Charmian Gooch: Meet global corruption's hidden players

888,090 views ใƒป 2013-07-08

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
When we talk about corruption,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช,
00:14
there are typical types of individuals that spring to mind.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช.
00:18
There's the former Soviet megalomaniacs.
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ื”ืžื’ืœื•ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืช-ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ.
00:20
Saparmurat Niyazov, he was one of them.
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ืกืคืจืžื•ืจืื˜ ื ื™ืื–ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื.
00:23
Until his death in 2006,
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ืขื“ ืœืžื•ืชื• ื‘-2006
00:25
he was the all-powerful leader of Turkmenistan,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื”ื›ืœ-ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจืงืžื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ,
00:29
a Central Asian country rich in natural gas.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื”.
00:32
Now, he really loved to issue presidential decrees.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืื”ื‘ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื.
00:36
And one renamed the months of the year
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื ื”
00:39
including after himself and his mother.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ, ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ื•ืขืœ ืฉื ืื™ืžื•.
00:42
He spent millions of dollars
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื–ื‘ื– ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
00:44
creating a bizarre personality cult,
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ืขืœ ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจ,
00:47
and his crowning glory was the building
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ื•ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงืžืชื•
00:49
of a 40-foot-high gold-plated statue of himself
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ืฉืœ ืคืกืœ ืžืฆื•ืคื” ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• 12 ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
00:53
which stood proudly in the capital's central square
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ืฉื ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”
00:56
and rotated to follow the sun.
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ื•ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจื• ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
00:59
He was a slightly unusual guy.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืงืฆืช ืžืฉื•ื ื”.
01:01
And then there's that clichรฉ,
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ื’ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ื,
01:03
the African dictator or minister or official.
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ื”ืจื•ื“ืŸ, ืื• ื”ืฉืจ ืื• ื”ืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™:
01:07
There's Teodorรญn Obiang.
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ืชืื•ื“ื•ืจื™ืŸ ืื•ื‘ื™ืื ื’.
01:10
So his daddy is president for life of Equatorial Guinea,
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ืื‘ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื ื™ืื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื ื™ืช,
01:14
a West African nation that has exported
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ืื•ืžื” ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืืช
01:17
billions of dollars of oil since the 1990s
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ื ืคื˜ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90
01:21
and yet has a truly appalling human rights record.
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ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื” ื”ืื™ื•ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื.
01:25
The vast majority of its people
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ืจื•ื‘ื• ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ืขืžื”
01:27
are living in really miserable poverty
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ื—ื™ ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ืžื—ืคื™ืจ ืžืžืฉ
01:30
despite an income per capita that's on a par
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœื ืคืฉ ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื•
01:32
with that of Portugal.
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ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ.
01:34
So Obiang junior, well, he buys himself
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ืื– ืื•ื‘ื™ืื ื’ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืงื•ื ื” ืœืขืฆืžื•
01:37
a $30 million mansion in Malibu, California.
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ืื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘-30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืžืืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
01:41
I've been up to its front gates.
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ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืขื“ ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”.
01:42
I can tell you it's a magnificent spread.
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ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืœื™, ื–ื”ื• ืฉื˜ื— ืžืคื•ืืจ.
01:45
He bought an โ‚ฌ18 million art collection
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ื”ื•ื ืงื ื” ืื•ืกืฃ ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 18 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื•
01:49
that used to belong to fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent,
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ืฉื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืคืขื ืœืžืขืฆื‘ ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ืื™ื‘ ืกืŸ ืœื•ืจืŸ,
01:53
a stack of fabulous sports cars,
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ืขืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืช,
01:55
some costing a million dollars apiece --
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืŸ ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื›"ื--
01:57
oh, and a Gulfstream jet, too.
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ืื”, ื•ื’ื ืžื˜ื•ืก ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ "ื’ื•ืœืคืกื˜ืจื™ื".
02:00
Now get this:
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ื•ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘:
02:01
Until recently, he was earning an official monthly salary
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ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชื›ืจ ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช ืจืฉืžื™ืช
02:05
of less than 7,000 dollars.
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ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-7,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
02:09
And there's Dan Etete.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ื“ืŸ ืื˜ื˜ื”.
02:11
Well, he was the former oil minister of Nigeria
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืจ ื”ื ืคื˜ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”
02:14
under President Abacha,
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ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื‘ืืฆ'ื”,
02:16
and it just so happens he's a convicted money launderer too.
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžืงืจื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื’ื ื‘ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื.
02:20
We've spent a great deal of time
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ื”ืงื“ืฉื ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘
02:22
investigating a $1 billion --
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ืœื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ--
02:24
that's right, a $1 billion โ€”
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืื“. ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ--
02:26
oil deal that he was involved with,
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ืฉืœ ืขื™ืกืงืช ื ืคื˜ ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘,
02:29
and what we found was pretty shocking,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืžื–ืขื–ืข,
02:31
but more about that later.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš - ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.
02:33
So it's easy to think that corruption happens
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืงืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืฉื—ื™ืชื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช
02:37
somewhere over there,
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ืื™-ืฉื,
02:39
carried out by a bunch of greedy despots
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื ืชืื‘ื™-ื‘ืฆืข,
02:41
and individuals up to no good in countries
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ืื• ืกืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืืคืกื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ื•ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
02:43
that we, personally, may know very little about
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ืฉืœื ื•, ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ,
02:46
and feel really unconnected to
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉืจ ืืœื™ื”ืŸ,
02:48
and unaffected by what might be going on.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืงื•ืจื” ืฉื ืœื ื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื ื•.
02:51
But does it just happen over there?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงื•ืจื” ืื™-ืฉื?
02:55
Well, at 22, I was very lucky.
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ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 22 ื”ืชืžื–ืœ ืžื–ืœื™;
02:58
My first job out of university
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ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™, ืžื™ื“ ื›ืฉืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”,
03:01
was investigating the illegal trade in African ivory.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืกื—ืจ ืœื-ื—ื•ืงื™ ื‘ืฉื ื”ื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงืื™.
03:05
And that's how my relationship with corruption really began.
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ื•ื›ืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืขื ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช.
03:09
In 1993, with two friends who were colleagues,
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ื‘-1993, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื,
03:12
Simon Taylor and Patrick Alley,
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ืกื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ ื•ืคื˜ืจื™ืง ืืœื™,
03:15
we set up an organization called Global Witness.
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ื”ืงืžื ื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื "ืขื“-ืจืื™ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™".
03:18
Our first campaign was investigating the role
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ืžืฉื™ืžืชื ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืžื™ืœืื”
03:21
of illegal logging in funding the war in Cambodia.
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ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืงืžื‘ื•ื“ื™ื”.
03:25
So a few years later, and it's now 1997,
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ืื– ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืื—"ื›, ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื 1997,
03:28
and I'm in Angola undercover investigating blood diamonds.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืื ื’ื•ืœื”, ื›ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืกืžื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ืœื•ืžื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ื.
03:33
Perhaps you saw the film,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜,
03:35
the Hollywood film "Blood Diamond,"
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ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ื™ "ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื™ื”ืœื•ื",
ื–ื” ืฉืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื• ืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“ื• ื“ื™ืงืคืจื™ื•.
03:37
the one with Leonardo DiCaprio.
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03:38
Well, some of that sprang from our work.
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ืื– ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
03:42
Luanda, it was full of land mine victims
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ืœื•ืื ื“ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ื ืคื’ืขื™ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืงืฉื™ื
03:44
who were struggling to survive on the streets
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ืฉื ืื‘ืงื• ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช
03:47
and war orphans living in sewers under the streets,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืชื•ืžื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
03:50
and a tiny, very wealthy elite
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ื•ื‘ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื–ืขื™ืจื” ื•ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืžืื“
03:52
who gossiped about shopping trips to Brazil and Portugal.
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ืฉื”ืชืขืกืงื” ื‘ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืกืขื•ืช ืงื ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื•ืœืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ืœ.
03:55
And it was a slightly crazy place.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืงืฆืช ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ.
03:58
So I'm sitting in a hot and very stuffy hotel room
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืœื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืžืœื•ืŸ ื—ื ื•ืžื—ื ื™ืง ืžืื“,
04:01
feeling just totally overwhelmed.
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ื‘ื”ืœื ื’ืžื•ืจ,
04:04
But it wasn't about blood diamonds.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื™ื”ืœื•ืžื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ื,
04:07
Because I'd been speaking to lots of people there
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ืืœื ื›ื™ ืฉื•ื—ื—ืชื™ ืฉื ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื
04:10
who, well, they talked about a different problem:
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ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™:
04:12
that of a massive web of corruption on a global scale
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ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™
04:15
and millions of oil dollars going missing.
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ื•ืฉืœ ื›ืกืคื™ ื ืคื˜ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื, ืฉื ืขืœืžื•.
04:19
And for what was then a very small organization
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื– ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื“
04:21
of just a few people,
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ืฉืœ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ืื ืฉื™ื,
04:23
trying to even begin to think how we might tackle that
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ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื–ื”,
04:26
was an enormous challenge.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืชื’ืจ ื›ื‘ื™ืจ.
04:29
And in the years that I've been,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืชืชืคืชื™,
04:30
and we've all been campaigning and investigating,
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ืฉืชืชืคื ื• ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื”,
04:33
I've repeatedly seen that what makes corruption
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ื ื•ื›ื—ืชื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืžื” ืฉืžื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช
04:35
on a global, massive scale possible,
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ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื•ืžืกื™ื‘ื™
04:37
well it isn't just greed or the misuse of power
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืจืง ืชืื•ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืข ืื• ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืœืจืขื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—
04:40
or that nebulous phrase "weak governance."
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ืื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ: "ืžืžืฉืœ ื—ืœืฉ".
04:43
I mean, yes, it's all of those,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
04:45
but corruption, it's made possible by the actions
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืชืืคืฉืจืช ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื
04:48
of global facilitators.
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ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื.
04:51
So let's go back to some of those people I talked about earlier.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื.
04:55
Now, they're all people we've investigated,
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื—ืงืจื ื•,
04:56
and they're all people who couldn't do what they do alone.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื•.
04:59
Take Obiang junior. Well, he didn't end up
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ืœืžืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ืื ื’ ื”ื‘ืŸ. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข
05:01
with high-end art and luxury houses without help.
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ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืขื™ืœื™ืช ื•ืœื‘ืชื™ื ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ื™ื ืœืœื ืขื–ืจื”.
05:05
He did business with global banks.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืขืกืงื™ื ืขื ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื.
05:07
A bank in Paris held accounts of companies controlled by him,
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ื‘ื ืง ืื—ื“ ื‘ืคืจื™ืก ื ื™ื”ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชื•,
05:11
one of which was used to buy the art,
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ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช,
05:14
and American banks, well, they funneled
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ื•ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื™ื, ืฉืชื™ืขืœื•
05:16
73 million dollars into the States,
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73 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืชื•ืš ืืจื”"ื‘,
05:19
some of which was used to buy that California mansion.
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ืฉื—ืœืงื ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
05:23
And he didn't do all of this in his own name either.
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืชื—ืช ืฉืžื•.
05:26
He used shell companies.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงืฉ.
05:28
He used one to buy the property, and another,
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ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก, ื•ื‘ืื—ืจืช,
05:30
which was in somebody else's name,
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ืฉื ืจืฉืžื” ืขืœ ืฉืžื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ,
05:32
to pay the huge bills it cost to run the place.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืœื ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ื–ืงืช ื”ืžืงื•ื.
05:36
And then there's Dan Etete.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ื“ืŸ ืื˜ื˜ื”.
05:39
Well, when he was oil minister,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืจ ื ืคื˜,
05:41
he awarded an oil block now worth over a billion dollars
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื‘ื” ืฉืฉื•ื•ื™ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
05:46
to a company that, guess what, yeah,
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืช, ืฉื”ืคืœื ื•ืคืœื,
05:49
he was the hidden owner of.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืกืžื•ื™ ืฉืœื”.
05:51
Now, it was then much later traded on
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื ืกื—ืจื”,
05:54
with the kind assistance of the Nigerian government --
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื” ื”ืื“ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”--
05:57
now I have to be careful what I say here โ€”
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืขืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™--
05:59
to subsidiaries of Shell and the Italian Eni,
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ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช-ื‘ืช ืฉืœ "ืฉืœ" ื•"ืื ื™" ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช,
06:03
two of the biggest oil companies around.
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ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:06
So the reality is, is that the engine of corruption,
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ืื– ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื ื•ืข ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช
06:08
well, it exists far beyond the shores of countries
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ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
06:11
like Equatorial Guinea or Nigeria or Turkmenistan.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื™ื ื™ืื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื ื™ืช, ืื• ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื” ืื• ื˜ื•ืจืงืžื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
06:14
This engine, well, it's driven
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ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ืขืฆื
06:16
by our international banking system,
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ืข"ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
06:19
by the problem of anonymous shell companies,
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ืข"ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉ ื”ืืœืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
06:21
and by the secrecy that we have afforded
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ื•ืข"ื™ ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืขื ืงื ื• ืื ื•
06:24
big oil, gas and mining operations,
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ืœืขืกืงื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคื˜, ื”ื’ื– ื•ื”ืžื›ืจื•ืช,
06:27
and, most of all, by the failure of our politicians
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ื•ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ, ืข"ื™ ื›ืฉืœื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
06:30
to back up their rhetoric and do something
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ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื”
06:32
really meaningful and systemic to tackle this stuff.
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื•ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
06:37
Now let's take the banks first.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื:
06:39
Well, it's not going to come as any surprise
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื™ืคืชื™ืข ืืชื›ื
06:42
for me to tell you that banks accept dirty money,
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ืื ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ืžื–ื•ื”ื,
06:46
but they prioritize their profits in other destructive ways too.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
06:51
For example, in Sarawak, Malaysia.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืกืืจื•ื•ืืง ืฉื‘ืžืœื–ื™ื”.
06:54
Now this region, it has just five percent
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื–ื•ืจ ื ื•ืชืจื• ืจืง 5%
06:57
of its forests left intact. Five percent.
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ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
07:03
So how did that happen?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืจื”?
07:04
Well, because an elite and its facilitators
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื”
07:07
have been making millions of dollars
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ืขืฉื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
07:09
from supporting logging on an industrial scale
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ืžื™ืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆื™ื ื›ืจื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™
07:13
for many years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช.
07:15
So we sent an undercover investigator in
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ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืœืฉื ื—ื•ืงืจ ืกืžื•ื™
07:18
to secretly film meetings with members of the ruling elite,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืœื ื‘ื—ืฉืื™ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช,
07:21
and the resulting footage, well, it made some people very angry,
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ื•ื”ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ืœืžื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ื–ื• ืžืื“ ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื,
07:24
and you can see that on YouTube,
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘"ื™ื•-ื˜ื™ื•ื‘",
07:27
but it proved what we had long suspected,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื“ื ื• ื‘ื• ืžื–ืžืŸ,
ื›ื™ ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื ืื™ืš ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
07:29
because it showed how the state's chief minister,
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07:32
despite his later denials,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื—ืฉื•ืชื™ื•, ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:34
used his control over land and forest licenses
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ื ื™ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืจืฉื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืข ื•ื™ืขืจื•ืช
07:38
to enrich himself and his family.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืขืฉืจ ื•ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•.
07:41
And HSBC, well, we know that HSBC bankrolled
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ื•ืื™ื™ืฅ'-ืืก-ื‘ื™-ืกื™, ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื™ืžื ื”
07:45
the region's largest logging companies
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ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ
07:47
that were responsible for some of that destruction
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ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืจืก
ื‘ืกืืจื•ื•ืืง ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
07:50
in Sarawak and elsewhere.
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07:52
The bank violated its own sustainability policies in the process,
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ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืคืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•-ืขืฆืžื•,
07:56
but it earned around 130 million dollars.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื‘ืขืจืš 130 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
08:00
Now shortly after our exposรฉ,
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ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ืฉืคื ื• ื–ืืช,
08:02
very shortly after our exposรฉ earlier this year,
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ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืžืื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ืฉืคื ื• ื–ืืช, ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉื ื”,
08:05
the bank announced a policy review on this.
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ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”.
08:08
And is this progress? Maybe,
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ื•ื”ืื ื–ื• ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช? ืื•ืœื™,
08:10
but we're going to be keeping a very close eye
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืื“
08:13
on that case.
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”.
08:15
And then there's the problem of anonymous shell companies.
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื’ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉ ื”ืืœืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
08:18
Well, we've all heard about what they are, I think,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ, ื ืจืื” ืœื™,
08:21
and we all know they're used quite a bit
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื ื•ืฆืœื•ืช ืœื ืžืขื˜
08:24
by people and companies who are trying to avoid
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ืข"ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง
08:26
paying their proper dues to society,
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ืžื”ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืœืžื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื”,
08:29
also known as taxes.
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ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื’ื ื›"ืžืกื™ื".
08:31
But what doesn't usually come to light
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื“"ื› ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆืœ
08:34
is how shell companies are used to steal
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉ ืžื ื•ืฆืœื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื ื•ื‘
08:39
huge sums of money, transformational sums of money,
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ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ืขืชืง, ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
08:42
from poor countries.
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ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช.
08:44
In virtually every case of corruption that we've investigated,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชื• ื—ืงืจื ื•,
08:48
shell companies have appeared,
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ื ืชืงืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงืฉ,
08:50
and sometimes it's been impossible to find out
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ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื“ืขืช
08:52
who is really involved in the deal.
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ืžื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืกืงื”.
08:56
A recent study by the World Bank
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ืžื—ืงืจ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
08:58
looked at 200 cases of corruption.
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ื‘ื—ืŸ 200 ืžืงืจื™ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช.
09:01
It found that over 70 percent of those cases
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืœื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-70% ืžืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื”
09:04
had used anonymous shell companies,
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงืฉ ืืœืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
09:07
totaling almost 56 billion dollars.
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ื‘ืกื›ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ 56 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
09:11
Now many of these companies were in America
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ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”
09:13
or the United Kingdom,
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ืื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
09:14
its overseas territories and Crown dependencies,
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ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื”,
09:17
and so it's not just an offshore problem,
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื• ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื,
09:19
it's an on-shore one too.
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ืืœื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื ืืฆืœื ื•.
09:21
You see, shell companies, they're central
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ืชื‘ื™ื ื•: ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉ ืžืžืœืื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™
09:23
to the secret deals which may benefit wealthy elites
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ื‘ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช
09:26
rather than ordinary citizens.
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ื•ืœื ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
09:29
One striking recent case that we've investigated
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ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืฉื—ืงืจื ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
09:33
is how the government in the Democratic Republic of Congo
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ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืžืฉืœืช ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื’ื•
09:36
sold off a series of valuable, state-owned mining assets
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ืฉืžื›ืจื” ืกื“ืจืช ืžื›ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™-ืขืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
09:40
to shell companies in the British Virgin Islands.
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงืฉ ื‘ืื™ื™ ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.
09:43
So we spoke to sources in country,
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ืฉื•ื—ื—ื ื• ืขื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืืจืฅ,
09:46
trawled through company documents and other information
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ื”ืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื›ืชื ื• ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
09:49
trying to piece together a really true picture of the deal.
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืกืงื”.
09:53
And we were alarmed to find that these shell companies
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ื•ื”ื–ื“ืขื–ืขื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉ ื”ืœืœื•
09:56
had quickly flipped many of the assets on
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ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื›ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื”
09:58
for huge profits to major international mining companies
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ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ืขืชืง, ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื "ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
10:02
listed in London.
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ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
10:05
Now, the Africa Progress Panel, led by Kofi Annan,
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ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืงื™ื“ืžื” ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ืงื•ืคื™ ืื ืืŸ,
10:08
they've calculated that Congo may have lost
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื•ืžืฆืื• ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืงื•ื ื’ื• ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื”
10:11
more than 1.3 billion dollars from these deals.
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ืžืขืœ 1.3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
10:16
That's almost twice
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ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืคื•ืœ
10:18
the country's annual health and education budget combined.
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ืžืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื’ื ื™ื—ื“.
10:24
And will the people of Congo, will they ever get their money back?
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ื•ื”ืขื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื’ื ื•, ื”ืื ื›ืกืคื• ื™ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœื• ืื™-ืคืขื?
10:26
Well, the answer to that question,
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื–ื•,
10:28
and who was really involved and what really happened,
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ื•ืœืฉืืœื” ืžื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื•ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงืจื”,
10:30
well that's going to probably remain locked away
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ืชื™ืฉืืจ ื›ื ืจืื” ื ืขื•ืœื” ื•ืฆืคื•ื ื”
10:33
in the secretive company registries of the British Virgin Islands
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ื‘ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืื™ื™ ื”ื‘ืชื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
10:36
and elsewhere unless we all do something about it.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืืœื ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืš.
10:41
And how about the oil, gas and mining companies?
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ื•ืžื” ืชืืžืจื• ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜, ื”ื’ื– ื•ื”ืžื›ืจื•ืช?
10:43
Okay, maybe it's a bit of a clichรฉ to talk about them.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื ื“ื•ืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.
10:46
Corruption in that sector, no surprise.
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ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืฉื•ื ื”ืคืชืขื”.
10:48
There's corruption everywhere, so why focus on that sector?
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ืื– ืœืžื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื–ื”?
10:53
Well, because there's a lot at stake.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ื ื— ืขืœ ื”ื›ืฃ.
10:55
In 2011, natural resource exports
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ื‘-2011, ื”ื™ืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข
10:59
outweighed aid flows by almost 19 to one
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ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื–ืจื ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ 19 ืœ-1
11:03
in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Nineteen to one.
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ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืืกื™ื” ื•ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, 19 ืœ-1.
11:07
Now that's a hell of a lot of schools and universities
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช
11:11
and hospitals and business startups,
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ื•ื‘ืชื™-ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช-ื”ื–ื ืง,
11:13
many of which haven't materialized and never will
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ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื ืœื ื”ืชืžืžืฉื• ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
11:15
because some of that money has simply been stolen away.
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ื›ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ืกืฃ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื’ื ื‘.
11:19
Now let's go back to the oil and mining companies,
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื•ื”ืžื›ืจื•ืช,
11:22
and let's go back to Dan Etete and that $1 billion deal.
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ื•ืืœ ื“ืŸ ืื˜ื˜ื” ื•ืื•ืชื” ืขืกืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
11:25
And now forgive me, I'm going to read the next bit
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ืื‘ืงืฉ ื›ืขืช ืืช ืกืœื™ื—ืชื›ื ื•ืืช ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ื‘ื ืืงืจื™ื
11:28
because it's a very live issue, and our lawyers
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ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ื ื•ืฉื ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืื“, ื•ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
11:30
have been through this in some detail
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ืขื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ืจื•ื˜
11:32
and they want me to get it right.
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ื•ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืื“ื™ื™ืง ื›ืืŸ.
11:36
Now, on the surface, the deal appeared straightforward.
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ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื ืจืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช.
11:40
Subsidiaries of Shell and Eni
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช-ื‘ืช ืฉืœ "ืฉืœ" ื•"ืื ื™"
11:42
paid the Nigerian government for the block.
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ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
11:45
The Nigerian government transferred
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ืžืžืฉืœืช ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื” ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื”
11:47
precisely the same amount, to the very dollar,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช, ืขื“ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
11:50
to an account earmarked for a shell company
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ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืง ืฉื”ื•ืงืฆื” ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ืงืฉ
11:55
whose hidden owner was Etete.
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ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืื˜ื˜ื”.
11:57
Now, that's not bad going for a convicted money launderer.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืจืข ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจืฉืข.
12:00
And here's the thing.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
12:02
After many months of digging around
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ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื—ืงืจื ื•
12:03
and reading through hundreds of pages of court documents,
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ื•ืงืจืื ื• ืžืื•ืช ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜,
12:07
we found evidence that, in fact,
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ืžืฆืื ื• ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉืื›ืŸ,
12:09
Shell and Eni had known that the funds
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"ืฉืœ" ื•"ืื ื™" ืื›ืŸ ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ
12:12
would be transferred to that shell company,
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ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ืงืฉ,
12:15
and frankly, it's hard to believe they didn't know
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ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื•
12:19
who they were really dealing with there.
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ืขื ืžื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืŸ ืขืฉื• ืฉื ืขืกืงื™ื.
12:22
Now, it just shouldn't take these sorts of efforts
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืืžื•ืจ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื›ืืœื”
12:26
to find out where the money in deals like this went.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืœืืŸ ื”ื•ืœืš ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
12:28
I mean, these are state assets.
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ื›ื™ ืืœื” ื”ืจื™ ื ื›ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
12:30
They're supposed to be used for the benefit
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ื”ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœืชื•ืขืœืช
12:31
of the people in the country.
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ื”ืขื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
12:33
But in some countries, citizens and journalists
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื
12:36
who are trying to expose stories like this
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ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”
12:38
have been harassed and arrested
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ื”ื™ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื˜ืจื“ื•ืช ื•ื ืขืฆืจื•
12:40
and some have even risked their lives to do so.
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ื•ื—ืœืงื ืืคื™ืœื• ืกื™ื›ื ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
12:44
And finally, well, there are those who believe
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
12:48
that corruption is unavoidable.
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ืฉื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืžื ืขืช.
12:50
It's just how some business is done.
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ื›ื›ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
12:52
It's too complex and difficult to change.
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ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืžื“ื™ ื•ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
12:55
So in effect, what? We just accept it.
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ืื– ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
12:58
But as a campaigner and investigator,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืชื•ืขืžืœื ื™ืช ื•ื›ื—ื•ืงืจืช,
13:00
I have a different view,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืฉื•ื ื”,
13:01
because I've seen what can happen
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ื›ื™ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืžื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืช
13:03
when an idea gains momentum.
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ื›ืฉืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจ ืชื ื•ืคื”.
13:06
In the oil and mining sector, for example,
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ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ื ืคื˜ ื•ื”ืžื›ืจื•ืช, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
13:09
there is now the beginning
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ื™ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืชื—ืœื”
13:10
of a truly worldwide transparency standard
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ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช
13:13
that could tackle some of these problems.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
13:16
In 1999, when Global Witness called
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ื‘-1999, ื›ืฉ"ืขื“-ืจืื™ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™" ืงืจืื”
13:19
for oil companies to make payments on deals transparent,
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืขืกืงืื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ,
13:22
well, some people laughed at the extreme naivetรฉ
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื’ืœื’ื• ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ื ืื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช
13:26
of that small idea.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ.
13:28
But literally hundreds of civil society groups
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•,
13:31
from around the world came together
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ื—ื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืงืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
13:33
to fight for transparency,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช,
13:35
and now it's fast becoming the norm and the law.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืง.
13:39
Two thirds of the value
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ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืขืจืš
13:41
of the world's oil and mining companies
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ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืคื˜ ื”ืžื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
13:43
are now covered by transparency laws. Two thirds.
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ื›ืคื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื—ื•ืงื™ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช. ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื!
13:47
So this is change happening.
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ืื– ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื•.
13:48
This is progress.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช.
13:50
But we're not there yet, by far.
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ืื‘ืœ ื˜ืจื ื”ืฉื’ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื”. ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื.
13:53
Because it really isn't about corruption
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช
13:56
somewhere over there, is it?
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืื™-ืฉื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
13:58
In a globalized world, corruption
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™, ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช
14:00
is a truly globalized business,
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ื”ื™ื ืขืกืง ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™,
14:02
and one that needs global solutions,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื,
14:04
supported and pushed by us all, as global citizens,
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ื•ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ื›ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื,
14:08
right here.
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ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•, ื›ืืŸ.
14:10
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
14:11
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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