Charmian Gooch: Meet global corruption's hidden players

翻译人员: Ning Zhang 校对人员: Binglei Shea

When we talk about corruption,

当我们谈论腐败时，

there are typical types of individuals that spring to mind.

有几类典型的人会映入脑海。

There's the former Soviet megalomaniacs.

例如前苏联的自大狂。

Saparmurat Niyazov, he was one of them.

萨帕尔穆拉特 · 尼亚佐夫(Saparmurat Niyazov)就是其中一个。

Until his death in 2006,

直至2006 年他去世之前，

he was the all-powerful leader of Turkmenistan,

他一直是土库曼斯坦最有权利的领袖，

a Central Asian country rich in natural gas.

这是一个中亚国家，天然气丰富。

Now, he really loved to issue presidential decrees.

他很爱颁布总统令。

And one renamed the months of the year

其中之一是他曾经更改月份的名字

including after himself and his mother.

包括用他本人和他母亲的名字取而代之。

He spent millions of dollars

他花了数百万美元

creating a bizarre personality cult,

建立了一个怪诞的个人崇拜，

and his crowning glory was the building

他至高无上的荣耀是

of a 40-foot-high gold-plated statue of himself

为自己修建了一座40英尺高的镀金雕像

which stood proudly in the capital's central square

这个雕像傲然屹立于该国首都的中心广场

and rotated to follow the sun.

并能随太阳旋转。

He was a slightly unusual guy.

他是个有点异常的人。

And then there's that cliché,

另一个就是老生常谈的人物，

the African dictator or minister or official.

被称为非洲的独裁者、部长或官员。

There's Teodorín Obiang.

特奥多罗·奥比昂(Teodorin Obiang)。

So his daddy is president for life of Equatorial Guinea,

他父亲是赤道几内亚的终身总统

a West African nation that has exported

这是一个西非国家，

billions of dollars of oil since the 1990s

自从1990 年代以来，已出口了数十亿美元的石油，

and yet has a truly appalling human rights record.

但该国也有着骇人听闻的人权记录。

The vast majority of its people

绝大多数老百姓都

are living in really miserable poverty

生活于非常悲惨的贫困中

despite an income per capita that's on a par

尽管其人均收入相当于

with that of Portugal.

葡萄牙。

So Obiang junior, well, he buys himself

小奥比昂(Obiang junior)给自己

a $30 million mansion in Malibu, California.

在加利福尼亚州的马里布买了一栋3000万美元的豪宅。

I've been up to its front gates.

我到过那豪宅的大门前。

I can tell you it's a magnificent spread.

可以说，那真是气势恢宏。

He bought an €18 million art collection

他买了价值1800 万欧元的艺术收藏品

that used to belong to fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent,

该收藏品原属于时装设计师伊夫 · 圣洛朗(YSL)，

a stack of fabulous sports cars,

小奥比昂还有多辆豪华跑车，

some costing a million dollars apiece --

有些车单价超过100 万美金

oh, and a Gulfstream jet, too.

哦，他还有一驾湾流喷气机。

Now get this:

现在我们来看看：

Until recently, he was earning an official monthly salary

直到最近，他官方的月薪

of less than 7,000 dollars.

仅有不到7,000 美元。

And there's Dan Etete.

还有另一位丹·埃泰特(Dan Etete)

Well, he was the former oil minister of Nigeria

他是尼日利亚的前石油部长

under President Abacha,

隶属于阿巴查（Abacha）总统政府

and it just so happens he's a convicted money launderer too.

丹·埃泰特也恰巧被定罪洗黑钱。

We've spent a great deal of time

我们花了大量的时间

investigating a $1 billion --

针对10亿美金— —

that's right, a $1 billion —

是的，10 亿美金的一笔交易进行追查— —

oil deal that he was involved with,

这是他所参与的石油交易的金额

and what we found was pretty shocking,

结果非常令人震惊，

but more about that later.

我们稍后再谈这个吧。

So it's easy to think that corruption happens

所以，我们很容易就下结论认为

somewhere over there,

腐败发生在那边，

carried out by a bunch of greedy despots

被一群贪婪的专制统治者

and individuals up to no good in countries

和对国家无一益处的腐败者把持着

that we, personally, may know very little about

这些，对我们来说，可能是知之甚少的

and feel really unconnected to

感觉真得和自己没什么关系

and unaffected by what might be going on.

而且我们也没受什么影响。

But does it just happen over there?

但腐败仅仅只发生在那边吗？

Well, at 22, I was very lucky.

在我22岁时，我非常幸运。

My first job out of university

我大学毕业后的第一份工作

was investigating the illegal trade in African ivory.

是调查非洲象牙非法贸易。

And that's how my relationship with corruption really began.

那是我参与反腐的开始。

In 1993, with two friends who were colleagues,

1993 年，我与两个朋友，也是我同事，

Simon Taylor and Patrick Alley,

西蒙 · 泰勒（Simon Taylor）和帕特里克· 埃里(Patrick Alley)

we set up an organization called Global Witness.

一起成立了一个组织叫做“全球见证”(Global Witness)。

Our first campaign was investigating the role

我们第一次行动就是调查

of illegal logging in funding the war in Cambodia.

非法伐木在柬埔寨战争的资助方面所扮演的角色。

So a few years later, and it's now 1997,

几年后，1997 年，

and I'm in Angola undercover investigating blood diamonds.

我在安哥拉秘密调查血钻。

Perhaps you saw the film,

也许你看过

the Hollywood film "Blood Diamond,"

好莱坞电影"血钻"，

莱昂纳多 · 迪卡普里奥主演的。

the one with Leonardo DiCaprio.

Well, some of that sprang from our work.

电影的部分情节是根据我们的调查而来的。

Luanda, it was full of land mine victims

罗安达，到处都是地雷受害者

who were struggling to survive on the streets

他们在街上挣扎求生

and war orphans living in sewers under the streets,

战争孤儿生活在街道下的下水道中

and a tiny, very wealthy elite

极少部分富裕的精英们

who gossiped about shopping trips to Brazil and Portugal.

在闲谈着到巴西和葡萄牙的购物之旅。

And it was a slightly crazy place.

那是一个相当疯狂的地方。

So I'm sitting in a hot and very stuffy hotel room

所以我坐在一个非常闷热的酒店客房

feeling just totally overwhelmed.

感觉完全不知所措。

But it wasn't about blood diamonds.

但这和血钻无关。

Because I'd been speaking to lots of people there

因为我和当地许多人都交流过

who, well, they talked about a different problem:

他们谈到另一个不同的问题：

that of a massive web of corruption on a global scale

在全球范围内一个巨大规模的腐败网

and millions of oil dollars going missing.

以及与石油相关的数以百万美金不知去向。

And for what was then a very small organization

对于一个只有几个人

of just a few people,

的组织来说，

trying to even begin to think how we might tackle that

试图思考我们怎样解决这个问题

was an enormous challenge.

真是一个巨大的挑战。

And in the years that I've been,

在这些年，

and we've all been campaigning and investigating,

我们一直在行动和调查，

I've repeatedly seen that what makes corruption

我一次又一次看到，

on a global, massive scale possible,

是什么让腐败在全球巨大的范围内发生，

well it isn't just greed or the misuse of power

这不仅仅是贪婪或权力滥用

or that nebulous phrase "weak governance."

或用含糊不清的"无能治理"可以解释的。

I mean, yes, it's all of those,

我的意思是，刚刚提到的都是原因，

but corruption, it's made possible by the actions

但是腐败，之所以出现

of global facilitators.

是因为全球协调者的所作所为导致的。

So let's go back to some of those people I talked about earlier.

所以让我们谈谈我之前提到过的那些人。

Now, they're all people we've investigated,

他们都是我们调查过的

and they're all people who couldn't do what they do alone.

而且他们不可能单独靠自己就能做出那些事的。

Take Obiang junior. Well, he didn't end up

以小奥比昂（Obiang junior）为例。

with high-end art and luxury houses without help.

没有协助的话，他是无法获得那些高端艺术品和豪宅的。

He did business with global banks.

他与全球的银行有来往。

A bank in Paris held accounts of companies controlled by him,

在巴黎的一家银行拥有由他控制的公司的帐户，

one of which was used to buy the art,

他就是用其中一个账号来购买艺术品的，

and American banks, well, they funneled

他和美国的银行也有来往，

73 million dollars into the States,

令他把7300 万美金汇到了美国，

some of which was used to buy that California mansion.

他用其中一些钱购买了加州豪宅。

And he didn't do all of this in his own name either.

而且他并不是用自己的名字行事的。

He used shell companies.

他用空壳公司。

He used one to buy the property, and another,

他用一个空壳公司购买豪宅，

which was in somebody else's name,

另一个在其他人名下，

to pay the huge bills it cost to run the place.

用来支付豪宅生活所需的巨额账单。

And then there's Dan Etete.

再有丹·埃泰特（Dan Etete）。

Well, when he was oil minister,

当他是石油部长的时候，

he awarded an oil block now worth over a billion dollars

他将一块现在价值超过10 亿美金油田授予了一个公司

to a company that, guess what, yeah,

是的，你猜怎么着，

he was the hidden owner of.

他是那公司的幕后老板。

Now, it was then much later traded on

现在，这公司

with the kind assistance of the Nigerian government --

在尼日利亚政府的协助下

now I have to be careful what I say here —

现在我得小心地在这里说 — —

to subsidiaries of Shell and the Italian Eni,

它与壳牌石油公司和意大利埃尼石油公司的 子公司进行了交易，

two of the biggest oil companies around.

这是那里最大的两家石油公司。

So the reality is, is that the engine of corruption,

因此事实是，这个腐败的引擎，

well, it exists far beyond the shores of countries

它远远不止只在这些国家存在

like Equatorial Guinea or Nigeria or Turkmenistan.

像赤道几内亚共和国，尼日利亚，或者土库曼斯坦。

This engine, well, it's driven

这个引擎被驱动着，

by our international banking system,

这包括，我们的国际银行系统，

by the problem of anonymous shell companies,

那些匿名的空壳公司，

and by the secrecy that we have afforded

和我们所给予的那些

big oil, gas and mining operations,

大型石油、 天然气和采矿经营的隐秘的权利，

and, most of all, by the failure of our politicians

而且最重要的，还有我们的政客

to back up their rhetoric and do something

他们无法兑现那些花言巧语，

really meaningful and systemic to tackle this stuff.

也拿不出真正有意义的和系统性的行动来应对腐败。

Now let's take the banks first.

现在让我们先看看银行。

Well, it's not going to come as any surprise

我要告诉你们银行会收脏钱

for me to tell you that banks accept dirty money,

我想你们不会觉得惊讶。

but they prioritize their profits in other destructive ways too.

但他们也用其他具有破坏性的方式优先处理他们的利润。

For example, in Sarawak, Malaysia.

例如，在马来西亚沙捞越。

Now this region, it has just five percent

现在这个区域，

of its forests left intact. Five percent.

只有5 %的森林是完好无损。5%啊。

So how did that happen?

怎么会这样呢？

Well, because an elite and its facilitators

因为一个精英和其主事者们

have been making millions of dollars

多年来，

from supporting logging on an industrial scale

一直支持伐木工业的规模化发展

for many years.

来赚取数百万的美元。

So we sent an undercover investigator in

所以我们派出卧底调查员

to secretly film meetings with members of the ruling elite,

秘密地录下了与管理层成员的会议过程，

and the resulting footage, well, it made some people very angry,

这段录影让有些人非常生气，

and you can see that on YouTube,

你可以在 youtube 上看到。

but it proved what we had long suspected,

但它证明了我们长期以来的怀疑，

因为这段录影证实了这个州长，

because it showed how the state's chief minister,

despite his later denials,

尽管他后来加以否认，

used his control over land and forest licenses

通过他对土地和森林的许可证的控制

to enrich himself and his family.

为自己和家人牟利。

And HSBC, well, we know that HSBC bankrolled

汇丰银行（HSBC），好吧，我们知道汇丰银行

the region's largest logging companies

给该地区最大的几家伐木公司提供资金

that were responsible for some of that destruction

对于这些公司在沙捞越和其他地方的破坏行为

汇丰银行脱不了干系。

in Sarawak and elsewhere.

The bank violated its own sustainability policies in the process,

汇丰违反了它自己的可持续发展政策，

but it earned around 130 million dollars.

但它赚了大约 1 亿 3000 万美金。

Now shortly after our exposé,

在我们曝光这件事不久，

very shortly after our exposé earlier this year,

就在我们今年早些时候曝光不久，

the bank announced a policy review on this.

汇丰对外宣布关于这件事他们要重新审议公司政策。

And is this progress? Maybe,

这是进步吗？也许是，

but we're going to be keeping a very close eye

但我们会对此案件

on that case.

保持密切关注。

And then there's the problem of anonymous shell companies.

然后我们看看匿名空壳公司的问题。

Well, we've all heard about what they are, I think,

我想，我们都听说他们，

and we all know they're used quite a bit

我们都知道一些人和一些公司

by people and companies who are trying to avoid

利用空壳公司来试图逃避

paying their proper dues to society,

对社会应尽的责任，

also known as taxes.

也就是税。

But what doesn't usually come to light

但是，通常不为人知的是

is how shell companies are used to steal

如何利用空壳公司窃取庞大的金钱

huge sums of money, transformational sums of money,

大笔大笔的金钱被洗白之后

from poor countries.

从贫穷的国家转出。

In virtually every case of corruption that we've investigated,

在我们调查过的几乎每一个腐败案件中，

shell companies have appeared,

都有空壳公司的参与，

and sometimes it's been impossible to find out

而且，有时我们无法找出

who is really involved in the deal.

谁真正参与了交易。

A recent study by the World Bank

最近世界银行有项研究

looked at 200 cases of corruption.

在200 例腐败案件中，

It found that over 70 percent of those cases

70%以上的案件

had used anonymous shell companies,

使用了匿名的空壳公司，

totaling almost 56 billion dollars.

涉案金额总计达560 亿美元。

Now many of these companies were in America

现在，许多这样的公司是在美国

or the United Kingdom,

或在英国，

its overseas territories and Crown dependencies,

在海外领土和英国皇家属地，

and so it's not just an offshore problem,

所以这并不仅仅是一个境外的问题，

it's an on-shore one too.

这也发生在我们境内。

You see, shell companies, they're central

你看，空壳公司，他们是这些秘密交易的核心

to the secret deals which may benefit wealthy elites

这些交易可能使富裕精英们受益

rather than ordinary citizens.

但普通公民并未受益。

One striking recent case that we've investigated

我们最近调查了一个引人注目的案件

is how the government in the Democratic Republic of Congo

是刚果民主共和国的政府

sold off a series of valuable, state-owned mining assets

如何将一系列的宝贵的国有矿业资产

to shell companies in the British Virgin Islands.

卖给了英属维尔京群岛的空壳公司。

So we spoke to sources in country,

我们与刚果的线人谈话，

trawled through company documents and other information

搜罗公司文件和其他信息，

trying to piece together a really true picture of the deal.

尝试拼凑出这笔交易的真实模样。

And we were alarmed to find that these shell companies

我们都震惊地发现，这些空壳公司

had quickly flipped many of the assets on

快速地将许多资产转卖给了

for huge profits to major international mining companies

在伦敦上市的大型国际矿业公司

listed in London.

以此赚取丰厚利润。

Now, the Africa Progress Panel, led by Kofi Annan,

现在，由科菲 · 安南（Kofi Annan）领导的非洲进步小组（Africa Progress Panel），

they've calculated that Congo may have lost

已经计算出刚果可能因这些交易损失了

more than 1.3 billion dollars from these deals.

超过13 亿美金。

That's almost twice

这几乎是

the country's annual health and education budget combined.

该国每年的健康和教育预算总和的两倍。

And will the people of Congo, will they ever get their money back?

那么刚果的人民，他们能把自己的钱拿回来吗？

Well, the answer to that question,

这个问题的答案，

and who was really involved and what really happened,

谁真正参与了，以及到底发生了什么，

well that's going to probably remain locked away

除非我们能采取些行动，否则这一切可能都将被封存在

in the secretive company registries of the British Virgin Islands

英属维尔京群岛注册的神秘公司那里

and elsewhere unless we all do something about it.

和其他什么地方。

And how about the oil, gas and mining companies?

那么，石油、 天然气和采矿公司又是怎样的？

Okay, maybe it's a bit of a cliché to talk about them.

好吧，也许这有点老生常谈。

Corruption in that sector, no surprise.

在这些产业发生贪腐一点都不奇怪。

There's corruption everywhere, so why focus on that sector?

到处都有贪腐，那么为什么要关注这些产业?

Well, because there's a lot at stake.

因为这里涉及很多利益。

In 2011, natural resource exports

2011 年，在非洲、 亚洲和拉丁美洲

outweighed aid flows by almost 19 to one

天然资源的出口与援助资金的比例相差极为悬殊

in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Nineteen to one.

几乎是19:1。

Now that's a hell of a lot of schools and universities

这严重损害了很多学校，大学，

and hospitals and business startups,

医院和创业公司的利益，

many of which haven't materialized and never will

他们根本得不到实际的资金支持而且也永远得不到

because some of that money has simply been stolen away.

因为那些支援的经费已经被轻而易举地盗走了。

Now let's go back to the oil and mining companies,

现在让我们回到石油和矿业公司，

and let's go back to Dan Etete and that $1 billion deal.

让我们重新谈谈丹·埃泰特和那10 亿美金的交易。

And now forgive me, I'm going to read the next bit

现在请原谅我，我要照着纸条念，

because it's a very live issue, and our lawyers

因为这是一个现场的演说，我们的律师

have been through this in some detail

查阅过相关的法律条文

and they want me to get it right.

所以他们希望我不要有任何口误。

Now, on the surface, the deal appeared straightforward.

现在，表面上，这笔交易看来很简单。

Subsidiaries of Shell and Eni

壳牌和埃尼集团的子公司

paid the Nigerian government for the block.

付钱给尼日利亚政府购买了那块油田。

The Nigerian government transferred

尼日利亚政府将收到的钱

precisely the same amount, to the very dollar,

以完全一样的金额，以美元的方式转给了

to an account earmarked for a shell company

一个空壳公司的一个专用帐户

whose hidden owner was Etete.

这公司背后的老板是埃泰特。

Now, that's not bad going for a convicted money launderer.

对这个被定罪的洗钱犯来说这笔交易可真不赖啊。

And here's the thing.

但现在的问题是

After many months of digging around

经过数月的挖掘

and reading through hundreds of pages of court documents,

和对数百页法庭文件的阅读

we found evidence that, in fact,

我们发现了证据，

Shell and Eni had known that the funds

事实上，壳牌公司和埃尼集团早就知道这些资金

would be transferred to that shell company,

将被转到那个空壳公司，

and frankly, it's hard to believe they didn't know

坦白说，很难相信他们不知道

who they were really dealing with there.

他们是真得在和谁做交易。

Now, it just shouldn't take these sorts of efforts

而现在，不应该花费种种的努力

to find out where the money in deals like this went.

去找出这些交易的金钱去哪儿了。

I mean, these are state assets.

我的意思是，这些都是国有资产。

They're supposed to be used for the benefit

他们本应该用于造福

of the people in the country.

这个国家的人民。

But in some countries, citizens and journalists

但在一些国家、 公民和记者

who are trying to expose stories like this

那些想曝光这些事情的人们

have been harassed and arrested

却被骚扰和逮捕

and some have even risked their lives to do so.

还有一些人甚至在冒生命危险去揭露真相。

And finally, well, there are those who believe

最后，有一些人他们相信

that corruption is unavoidable.

腐败是不可避免的。

It's just how some business is done.

他们认为这就是做生意的一种方式。

It's too complex and difficult to change.

太复杂也太难改变了。

So in effect, what? We just accept it.

所以，后果是什么？我们只能接受它。

But as a campaigner and investigator,

但作为一个活动者和调查员，

I have a different view,

我有不同的看法，

because I've seen what can happen

因为我见过当一个想法汇聚了力量之后

when an idea gains momentum.

会发生什么。

In the oil and mining sector, for example,

举例来说，在石油和采矿行业，

there is now the beginning

现在正开始实行

of a truly worldwide transparency standard

一个真正的全球的透明标准，

that could tackle some of these problems.

它可以解决这些问题。

In 1999, when Global Witness called

在1999 年，当“全球见证”致电石油公司让他们

for oil companies to make payments on deals transparent,

在交易付款实行透明化时，

well, some people laughed at the extreme naiveté

好吧，有些人嘲笑我们

of that small idea.

认为这是个极其天真的小点子。

But literally hundreds of civil society groups

但是，来自世界各地的

from around the world came together

数以百计的公民社团集合起来

to fight for transparency,

争取交易透明化，

and now it's fast becoming the norm and the law.

现在它已经变成规范和法律了。

Two thirds of the value

全球的石油和矿业公司的

of the world's oil and mining companies

三分之二的交易

are now covered by transparency laws. Two thirds.

现在都在接受交易透明化法规的规范。三分之二啊。

So this is change happening.

所以，改变正在发生。

This is progress.

这就是进步。

But we're not there yet, by far.

但我们还远远没有达到目标。

Because it really isn't about corruption

因为它贪腐不是

somewhere over there, is it?

只在那儿的某个地方发生，不是吗？

In a globalized world, corruption

在全球化的世界中，

is a truly globalized business,

贪腐是一个真正的全球化的生意，

and one that needs global solutions,

它需要全球性的解决方案，

supported and pushed by us all, as global citizens,

需要作为全球公民的我们，我们所有人

right here.

去支持和推动，就在这里。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）