Charmian Gooch: Meet global corruption's hidden players

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Dejan Vicai

When we talk about corruption,

Kada pričamo o korupciji,

there are typical types of individuals that spring to mind.

postoje tipične vrste pojedinaca koje padaju na pamet.

There's the former Soviet megalomaniacs.

Imamo megalomanijake iz bivšeg Sovjetskog Saveza.

Saparmurat Niyazov, he was one of them.

Saparmurat Nijazov je bio jedan od njih.

Until his death in 2006,

Do svoje smrti 2006.

he was the all-powerful leader of Turkmenistan,

bio je doživotni predsednik Turkmenistana,

a Central Asian country rich in natural gas.

srednjoazijske zemlje bogate prirodnim gasom.

Now, he really loved to issue presidential decrees.

On je zbilja voleo da izdaje predsedničke dekrete.

And one renamed the months of the year

Jednim od njih je preimenovao mesece u godini

including after himself and his mother.

po svom imenu i imenu svoje majke.

He spent millions of dollars

Potrošio je milione dolara

creating a bizarre personality cult,

stvarajući bizaran kult ličnosti,

and his crowning glory was the building

a krunu njegove slave predstavljalo je

of a 40-foot-high gold-plated statue of himself

građenje pozlaćene statue sopstvenog lika, veličine 12 metara,

which stood proudly in the capital's central square

koja je ponosno krasila prestonički centralni trg

and rotated to follow the sun.

i okretala se prema suncu.

He was a slightly unusual guy.

Bio je pomalo neobičan momak.

And then there's that cliché,

I onda imamo taj kliše,

the African dictator or minister or official.

afričkog diktatora, ministra ili zvaničnika.

There's Teodorín Obiang.

Tu je Teodorin Obijang.

So his daddy is president for life of Equatorial Guinea,

Njegov tatica je doživotni predsednik Ekvatorijalne Gvineje,

a West African nation that has exported

zapadnoafričke nacije koja je izvezla

billions of dollars of oil since the 1990s

milijarde dolara u nafti od devedesetih godina prošlog veka,

and yet has a truly appalling human rights record.

a ipak ima zbilja užasan tretman ljudskih prava.

The vast majority of its people

Najveći deo stanovništva

are living in really miserable poverty

živi u velikom siromaštvu uprkos prihodu

despite an income per capita that's on a par

po glavi stanovništva koji je isti

with that of Portugal.

kao u Portugaliji.

So Obiang junior, well, he buys himself

Tako da, Obijang mlađi, pa, on sebi kupuje

a $30 million mansion in Malibu, California.

vilu vrednu 30 miliona dolara u Malibuu, u Kaliforniji.

I've been up to its front gates.

Bila sam do prednje kapije.

I can tell you it's a magnificent spread.

Mogu da vam kažem da je prizor veličanstven.

He bought an €18 million art collection

Kupio je umetničku kolekciju vrednu 18 miliona evra,

that used to belong to fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent,

koja je pripadala Iv Sen Loranu, modnom dizajneru,

a stack of fabulous sports cars,

gomilu predivnih sportskih automobila,

some costing a million dollars apiece --

neki su koštali i do milion dolara,

oh, and a Gulfstream jet, too.

kao i Galfstrim mlazni avion.

Now get this:

Pazite sad ovo:

Until recently, he was earning an official monthly salary

do skoro je dobijao zvaničnu mesečnu platu

of less than 7,000 dollars.

manju od 7 000 dolara.

And there's Dan Etete.

Onda, tu je Den Etete.

Well, he was the former oil minister of Nigeria

On je bio bivši ministar za naftu Nigerije

under President Abacha,

tokom vladavine predsednika Abača,

and it just so happens he's a convicted money launderer too.

i slučajno se desilo da je i osuđen za pranje novca.

We've spent a great deal of time

Potrošili smo mnogo vremena

investigating a $1 billion --

istražujući ugovor od milijarde -

that's right, a $1 billion —

da, da, jedne milijarde dolara

oil deal that he was involved with,

gde je on bio umešan

and what we found was pretty shocking,

i ono što smo otkrili je prilično šokantno,

but more about that later.

ali malo više o tome kasnije.

So it's easy to think that corruption happens

Lako je misliti da se korupcija događa

somewhere over there,

negde tamo,

carried out by a bunch of greedy despots

od strane gomile pohlepnih despota

and individuals up to no good in countries

i pojedinaca koji čine zlo u zemljama

that we, personally, may know very little about

o kojima mi lično ne znamo baš mnogo

and feel really unconnected to

i ne osećamo baš vezu sa njima

and unaffected by what might be going on.

i ne pogađa nas šta se tamo možda dešava.

But does it just happen over there?

Ali, da li se to samo tamo dešava?

Well, at 22, I was very lucky.

U 22. godini, ja sam baš imala sreće.

My first job out of university

Moj prvi posao posle fakulteta

was investigating the illegal trade in African ivory.

bio je da istražujem nelegalnu trgovinu afričkom slonovačom.

And that's how my relationship with corruption really began.

I tako je počela moja veza sa korupcijom.

In 1993, with two friends who were colleagues,

1993, sa dvojicom prijatelja koji su mi bili kolege,

Simon Taylor and Patrick Alley,

Sajmonom Tejlorom i Patrikom Elijem,

we set up an organization called Global Witness.

osnovali smo organizaciju pod imenom Globalni svedok.

Our first campaign was investigating the role

Naša prva kampanja bila je istraživanje uloge

of illegal logging in funding the war in Cambodia.

ilegalne seče drva u finansiranju rata u Kambodži.

So a few years later, and it's now 1997,

Nekoliko godina kasnije, sad je 1997,

and I'm in Angola undercover investigating blood diamonds.

nalazim se u Angoli na tajnom zadatku i istražujem krvave dijamante.

Perhaps you saw the film,

Možda ste pogledali holivudski film

the Hollywood film "Blood Diamond,"

"Krvavi dijamant''

sa Leonardom Dikapriom.

the one with Leonardo DiCaprio.

Well, some of that sprang from our work.

E pa, nešto od toga je proisteklo iz našeg rada.

Luanda, it was full of land mine victims

Luanda je bila puna žrtava nagaznih mina

who were struggling to survive on the streets

koje su se borile da prežive po ulilcama

and war orphans living in sewers under the streets,

i ratnih siročića koji su živeli u kanalizaciji ispod ulica

and a tiny, very wealthy elite

i malog dela veoma bogate elite

who gossiped about shopping trips to Brazil and Portugal.

koji je tračarao o šoping putovanjima do Brazila i Portugala.

And it was a slightly crazy place.

I to bilo je malo ludo mesto.

So I'm sitting in a hot and very stuffy hotel room

I tako, ja sedim u toploj i veoma zagušljivoj hotelskoj sobi,

feeling just totally overwhelmed.

osećajući se potpuno skrhano.

But it wasn't about blood diamonds.

Ali ne zbog krvavih dijamanata.

Because I'd been speaking to lots of people there

Već zato što sam pričala sa mnogo ljudi tamo

who, well, they talked about a different problem:

koji su pričali i o drugom problemu:

that of a massive web of corruption on a global scale

o masivnoj mreži korupcije svetskih razmera

and millions of oil dollars going missing.

i milionima dolara u nafti koji su nestali.

And for what was then a very small organization

I od onoga što je tad bila veoma mala organizacija

of just a few people,

od jedva nekoliko ljudi

trying to even begin to think how we might tackle that

koji su pokušavali da samo zamisle kako da se zabave time

was an enormous challenge.

bio je ogroman izazov.

And in the years that I've been,

I u godinama kada sam radila,

and we've all been campaigning and investigating,

i svi smo vodili kampanje i istraživali,

I've repeatedly seen that what makes corruption

iznova sam viđala šta omogućava korupciju

on a global, massive scale possible,

na globalnom, visokom nivou,

well it isn't just greed or the misuse of power

pa nije to samo pohlepa ili zloupotreba moći

or that nebulous phrase "weak governance."

ili ona nebulozna fraza "slaba vlada".

I mean, yes, it's all of those,

Mislim, jeste sve od toga,

but corruption, it's made possible by the actions

ali korupcija je omogućena delanjem

of global facilitators.

globalnih moderatora.

So let's go back to some of those people I talked about earlier.

Da se vratimo na ljude o kojima sam pričala ranije.

To su sve ljudi o kojima smo istraživali,

Now, they're all people we've investigated,

and they're all people who couldn't do what they do alone.

i ti ljudi nisu to što rade mogli da rade sami.

Take Obiang junior. Well, he didn't end up

Recimo Obijang Junior. On nije završio

with high-end art and luxury houses without help.

sa skupocenom umetnošću i luksuznim kućama bez pomoći.

He did business with global banks.

Poslovao je sa svetskim bankama.

A bank in Paris held accounts of companies controlled by him,

Banka u Parizu držala je račune kompanija koje je kontrolisao,

one of which was used to buy the art,

od kojih je jedna bila za kupovinu umetnina,

and American banks, well, they funneled

a američke banke su slivale

73 million dollars into the States,

73 miliona dolara u SAD,

some of which was used to buy that California mansion.

od čega je jedan deo iskorišćen za kupovinu te vile u Kaliforniji.

And he didn't do all of this in his own name either.

A ovo nije sve uradio u svoje ime.

He used shell companies.

Koristio je kompanije paravane.

He used one to buy the property, and another,

Jednu bi iskoristio da kupi imovinu

which was in somebody else's name,

a drugu, koja je bila na tuđem imenu,

to pay the huge bills it cost to run the place.

da plati ogromne račune neophodne da bi sve funkcionisalo.

And then there's Dan Etete.

Tu je i Den Etete.

Well, when he was oil minister,

Kada je bio ministar za naftu,

he awarded an oil block now worth over a billion dollars

dodelio je kvadrant nafte sada vredan preko milijardu dolara

to a company that, guess what, yeah,

kompaniji koju je, čik pogodite, da,

he was the hidden owner of.

posedovao u tajnosti.

Now, it was then much later traded on

Ona je dosta kasnije promenila vlasnika,

with the kind assistance of the Nigerian government --

uz srdačnu pomoć vlade Nigerije -

now I have to be careful what I say here —

moram da budem pažljiva šta ću sada reći -

to subsidiaries of Shell and the Italian Eni,

uzele su ga kompanije ćerke Šela i italijanske Eni,

two of the biggest oil companies around.

što su dve najveće naftne kompanije.

So the reality is, is that the engine of corruption,

Stvarnost je ta da srce korupcije

well, it exists far beyond the shores of countries

postoji daleko od obala zemalja

like Equatorial Guinea or Nigeria or Turkmenistan.

poput Ekvatorijalne Gineje, Nigerije ili Turkmenistana.

This engine, well, it's driven

Pokretač tog srca je

by our international banking system,

međunarodni bankarski sistem,

by the problem of anonymous shell companies,

problemom anonimnih kompanija paravana

and by the secrecy that we have afforded

i tajnošću koju smo pružili

big oil, gas and mining operations,

velikim operacijama koje se tiču nafte, gasa i ruda,

and, most of all, by the failure of our politicians

i pre svega, nemogućnošću političara

to back up their rhetoric and do something

da stanu iza svojih reči i urade nešto

really meaningful and systemic to tackle this stuff.

zaista bitno i sistematski da se izbore sa ovim.

Now let's take the banks first.

Hajde prvo da pogledamo banke.

Well, it's not going to come as any surprise

Nije iznenađenje

for me to tell you that banks accept dirty money,

što ću vam reći da banke prihvataju prljav novac,

but they prioritize their profits in other destructive ways too.

ali stavljaju za prioritete zaradu i na druge destruktivne načine.

For example, in Sarawak, Malaysia.

Na primer, u Saravaku u Maleziji.

Now this region, it has just five percent

U ovoj regiji postoji samo pet procenata

of its forests left intact. Five percent.

netaknutih šuma. Pet procenata.

So how did that happen?

Kako se to desilo?

Well, because an elite and its facilitators

Tako što su elita i njene vođe

have been making millions of dollars

zarađivali milione dolara

from supporting logging on an industrial scale

podržavajući seču drveta na industrijskom nivou

for many years.

dugi niz godina.

So we sent an undercover investigator in

Poslali smo tajnog istraživača

to secretly film meetings with members of the ruling elite,

da u tajnosti snima sastanke sa članovima vladajuće elite,

and the resulting footage, well, it made some people very angry,

i snimci koje smo dobili su neke ljude veoma naljutili

and you can see that on YouTube,

i to možete videti na Jutjubu, ali to je pokazalo

but it proved what we had long suspected,

ono na šta smo dugo sumnjali,

jer je pokazalo da je premijer države,

because it showed how the state's chief minister,

despite his later denials,

uprkos kasnijem poricanju,

used his control over land and forest licenses

koristio kontrolu nad zemljištem i šumskim dozvolama

to enrich himself and his family.

da sebe i svoju porodicu učini bogatim.

And HSBC, well, we know that HSBC bankrolled

A za HSBC znamo da su čuvali novac

the region's largest logging companies

najvećih kompanija za seču drva u regiji

that were responsible for some of that destruction

koje su bile odgovorne za deo te destrukcije

u Saravaku i na drugim mestima.

in Sarawak and elsewhere.

The bank violated its own sustainability policies in the process,

Banka je prekršila sopstvene polise o održivosti u samom procesu,

but it earned around 130 million dollars.

ali je zaradila oko 130 miliona dolara.

Now shortly after our exposé,

Ukratko nakon našeg ekspozea,

very shortly after our exposé earlier this year,

veoma ubrzo nakon ekspozea početkom ove godine,

the bank announced a policy review on this.

banka je najavila prikaz polise.

And is this progress? Maybe,

Da li je ovo napredak?

but we're going to be keeping a very close eye

Možda, ali ćemo budnim okom

on that case.

paziti na ovaj slučaj.

And then there's the problem of anonymous shell companies.

Onda je tu i problem anonimnih kompanija paravana.

Well, we've all heard about what they are, I think,

Mislim da smo svi čuli šta su one,

and we all know they're used quite a bit

i svi znamo da ih dosta koriste

by people and companies who are trying to avoid

ljudi i kompanije koji pokušavaju da izbegnu

paying their proper dues to society,

plaćanje svojih dugova društvu,

also known as taxes.

to jest poreza.

But what doesn't usually come to light

Ali na svetlo obično ne izađe

is how shell companies are used to steal

to kako se ove kompanije koriste za krađu

huge sums of money, transformational sums of money,

ogromnih suma novca, transformacionih suma novca,

from poor countries.

iz siromašnih zemalja.

In virtually every case of corruption that we've investigated,

U skoro svakom slučaju korupcije koji smo istraživali,

shell companies have appeared,

pojavile su se kompanije paravani

and sometimes it's been impossible to find out

i ponekad je bilo nemoguće otkriti

who is really involved in the deal.

ko je zapravo uključen u posao.

A recent study by the World Bank

Skorašnje istraživanje Svetske banke

looked at 200 cases of corruption.

pokrivalo je 200 slučajeva korupcija.

It found that over 70 percent of those cases

Oktriveno je da su u 70% tih slučajeva

had used anonymous shell companies,

korišćene anonimne kompanije paravani,

totaling almost 56 billion dollars.

a ukupna suma bila je 56 milijardi dolara.

Now many of these companies were in America

Dosta tih kompanija bilo je u Americi

or the United Kingdom,

ili Ujedinjenom kraljevstvu,

its overseas territories and Crown dependencies,

teritorijama preko okeana i Krunskim posedima,

and so it's not just an offshore problem,

tako da to nije samo problem sa ofšor kompanijama,

it's an on-shore one too.

već i sa onim u zemlji.

You see, shell companies, they're central

Vidite, kompanije paravani su ključne

to the secret deals which may benefit wealthy elites

za tajne ugovore koji mogu da koriste bogatim članovima elite

rather than ordinary citizens.

umesto običnim građanima.

One striking recent case that we've investigated

U jednom upečatljivom slučaju koji smo skoro istraživali,

is how the government in the Democratic Republic of Congo

vlada u Demokratskoj republici Kongo

sold off a series of valuable, state-owned mining assets

prodala je dosta vredne državne imovine gde se kopa ruda

to shell companies in the British Virgin Islands.

kompanijama paravanima na Britanskim devičanskim ostrvima.

So we spoke to sources in country,

Pričali smo sa izvorima u zemlji,

trawled through company documents and other information

prošli kroz dokumenta kompanije i druge informacije,

trying to piece together a really true picture of the deal.

pokušavajući da sklopimo pravu sliku o dogovoru.

And we were alarmed to find that these shell companies

Bili smo uznemireni kada smo saznali da su ove kompanije paravani

had quickly flipped many of the assets on

brzo preprodale većinu imovine

for huge profits to major international mining companies

velikim međunarodnim kompanijama za rudarstvo iz Londona

listed in London.

za ogromne zarade.

Now, the Africa Progress Panel, led by Kofi Annan,

Odbor za napredak Afrike, na čelu sa Kofijem Ananom,

they've calculated that Congo may have lost

izračunao je da je Kongo možda izgubio

more than 1.3 billion dollars from these deals.

više od 1,3 milijarde dolara na ovim poslovima.

That's almost twice

To je skoro dvostruko više

the country's annual health and education budget combined.

od godišnjeg budžeta ove zemlje za zdravstvo i obrazovanje zajedno.

And will the people of Congo, will they ever get their money back?

Da li će ljudima iz države Kongo ikada biti vraćen novac?

Well, the answer to that question,

Odgovor na to pitanje,

and who was really involved and what really happened,

i to ko je zaista bio umešan i šta se zaista desilo,

well that's going to probably remain locked away

to će verovatno ostati zaključano

in the secretive company registries of the British Virgin Islands

u tajnim registrima kompanija na Britanskim devičanskim ostrvima

and elsewhere unless we all do something about it.

i drugde, osim ako zaista ne uradimo nešto povodom toga.

And how about the oil, gas and mining companies?

A šta je sa kompanijama koje se bave naftom, gasom i rudama?

Okay, maybe it's a bit of a cliché to talk about them.

Možda je kliše pričati o njima.

Corruption in that sector, no surprise.

Korupcija u tom sektoru nije iznenađenje.

There's corruption everywhere, so why focus on that sector?

Svuda ima korupcije, zašto bi se usredsredili na taj sektor?

Well, because there's a lot at stake.

Zato što je ulog velik.

In 2011, natural resource exports

2011, izvoz prirodnih resursa

outweighed aid flows by almost 19 to one

bio je 19 puta veći od iznosa pomoći

in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Nineteen to one.

u Africi, Aziji i Latinskoj Americi. 19 puta veći.

Now that's a hell of a lot of schools and universities

To je veoma mnogo škola, univerziteta,

and hospitals and business startups,

bolnica i započetih biznisa,

many of which haven't materialized and never will

od kojih se mnogi nikada nisu ostvarili i nikada neće

because some of that money has simply been stolen away.

jer je deo tog novca jednostavno ukraden.

Now let's go back to the oil and mining companies,

Vratimo se na naftne i rudarske kompanije,

and let's go back to Dan Etete and that $1 billion deal.

na Dena Etetea i taj posao od milijardu dolara.

And now forgive me, I'm going to read the next bit

Oprostite mi, ali ovaj deo ću pročitati

because it's a very live issue, and our lawyers

jer je problem veoma aktuelan i naši advokati

have been through this in some detail

su detaljno pretresli ovo

and they want me to get it right.

i žele da uradim sve kako treba.

Now, on the surface, the deal appeared straightforward.

Posao na prvi pogled izgleda sasvim jasno.

Subsidiaries of Shell and Eni

Ćerke kompanije Šela i Eni

paid the Nigerian government for the block.

su platile vladi Nigerije za kvadrant.

The Nigerian government transferred

Nigerijska vlada je prebacila

precisely the same amount, to the very dollar,

tačno isti iznos, do poslednjeg dolara

to an account earmarked for a shell company

na račun povezan sa kompanijom paravanom

whose hidden owner was Etete.

čiji je tajni vlasnik bio Etete.

Now, that's not bad going for a convicted money launderer.

Nije loše za nekog ko je osuđen za pranje novca.

And here's the thing.

Evo u čemu je stvar.

After many months of digging around

Nakon dosta meseci prekopavanja

and reading through hundreds of pages of court documents,

i čitanja stotina strana sudskih zapisa,

we found evidence that, in fact,

pronašli smo dokaze

Shell and Eni had known that the funds

da su Šel i Eni zapravo znali da će sredstva

would be transferred to that shell company,

biti prebačena na tu kompaniju paravan

and frankly, it's hard to believe they didn't know

i iskreno, teško je za poverovati da nisu znali

who they were really dealing with there.

sa kime tačno imaju posla.

Now, it just shouldn't take these sorts of efforts

Ne bi trebalo da se uloži ovakav trud

to find out where the money in deals like this went.

da se otkrije gde odlazi novac u ovakvim poslovima.

I mean, these are state assets.

Ovo je državni posed.

They're supposed to be used for the benefit

Treba da se koristi za dobrostanje

of the people in the country.

ljudi u toj državi.

But in some countries, citizens and journalists

Ali u nekim državama, građani i novinari

who are trying to expose stories like this

koji pokušaju da prikažu priče poput ove

have been harassed and arrested

doživljavaju maltretiranje i hapšenje

and some have even risked their lives to do so.

a neki su čak i rizikovali svoje živote.

And finally, well, there are those who believe

Konačno, postoje oni koji veruju

that corruption is unavoidable.

da je korupcija neizbežna.

It's just how some business is done.

Tako se prosto obavljaju poslovi.

It's too complex and difficult to change.

Previše je komplikovano i teško za promeniti.

So in effect, what? We just accept it.

Šta je posledica? Jednostavno to prihvatamo.

But as a campaigner and investigator,

Ali kao borac i istraživač,

I have a different view,

imam drugačiji pogled,

because I've seen what can happen

jer sam videla šta može da se dogodi

when an idea gains momentum.

kada se ideja pokrene.

In the oil and mining sector, for example,

U sektoru nafte i rudarstva, na primer,

there is now the beginning

sada se počinje

of a truly worldwide transparency standard

sa pravim svetskim standardom transparentnosti

that could tackle some of these problems.

koji bi mogao da reši neke od ovih problema.

In 1999, when Global Witness called

Kada je 1999. Globalni svedok pozvao

for oil companies to make payments on deals transparent,

naftne kompanije da učine plaćanja poslova transparentnim,

well, some people laughed at the extreme naiveté

neki ljudi su se smejali ekstremnoj naivnosti

of that small idea.

te malene ideje.

But literally hundreds of civil society groups

Ali bukvalno stotine grupa građana

from around the world came together

iz celog sveta se sastalo

to fight for transparency,

da se bori za transparentnost,

and now it's fast becoming the norm and the law.

i to sada brzo postaje norma i zakon.

Two thirds of the value

Dve trećine vrednosti

of the world's oil and mining companies

svetskih naftnih i rudarskih kompanija

are now covered by transparency laws. Two thirds.

sada je pokriveno zakonima o transparentnosti. Dve trećine.

So this is change happening.

Ovo je promena na delu.

This is progress.

Ovo je napredak.

But we're not there yet, by far.

Ali još nismo tu, ni blizu.

Because it really isn't about corruption

Ovde se zapravo ne radi o korupciji

somewhere over there, is it?

tamo negde, zar ne?

In a globalized world, corruption

U globalizovanom svetu,

is a truly globalized business,

korupcija je zaista globalizovan posao,

and one that needs global solutions,

kome su potrebna globalna rešenja

supported and pushed by us all, as global citizens,

koja podržavamo i guramo svi mi kao globalni građani,

right here.

upravo ovde.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)