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:26
In one of the first studies we did,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์ฒซ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์—์„œ
10:28
we used suggestion,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ œ์•ˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์ฃ .
10:30
a method inspired by the psychotherapy we saw in these cases,
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์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ด๋“ค ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์—์„œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
we used this kind of suggestion
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ œ์•ˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
10:36
and planted a false memory
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๋Œ€์—ฌ์„ฏ์‚ด ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ์—
10:38
that when you were a kid, five or six years old,
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์ƒ์ ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๊ธธ์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”
10:41
you were lost in a shopping mall.
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๊ฑฐ์ง“๋œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์‹ฌ์–ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
You were frightened. You were crying.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ฒ์— ์งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šธ์—ˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
10:46
You were ultimately rescued by an elderly person
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋‚˜์ด๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ตฌํ•ด์ฃผ์–ด
10:49
and reunited with the family.
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๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:51
And we succeeded in planting this memory
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์•ฝ 1/4์—๊ฒŒ
10:53
in the minds of about a quarter of our subjects.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์‹ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ์ฃ .
10:57
And you might be thinking, well,
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
that's not particularly stressful.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ํ…๋ฐ ๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
11:02
But we and other investigators have planted
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์›๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
11:05
rich false memories of things that were
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋“œ๋ฏˆ๊ณ  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋„ ๋งŽ์€
11:08
much more unusual and much more stressful.
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์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ง“ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์‹ฌ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
So in a study done in Tennessee,
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ํ…Œ๋„ค์‹œ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ
11:13
researchers planted the false memory
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ, ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ฌผ์— ๋น ์ ธ ์ฃฝ์„ ๋ป”ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
11:16
that when you were a kid, you nearly drowned
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์•ˆ์ „ ์š”์›๋“ค์ด ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ๊ตฌํ•ด์ค€
11:18
and had to be rescued by a life guard.
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๊ฑฐ์ง“ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์‹ฌ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:21
And in a study done in Canada,
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ
11:23
researchers planted the false memory
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋“ค์€
11:25
that when you were a kid,
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์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ,
11:27
something as awful as being attacked by a vicious animal
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ํฌํ•™ํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋ฐ›์€ ์ผ์ด
11:30
happened to you,
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์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง“ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„
11:32
succeeding with about half of their subjects.
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๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์•ฝ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
And in a study done in Italy,
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์ดํƒœ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š”
11:38
researchers planted the false memory,
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์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ, ์•…๋งˆ์— ํ™€๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š”
11:40
when you were a kid, you witnessed demonic possession.
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๊ฑฐ์ง“ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์‹ฌ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
I do want to add that it might seem
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง๋ถ™์ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์ ์€
11:48
like we are traumatizing these experimental subjects
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋“ค ์‹คํ—˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ •์‹ ์  ์™ธ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋“ฏ
11:51
in the name of science,
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๋ณด์ผ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
11:53
but our studies have gone through thorough evaluation
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์ €ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์œค๋ฆฌ ์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ์ฒ ์ €ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ
11:58
by research ethics boards
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๊ฑฐ์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:00
that have made the decision
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์œ„์›ํšŒ๋Š”
12:02
that the temporary discomfort that some
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์ด๋“ค ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ
12:05
of these subjects might experience in these studies
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์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋ถˆํŽธ์„ ๊ฒช์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
12:08
is outweighed by the importance of this problem
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ์–ต ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์„ธ์ƒ ์–ด๋””์—์„ ๊ฐ€
12:12
for understanding memory processes
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๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ๋‚จ์šฉ์„
12:15
and the abuse of memory that is going on
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด
12:18
in some places in the world.
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์šฐ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:22
Well, to my surprise,
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์ž, ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„
12:25
when I published this work and began to speak out
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๊ณ 
12:28
against this particular brand of psychotherapy,
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์ด ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด์ž
12:32
it created some pretty bad problems for me:
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์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
12:36
hostilities, primarily from the repressed memory therapists,
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์ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”. ์ฃผ๋กœ ์–ต์••๋œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฌ์ด
12:41
who felt under attack,
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๊ณต๊ฒฉ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Š๊ผˆ๋‚˜๋ด์š”.
12:43
and by the patients whom they had influenced.
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๋˜ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ๋„ ์ ๋Œ€ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
I had sometimes armed guards at speeches
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๋–„๋กœ๋Š” ์ดˆ์ฒญ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์—์„œ๋„
12:49
that I was invited to give,
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฌด์žฅ ์š”์›์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
12:51
people trying to drum up letter-writing campaigns to get me fired.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ €๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ณ ํ•˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:55
But probably the worst
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋งˆ ์ตœ์•…์€
12:57
was I suspected that a woman
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ํ•œ ์—ฌ์ธ์ด ์„ฑ์ธ์ด ๋œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋”ธ์ด
13:00
was innocent of abuse
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์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์—
13:02
that was being claimed by her grown daughter.
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๋ฌด์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
13:05
She accused her mother of sexual abuse
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๊ทธ ๋”ธ์€ ์–ต์••๋œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ
13:09
based on a repressed memory.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ์„ฑ์  ํ•™๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
And this accusing daughter had actually allowed her story
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๊ณ ๋ฐœ์ž์ธ ์ด ๋”ธ์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์˜ํ™”๋กœ ์ฐ์–ด
13:13
to be filmed and presented in public places.
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๊ณต๊ณต ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
13:17
I was suspicious of this story,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์˜์‹ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ 
13:19
and so I started to investigate,
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์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
and eventually found information that convinced me
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ฃ„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
13:26
that this mother was innocent.
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์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
I published an exposรฉ on the case,
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํญ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋Š”๋ฐ
13:31
and a little while later, the accusing daughter
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ๋ฅด์ž, ๊ณ ๋ฐœ์ž์ธ ๋”ธ์ด
13:35
filed a lawsuit.
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์ €๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์†Œํ–ˆ์ฃ .
13:36
Even though I'd never mentioned her name,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ „ํ˜€ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„
13:39
she sued me for defamation and invasion of privacy.
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ช…์˜ˆ ํ›ผ์†๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ ์นจํ•ด๋กœ ์ €๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์†Œํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
13:43
And I went through nearly five years
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ 5๋…„๋™์•ˆ
13:46
of dealing with this messy, unpleasant litigation,
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์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถˆ์พŒํ•œ ์†Œ์†ก๊ณผ ์”จ๋ฆ„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:52
but finally, finally, it was over and I could really
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ์ข…๊ฒฐ์ด ๋˜๊ณ 
13:56
get back to my work.
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์ผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
13:58
In the process, however, I became part
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ
14:01
of a disturbing trend in America
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•œ ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
14:04
where scientists are being sued
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ ์ง€๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—
14:06
for simply speaking out on matters of great public controversy.
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๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๊ณ ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:10
When I got back to my work, I asked this question:
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์ง์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™€์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”:
14:14
if I plant a false memory in your mind,
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๊ฑฐ์ง“ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์‹ฌ์œผ๋ฉด
14:16
does it have repercussions?
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
14:18
Does it affect your later thoughts,
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ฐจ ํ›„์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์—, ๋˜ ํ–‰๋™์—
14:20
your later behaviors?
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์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„๊นŒ?
14:22
Our first study planted a false memory
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์ €ํฌ์˜ ์ฒซ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ ์–ด๋–ค ์Œ์‹์„ ๋จน๊ณ 
14:24
that you got sick as a child eating certain foods:
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์•„ํ”ˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง“ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์‹ฌ์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”:
14:27
hard-boiled eggs, dill pickles, strawberry ice cream.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์‚ถ์€ ๋‹ฌ๊ฒฐ, ๋”œํ”ผํด, ๋”ธ๊ธฐ ์•„์ด์Šคํฌ๋ฆผ ๊ฐ™์€๊ฑฐ์š”.
14:30
And we found that once we planted this false memory,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ๋‹จ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฐ์ง“ ๊ธฐ์–ต์ด ์‹ฌ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด
14:34
people didn't want to eat the foods as much
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์Œ์‹์„ ์˜ˆ์ „์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋จน์ง€
14:36
at an outdoor picnic.
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์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
14:38
The false memories aren't necessarily bad or unpleasant.
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๊ฑฐ์ง“ ๊ธฐ์–ต์ด ๊ผญ ๋‚˜์˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ์พŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
If we planted a warm, fuzzy memory
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ŠคํŒŒ์•„๊ฑฐ์Šค ๊ฐ™์€
14:44
involving a healthy food like asparagus,
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์ข‹์€ ์Œ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ์—ฐ์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์‹ฌ์œผ๋ฉด
14:48
we could get people to want to eat asparagus more.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•„์ŠคํŒŒ๋ผ๊ฑฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋จน๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
14:51
And so what these studies are showing
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
14:53
is that you can plant false memories
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๊ฑฐ์ง“ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์‹ฌ์–ด
14:55
and they have repercussions
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ํŒŒ๊ธ‰ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
14:57
that affect behavior long after the memories take hold.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ์–ต์ด ์œ ํšจํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ์ง€๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋žœ ๋™์•ˆ ํ–‰๋™์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:02
Well, along with this ability
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์ž, ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์‹ฌ๊ณ 
15:04
to plant memories and control behavior
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ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด
15:07
obviously come some important ethical issues,
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์ผ๋ถ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์Ÿ์ ์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:11
like, when should we use this mind technology?
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์–ธ์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€?
15:15
And should we ever ban its use?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑธ ์ „ํ˜€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑธ๊นŒ? ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
15:18
Therapists can't ethically plant false memories
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ ์†์—
15:21
in the mind of their patients
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๊ฑฐ์ง“ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์‹ฌ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์š”.
15:23
even if it would help the patient,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„์š”.
15:25
but there's nothing to stop a parent
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์ด ๊ณผ์ฒด์ค‘์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋น„๋งŒ์ธ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
15:27
from trying this out on their overweight or obese teenager.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ง‰์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†์–ด์š”.
15:31
And when I suggested this publicly,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
15:34
it created an outcry again.
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๋˜๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฒฉ๋ ฌํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:37
"There she goes. She's advocating that parents lie to their children."
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"๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜นํ˜ธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "
15:41
Hello, Santa Claus. (Laughter)
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์•ˆ๋…•ํ•˜์„ธ์š”, ์‚ฐํƒ€ํฌ๋กœ์Šค. (์›ƒ์Œ)
15:43
I mean, another way to think about this is,
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์ œ ๋ง์”€์€, ์ด๊ฑธ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋Š” ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€,
15:53
which would you rather have,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋น„๋งŒ, ๋‹น๋‡จ, ์งง์€ ์ƒ์•  ์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„
15:55
a kid with obesity, diabetes, shortened lifespan,
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์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„
15:58
all the things that go with it,
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๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์ข‹๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
16:00
or a kid with one little extra bit of false memory?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ง“ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ข‹๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
16:03
I know what I would choose for a kid of mine.
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์„ ํƒํ• ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:06
But maybe my work has made me different from most people.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์ œ ์ง์—…์ด ์ €๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:10
Most people cherish their memories,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์ˆ˜์ค‘ํžˆ ์—ฌ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:12
know that they represent their identity,
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ณ 
16:14
who they are, where they came from.
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์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€, ์–ด๋””์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:16
And I appreciate that. I feel that way too.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํžˆ ์—ฌ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ปด์š”.
16:19
But I know from my work
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์ง์—…์ƒ
16:21
how much fiction is already in there.
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๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ์ด๋ฏธ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:26
If I've learned anything from these decades
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์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡์‹ญ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
16:28
of working on these problems, it's this:
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
16:31
just because somebody tells you something
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
16:33
and they say it with confidence,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ž์‹ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
16:35
just because they say it with lots of detail,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์†Œํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
16:37
just because they express emotion when they say it,
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๋˜ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐ์ •๊นŒ์ง€ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
16:40
it doesn't mean that it really happened.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:43
We can't reliably distinguish true memories from false memories.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ณ์€ ๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ์ง“ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์•ˆ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:47
We need independent corroboration.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ํ™•์ฆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:51
Such a discovery has made me more tolerant
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
16:54
of the everyday memory mistakes
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ํ•˜๋Š”
16:56
that my friends and family members make.
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๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ฐธ์„์„ฑ์ด ๋งŽ์•„์š”.
16:59
Such a discovery might have saved Steve Titus,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ํƒ€์ดํ„ฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:03
the man whose whole future was snatched away
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๊ฑฐ์ง“ ๊ธฐ์–ต์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋นผ์•—๊ฒจ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ
17:07
by a false memory.
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๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:09
But meanwhile, we should all keep in mind,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ•œํŽธ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ช…์‹ฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:12
we'd do well to,
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์ž˜ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
17:14
that memory, like liberty,
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์ž์œ ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ธฐ์–ต์€
17:18
is a fragile thing.
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์—ฐ์•ฝํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:21
Thank you. Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:24
Thank you. (Applause)
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
17:27
Thanks very much. (Applause)
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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